AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY.
NEW
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
SERIES,
VOL.
XIII.
APRIL, 1899—APRIL, 1900.
PUBLISHED BY
WORCESTER :
THE
1901.
SOCIETY.
7,
s Mm
MAY, {
PRESS oF
WORCESTER
CHARLES HAMILTON.
1901,
CONTENTS.
PAGE
SEMI-ANNUAL MEETING, APRIL 26, 1899.
PROCEEDINGS AT THE MEETING ..... . l
Rerorr or THE CouNnciIL. William Babcock Weeden. . 12
Charles Augustus Chase.
Tue DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN Peorie. William B.Weeden. 19
Tut BostoN MEETINGS OF THE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOcCIeTy.
Charles Augustus Chase .... ‘ 31
Rerorr or THE LIBRARIAN . ~— 40
CERTAIN ADDITIONAL NOTES TOUCHING UPON THE SUBJECTS OF
IGNOMINIOUS PUNISHMENTS AND OF THE MAssacuusetrrs Cur-
RENCY. Andrew McFarland Davis .
Wuar Causep THE DEPORTATION OF THE ACADIANS ? James
ANNUAL MEETING, OCTOBER 21, 1899.
PROCEEDINGS AT THE MEETING . . . 10]
Rerorr or THE CouNciL. James Phinney Barter . 120
Charles Augustus Chase.
Tue Writtnc or History. James Phinney Barter. . 138
Rerorr Or THE TREASURER . . . 148
Rerorr OF THE LIBRARIAN . ‘
Tue AMERICAN JURISDICTION OF THE BisHor OF LONDON IN
CoLONIAL Times. Simeon Eben Baldwin ......... 179
SEVERAL Great Lipraries. James Frothingham Hunnewell - 222
4
{
VI. Contents.
Recorpbs. Robert Novron Toppan .
Tue Forest or Dean. John Bellows
SEMI-ANNUAL MEETING, APRIL 25, ‘1900
PROCEEDINGS AT THE MEETING
Rerortr OF THE CouNcIL. Samuel Sirett Green
Tue Craicgie House, CampripGe. Samuel Swett Green
REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN .
Givers and (fifts . ..
A PHILANTHROPIST OF THE LAST CENTURY IDENTIFIED AS
BosToN Man. Alervander Graham Bell
WILLIAM (George Ehenezer Francis
Some Facts JOHN AND SEBASTIAN CaBor. George Parker
Winship .
Some Nores on Isaran THOMAS AND HIS WORCESTER IMPRINTS.
Charles Lemuel Nichols
Tue Mascoutins. Lucien Carr.
Anpros Recorps. Robert Noron Toppan
ANDROS’S PROCLAMATION MONEY. Andrew
INDEX
McFarland Davis.
293
296
500
511
|
Lo . 269
. 312
|
‘ . 883
NOTE.
Volume New Series of the Proceedings, herewith
The Thirteenth
presented, includes the proceedings at the April Meetings in 1899 and
1900, and the Annual Meeting in 1899.
The contributions accompanying the Reports of the Council, were
written by William B. Weeden, James Phinney Baxter and Samuel S.
Green. Other papers are given by Andrew McFarland Davis, Simeon
E. Baldwin, James F. Hunnewell, Robert N. Toppan, John Bellows,
Alexander Winship,
Charles L. Nichols, Charles A. Chase and Lucien Carr.
Graham Bell, George E. Francis, George | P.
A carefully prepared Index accompanies the volume.
COMMITTEE OF PUBLICATION.
°
{
}
{
bs
ERRATA.
Page 2, line 21, for Montpelier read Burlington.
Page 46, line 27, for P. Ferrell read C. Ferrell.
Page 48, line 20, for 7879 read 1879.
Page 108, line 27, for 7730 read 1630.
Page 131, line 14, for Byon read Byron.
Page 146, line 31, for Wahaudki read Wibaniki.
Page 147, line 14, for archimontic read archimoutic
Page 242, line 37, for plans read places.
Page 260, line 26, for Joseph Tyng read Jonath.
Page 266, line 29, for Nathaneil read Nathaniel.
Page 294, line 18, for George read John.
Page 346, line 12, for McLane read MeLean.
Page 359, line 31, for Occum read Occom.
Page 382, line 20, for ninety-seven read tirenty-seven
Page 406, line 5, for March read April.
Page 420, line 20 n., for S. G. Dawson read S. BE. Dawson.
Page 430, line 11, for Bleavw read Bleau.
Page 433, line 21, for Daniel read William
Page 433, line 22, for William read Daniel.
|
Proceedings.
April,
PROCEEDINGS.
SEMI-ANNUAL MEETING, APRIL 26, 1899, AT THE HALL OF THE
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, BOSTON.
THe meeting was called to order by President STEPHEN
Sauispury, and an abstract of the report of the previous
meeting was read by the Recording Secretary.
The following members were present :
Edward E. Hale, George F. Hoar, Nathaniel Paine,
Stephen Salisbury, Samuel A. Green, Edward L. Davis,
Egbert C. Smyth, Edward G. Porter, Charles C. Smith,
Edmund M. Barton, Charles A. Chase, Samuel S. Green,
Henry W. Haynes, Solomon Lincoln, Andrew McF. Davis,
J. Evarts Greene, Henry 8S. Nourse, William B. Weeden,
Reuben Colton, Robert N. Toppan, Henry H. Edes, James
P. Baxter, George W. Cable, G. Stanley Hall, John McK.
Merriam, William E. Foster, Charles P. Bowditch, Edwin
D. Mead, Calvin Stebbins, Francis H. Dewey, Henry A.
Marsh, Edward F. Johnson, William De Loss Love, Jr.,
Rockwood Hoar, James L. Whitney, Thomas C. Menden-
hall, Francis C. Lowell, William T. Forbes, Edwin A.
Grosvenor, Arthur Lord, George H. Haynes, Waldo Lin-
coln, John Noble.
The Report of the Council was submitted by Mr.
Wittiam B. Werepex, who also read a paper entitled,
“The Development of the American People.”
The Recording Secretary read a paper giving the different
places in which the Boston meetings of the Society had been
held, showing that it was now the guest of the American
l
)
'
2 American Antiquarian Society. | April,
Academy of Arts and Sciences for the fifty-second and last
time. The paper included entertaining extracts from the
diary of Christopher Columbus Baldwin, who was librarian
of the Society from 1831 to 1835, describing his journeys
to Boston to attend the meetings.
President Sauispury, in behalf of the Council, oftered
the following resolution :
* Resolved, That the Secretary convey to the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences the gratitude of the Society
for the kindness and hospitality which for so many years
has given us the use of the rooms of the Academy for the
semi-annual meetings in Boston.”
The resolution was unanimously adopted.
The Report of the Librarian was read by Mr. Epmunp
M. Barron.
The Report of the Council was accepted and referred to
the Committee of Publication.
On recommendation of the Council, the following new
members were admitted to the Society :
GEORGE Burton Apams, of New Haven, Conn.
GEORGE GRENVILLE Benepict, of Montpelier, Vt.
Appott LAWRENCE LOWELL, of Boston.
GEORGE Parker Winsuip, of Providence, R. I.
AnpREW McFarvtanp Davis, A. M., presented a pape
touching on the subject of “ lgnominious Punishments.”
An essay entitled, “ What caused the Deportation of the
Acadians?” was read by Hon. James P. Baxter, of Port-
land, Me.
Prof. Epwin A. Grosvenor, of Amherst College, pre-
sented a paper on “American Diplomacy.”
Alluding to the extracts from the diary of Librarian Bald-
win, Rev. Epwarp G. Porter said: “It might be interest-
ing to the members to know that the old Mather house is
4
x
1899. | Proceedings. 3
still standing. It has been the * Azorean’ boarding-house
for some time. A fruiterer occupies the ground floor. — It
is a two-story wooden house, with dormer windows. — It
was built by Increase Mather immediately after the fire of
1676, which drove him out of his old house in North
Square. That house stood where Paul Revere’s house now
stands. Mather built this house over in Hanover Street,
on the west side, just beyond North Bennett Street, and
he had quite an extensive garden and orchard around
the house. The building has undergone many changes,
and you might pass it by without noticing it, as it is
overshadowed by larger brick buildings, and occupied by
the children of the alien. I have had a very good water-
color made of the house, and I should be glad to show
it to any member interested in the subject. There were
four or five generations of old divines living in this famous
parsonage.”
Vice-President Grorce F. Hoar, at the request of Prof.
E. Harlow Russell, Principal of the State Normal School
at Worcester, presented to the Society a manuscript sermon
of the Rev. Dr. Aaron Bancroft, one of the founders of
the Society, father of George Bancroft, delivered in the
arly part of this century, on the occasion of the death of
Francis Blake, an eminent leader of the Worcester bar.
Senator Hoar also said:—‘*I would like to say one
word about the matter of our diplomacy. Of course there
is no time to enter into that very interesting and broad
subject which has been presented. We labor under one
or two very serious difficulties, and those are difficulties
which make it true that, in general,—I do not speak now
of Dr. Franklin and John Adams and the Declaration of
Independence,—but in general what we gain by diplomacy
is gained not by the skill or energy of the minister abroad
who represents us, but grows out of—what we call the
logie of events—existing conditions which command the
¥
?
4 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
assent of foreign nations to what we happen to desire. I
do not think that astuteness or individual influence has
been of much value in the last generation, certainly since
I have been familiar with such things, for the last thirty or
forty years. There is one other serious thing. England
and Russia, and most of the foreign governments, keeping
their diplomatic servants in their service without regard to
political changes, can wait favorable opportunities to ac-
complish their diplomatic results. On the other hand, our
Secretary of State or ambassador or minister abroad, who
has entered with the knowledge of the world upon a negoti-
ation on an important matter, feels that he has made a
failure of it, and his brief term of diplomatic service is a
failure, unless he sets his name to a treaty. For instance,
take the matter now under the observation of all of us.
Here is Great Britain who wants to have the Alaskan
boundary, where we are entitled to a line of thirty-five
miles from the sea, so interpreted as not to follow the coast
as Russia has always claimed, and as everybody else has
always claimed up to within the last twelve months or
thereabouts, but to an artificial line so drawn as to bring her
down to tide-waters, where great vessels can go. That is,
a general line of that sort will come at some points further
inward than our line, parallel with the curvings of the
coast, and at other places will bring her out in the open
water. What does she want that for? She wants another
Halifax or another Esquimault, where she can have a great
naval and military port threatening everyone on the Pacific
Ocean, but particularly threatening the United States.
Then she wants on the other hand, that her fishery industries
shall have the advantage of our market in a way which will
build up that great interest, and which will destroy our
fishery industries, which is one of our greatest interests,
and also our great naval school, being for the sailor all that
Annapolis is for the officer. Now she comes here and she
presses and presses and wants our diplomatic agents to
a
i
|
1899. | Proceedings. 5
know that unless they come to something that the matter
is going over, and is going to be renewed by England
fifteen or twenty vears hence, and the same English servants
will be there to do it. That is one great difficulty we labor
under, and unless we have got a condition of things like
that which existed at the time of the great treaty of 1871,
when we exacted reparation from England, and when she
could not afford to wait any longer, had to send her men
over here with instructions to go back with the thing settled
somehow,—she gets this great advantage over us.
Then there is another thing which makes us inferior to
foreign governments, of which we feel the difficulty in all
our diplomacy, and that is the absolute power of our
foreign competitors of preserving full confidence and
secrecy in their transactions. The government can say
what shall be done, and the two parties in England consult
each other, stand by each other, and sustain each other in
everything pertaining to diplomacy. Here, the -President
or the Secretary of State or the foreign minister has not
only to encounter the jealous and unreasonable criticism
of political opponents, but the thing has to be submitted
to the Senate and has to get a two-thirds vote. I hope
without offence, I will give a single illustration. We
had an arbitration treaty negotiated with England a year
or two ago, of which I was myself an earnest sup-
porter. That treaty was submitted to the Senate. It was
expected if it was adopted to be a model in like treaties
hetween us and foreign governments. It provided among
other things, that two justices of our Supreme Court, of
whom we have but nine in all, should be members of the
tribunal whenever its services were called into requisition.
The result of that would have been that while these great
international disputes might go on for months or years
sometimes, the Supreme Court of the United States would
be reduced to a working force of seven. There must be a
quorum to support any decision, so that if illness or fee-
6 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
bleness from old age, or the death of a person in the
family should disable two of the other judges, it would
leave great constitutional questions to be decided by a
majority of five, and three judges could have decided a
constitutional question like that of the Income Tax for
instance, if this proposition in that treaty had been
adopted. Now there are several other things affecting the
general principle of the thing, but I will not detain the
Society by going into this matter at this late hour.
You remember well, Mr. President, that when the
Geneva treaty was made, there was a clamor all over Eng-
land, which made it very doubtful whether England would
go to Geneva at all. It was only the great skill of Mr.
Evarts that got them to go to Geneva. If we had a
like treaty with the other great nations of the world, and
had arbitrations with three or four of them going on at
once, What would become of the Supreme Court of the
United States? Suppose we had adopted this treaty, as it
was originally proposed, and the first great occasion for
putting it in requisition had related to a question about
which either nation had for years had intense feeling, that
its national honor was at stake, and it had failed in. the
first attempt to apply it. So you see how important it
was to get a clear description of the matters to be sub-
mitted. Yet before the papers that accompanied the
treaty had been laid on the table of the Senate, three days
after it had gone in in the first place, and before the treaty
itself without the papers had got back from the Congres-
sional printer, there was a clamor from the press, the
pulpit, many humane people, and the peace-loving people
of the North to ratify that treaty at once. That is an
instance of our difficulty in dealing with diplomacy, and if
we are going to enter upon the field of government or of
national expansion, which requires us to deal as equals with
the trained skill, and secret and quick-acting diplomacy of
the great nations of Europe, we have got to have methods
i
1899. Proceedings.
like theirs. We have got to have trained diplomatic ser-
vants who know their business, who know the history of
diplomacy, who know what is wanted. We have got to
have an arrangement which will maintain the secrecy of
the transaction until it is completed.”
Dr. Have said the members of the Society had already
been reminded that Oliver Cromwell was born on the
25th of April, 1599. It is evidently desirable that a
proper commemoration of this day shall be held in New
England on the 5th of May, which in New Style represents
the beginning of a new century since the birth of this great
man. It is understood that our venerable sister, the Mas-
sachusetts Historical Society, proposes to summon on some
proper day a representation from different historical socie-
ties of New England, who may put on record some appro-
priate testimony of the value of Cromwell's life to the
world.
Dr. Hale said that at the proper moment he would move
that at such a meeting the officers of the Society represent
us, with such additional persons as the President may
name for that purpose.
It is evident that on such an occasion we may say that
that which will be for many years the standard authority
on the life of Cromwell for readers of whatever nation is
the book of our distinguished countryman, Mr. Samuel
Harden Church, whose studies of the life of the Protector
have been careful and accurate. It is to be hoped that
Mr. Church may prepare some monograph on the begin-
ning of the fourth century after his birth, on the lines of
the article which he has already published. The popular
life, by Dr. Clark of Hartford, has already placed Crom-
well’s name before the younger readers of this country
in its proper significance. It is difficult to make such
readers understand that their fathers and grandfathers
were brought up in an atmosphere tainted by the preju-
7
8 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
dices of Clarendon and of Hume, so that even in an
American school, boys and girls were taught that Cromwell
was a liar, a blasphemer, a usurper, and everything else
that is bad.
In the year 1895, Dr. Clark offered a large and hand-
some premium for a drama on the life and death of
Cromwell which might be suited for the presentation of
that hero and his time upon the stage. In the examination
of the dramas which were written in this competition, no
one of them seemed quite suited for public performance,
and the prize, having been intended for that purpose
simply, was not awarded. The recent death of one of the
most spirited of our younger writers, Mr. Walter Storrs
Bigelow, recalls to my own memory the fact that he wrote
one of these tragedies,—a poem, as I think, well worth
study and memory in any circle of readers who are in-
terested in that great era of history. It is remarkable,
indeed, that no dramatist has before this seized on the
great experiences of this epoch to bring them before the
world in that form which has proved to be the most dura-
ble method known to history.
The place of Cromwell in the history of New England is
so important that it deserves special consideration. In the
letter of John Cotton to him, written in acknowledgment
of Cromwell’s announcement of the great mercy of the
victory at Worcester, Cotton intimates that there had been
an early acquaintance between Cromwell and Hooker, the
founder of New Haven.
In citing this passage, Carlyle says :
“There are traceable various small threads of relation,
interesting reciprocities and mutualities, connecting the
poor young infant, New England, with its old Puritan
Mother and her affairs, in those years, which ought to
be disentangled, to be made conspicuous and beautiful, by
the Infant herself now that she has grown big; the busy
old Mother, having had to shove them, with so much else
of the like, hastily out of her way for the present!”
1899. Proceedings.
Our own historians have not failed to refer to the inter-
est which Cromwell always took in New England, and the
phrase “The friend of New England,” largely used in our
own time, is borrowed from one of these writers. His
personal connection with New England has not been quite
so closely traced as one could wish. The open question
whether he meant to come here himself is still undecided.
The Prince Society has brought to light the interesting
statement that he said he was more afraid of John Wheel-
wright at football when they were boys than he had ever
been since in any of the exigencies of his life. The letter
of Cotton preserved by Hutchinson, from an original then
in the State House, seems to show that his intimacy with
Cromwell dated back to the old days when the relations of
the town of Huntington with the city of Boston were close.
Cotton says :
“I received the other day a letter from my reverend
brother Mr. Hooker of New Haven, who certifieth me that
your Lordship made special mention of me in your late
letters to him, with tender, loving, and more respectful
salutations than I could expect. Withal he moved me to
write to your Lordship, as believing that you would accept
the same in good part. This is my excuse [for writing]
such as it is.”
When our distinguished friend Prof. Dexter discovers
for us the original correspondence between Hooker and
Cromwell, and edits it, with his notes, he will make a
valuable addition, not simply to the history of New
England, but to the period perhaps most interesting
though least known, of the early life of the Protector.
In closing an address to the Historical Society on the
12th of February, 1869, I said:
As time has passed by, the Parliament of England has
learned that Oliver Cromwell was never sovereign of that
island. In the line of statues of English sovereigns in
Parliament House, the eye first rests upon the vacant
5
10 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
space between the image of Charles I. and Charles II.
There is no Cromwell there! Yet, if he were not
sovereign of England for the ten years after the royal
traitor died, it would be hard to say who was. He was
not the sovereign of New England in those years. In
those years, New England knew no sovereign but her
people. But he was the friend of New England, and the
friend of her rulers. They loved him, they believed in
him, they honored him. He represented the policy which,
for ten years, triumphed in Old England, and which has
triumphed in New England till this time. Massachusetts
is about to acknowledge her debt to Winthrop, which she
can never pay, by erecting his statue in the National
Capitol. There it is to stand, first among the founders of
America ; first, where Virginia Dare and John Smith and
George Calvert, and even Roger Williams and William
Penn, are second. When that obligation is thus acknow-
leged, Massachusetts may well erect in her own Capitol,
face to face with Chantrey’s statue of George Washington,
the statue which England has not reared, of Oliver Crom-
well. It may bear this inscription :—
OLIVER CROMWELL
THIS MAN BELIEVED IN INDEPENDENCE
HE WAS SOVEREIGN OF ENGLAND FOR TEN YEARS
HE WAS THE FRIEND OF NEW ENGLAND THROUGH HIS LIFE.
This statue stands here till the England which
we love, and from which we were born, shall
know who her true heroes were.
We have not yet erected our own statue to Cromwell.
The English Parliament House has this year received an
admirable bronze statue of him; and I am afraid, there-
fore, that we must own that for once the slow pace of their
tortoise has outrun the swifter intentions of our hare.
It is pleasant to us here to know that in Judge Cham-
berlain’s admirable collection of autographs in the Boston
Public Library, is a note, in Cromwell’s handwriting, to the
Admiralty, in which he gives directions for the fitting out
of a strong fleet of twenty vessels. This was in the period
of the difficulties with Spain, which will readily be remem-
bered. I am not particularly informed in such matters ;
1
PRONE
1899. ] Proceedings. 11
but, judging from Carlyle’s book, this fragment must be
the last written autograph of Cromwell now known.!
There are but three later letters, which are the celebrated
letters in Latin, written by Milton, with regard to the
Piedmontese sufferers, and a letter to the King of France
on the same subject. None of these seem to exist in
autograph.
Dr. HaAve’s motion, outlined above, was put and carried.*®
Upon motion of SAMUEL S. GREEN, it was voted that the
papers presented at this meeting be referred to the Com-
mittee of Publication to be printed in the Proceedings.
The meeting adjourned at two o’clock, and the members
from a distance were entertained by those living in Boston
and its neighborhood with a collation at the Parker House.
CHARLES A. CHASE,
Recording Secretary.
1Since the meeting of the Society, I learn from Judge Chamberlain, that the
paper referred to is probably a well executed fac-simile of the original, by Crom-
well. E. E. H.
The PRESIDENT subsequently appointed Mr. Epwitn D. MEAD, Mr. JOHN NOBLE
and Dr. HALE, as this committee, and under their direction a crowded meeting
was held in the First Church of Boston, in commemoration of the great Protector.
The service was held on the evening of the 12th of May.
4
d {
12 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.
Tue report of the Librarian, besides showing the acces-
sions to the Library during the last six months with the
reflections which they suggest, records the introduction of
electric light into our building, an improvement which will
be appreciated by those who have occasion to consult our
treasures on dark days or on the short days of the winter
season.
The Council recommends that the Society make some
suitable expression of thanks to the American Academy of
Science, as whose guests our Boston meetings have been
held for more than half a century.
We have to chronicle the deaths of Lewis H. Boutell otf
Evanston, Ill., Edward G. Mason of Chicago, and Philipp
J. J. Valentini of New York city. Brief memoirs of these
gentlemen follow, furnished by J. Evarts Greene, Esq.,
President Salisbury, and Prof. Franklin B. Dexter :—
Lewis Henry Boutell was elected a member of this
Society at its annual meeting in 1895. He attended but
one of our meetings —that of April, 1896. If he had
lived longer he would probably have contributed something
of interest and value to our proceedings, for he was a zeal-
ous student of the early history of the republic and had
searched with an acute and illuminating vision the public
lives of our statesmen of the Revolutionary period and that
immediately following.
Mr. Boutell was born in Boston, July 21, 1826. His
early education was obtained in private schools in that city
and in Providence. He was graduated at Brown Univer-
sity in 1844, and received the degree of LL.B. at Harv-
ard Law School in 1847. He practised law in Boston,
|
1899. ] Report of the Couneil, 13
Westborough and Worcester, until 1862, when he enlisted
in the 45th Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry,
commonly known at that time as “The Cadet Regiment.”
After the expiration of his term of enlistment,— nine
months,—he returned for a time to his law practice in
Worcester, but a little later moved to Warrensburg, Mis-
souri. He had not been there long when the advance of
the Confederate General Price into the State made it neces-
sary to provide additional means of defence. Mr. Boutell
was active in raising a regiment of infantry and was com-
missioned its Major. He served with the regiment for a
time in Missouri, and then it was despatched with other
troops to reinforce General Thomas near Nashville, where
it arrived in season to take part in the great battle in
which General Hood was signally defeated and his army
dispersed.
At the close of the war, Mr. Boutell removed to Evans-
ton, near Chicago, and resumed the practise of law in the
latter city. He was soon after appointed Assistant District
Attorney of the United States for the district of Illinois,
having the principal charge of the business of that impor-
tant district. So thorough and efficient was his organiza-
tion of the office that it served as a model for the offices in
many surrounding districts. Though at first inexperienced
in admiralty and revenue practice, as were most Chicago
lawyers at that time, his mastery of it was soon recognized,
and after his retirement from the office of Assistant District
Attorney in 1871, he was repeatedly retained for the
United States, as special counsel in important cases. He
continued to practise law with increasing reputation and
success for some twenty vears longer and retired at length
to spend his remaining years in study and travel. His
favorite pursuit in these later vears was the study of the
work of the convention which framed the constitution of
the United States, and analysis of the influence, personal
and other, by which its essential provisions were shaped and
14 American Antiquarian Society. [| April,
their adoption secured. Some of the results of these studies
appeared in papers on Hamilton, Jefferson and Sherman,
read before historical societies of which he was a member,
and especially in his life of Roger Sherman, the only
adequate memoir of that statesman. This work he under-
took at the request of our senior Vice-President, who at
one time hoped to perform it himself, but finding that
imperative duties left no opportunity for this task, placed
at Mr. Boutell’s disposal the mass of material he had
collected for it.
Mr. Boutell had suffered for some years from a rheu-
matic affection which impaired his bodily activity and to
some extent his general health. He died suddenly of
heart failure January 16, of this year, at Washington,
where he was spending the winter.
Mr. Boutell married in 1852 Anna, daughter of the late
Rev. David Greene, then of Windsor, Vermont, but for-
merly for many years Corresponding Secretary of the
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.
She survives him with two sons, one of whom is now the
representative in Congress of a Chicago district, and a
daughter. Their oldest son, a young man of great pro-
mise, died in early youth.
Mr. Boutell was of strong and pure character, inflexibly
upright. His intellect was vigorous and thoroughly dis-
ciplined, his professional knowledge wide and accurate.
His power as an advocate lay rather in the clearness and
cogency of his argument than in persuasive eloquence. He
delighted in the study of history and in the best literature.
He was faithful to all the duties of citizenship, and his public
spirit was always active, unselfish and abundantly fruitful
of good to the community in which he lived. J. E.G.
Edward Gay Mason, son of Rosweil B. and Harriet
L. (Hopkins) Mason, was born in Bridgeport, Connee-
ticut, on August 23, 1839. His father had recently come
1899. | Report of the Couneil, 15
from New Jersey as the engineer of the Housatonic Rail-
road, but on his appointment in 1851 as chief engineer in
charge of the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad,
he removed to Chicago and became identified with the
growth and prosperity of that city, coming especially into
prominence by the occurrence of the great fire of 1871,
during his term of office as Mayor.
Our associate was graduated at Yale College in 1860,
and entered on the practice of law in Chicago in 1863.
Endowed with superior mental gifts and a peculiar per-
sonal charm, he won easily an eminent rank in_ his
profession, but by preference devoted himself mainly to
oftice practice, and in later years gave most of his attention
to real estate business. He was also a controlling spirit
in the higher intellectual life of the city. His enthusiasm
and activity were prominent factors in the foundation and
development of such associations as the Chicago Literary
Club and the University Club, and he became known as an
admirable public speaker, both on formal and informal
occasions.
Perhaps his most valuable service to the community
was in connection with the Chicago Historical Society, of
which he was President from November, 1887, until his
death. Under his inspiring leadership the public interest
in that Society was greatly stimulated, and the erection of
its present impressive building, at a cost of $170,000,
secured ; while by his personal exertions most valuable
additions were made to its treasures. He contributed
several important papers on local history to the Society’s
publications, and edited with annotations in 1890 a volume
of its Collections on “Early Chicago and Illinois.” He
had also consented some years since to write the History
of Illinois for the series on American Commonwealths
published by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., and had
completed five chapters, or one of the two volumes which
he proposed to fill; it is understood that arrangements
16 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
will be made, as soon as practicable, for the publication of
this portion of the work by itself.
Mr. Mason was elected as one of the six Alumni Fellows
of the Corporation of Yale University in 1891, and was
re-elected without opposition in 1897. Knox College in
Illinois conferred on him the honorary degree of Doctor of
Laws in 1895. He was made a member of this Society in
October, 1887, and it had been a matter of keen regret to
him that his distant residence and busy life had prevented
his attendance at our meetings.
He died in Chicago, suddenly, from Bright's disease, on
December 18, 1898, in his 60th year.
He married on December 25, 1867, Julia M., daughter of
Charles Starkweather, of Chicago, who survives him with
their family, ten sons and three daughters. F. B. D.
Philipp Johann Joseph Valentini, Ph.D., whose
death occurred March 16, 1899, at St. Luke’s Hospital, in
New York city, was born in Berlin in 1824. His father
was an Italian and his mother a German. The father was
a teacher of foreign languages, the author of a German-
Italian Dictionary valued at this time for its accuracy, and
was a tutor at his Majesty’s Court. The son Philipp was
educated at the Lyceum of Rosleben and in the Gymna-
sium of Torgau. Later he studied jurisprudence at the
University of Berlin, and was appointed auscultator of the
Supreme Court. In 1854 he went to Central America and
settled on the site of Puerto Limon, on the Atlantic shore
of Costa Rica, where he founded the above town under
government auspices. Learning that the Costa Ricans
could give no account of their ancestry, he returned to
Germany in 1858 to search for manuscripts and historical
information regarding the colonization of this part of
Central America by the Spanish. The results of these
studies were embodied in a disputation for which he
received the degree of Ph.D. from the University of
Jena. His early studies were influenced by his acquaint-
5
‘
i,
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Report of the Council.
1899. ]
ance with Humboldt, who was a friend of his father.
In 1861 he returned to Costa Rica, where he lived for
eleven years and developed a coffee plantation. He made
several trips along the coast from the Isthmus of Panama
as far north as the Boca del Toro, and through Nicaragua
and San Salvador into Guatemala, and came into communi-
cation with the learned Hermann Berendt. In Guatemala
City he discovered a portrait of the famous conquistador
Bernal Diaz del Castillo during his researches among the
manuscripts of the Institute, which appeared afterwards in
the “Historical Magazine,” New York. About this time
he completed a manuscript of the discovery and conquest
of the ancient province of Castilla del Oro, the publication
of which was then prevented by a revolution in Costa Rica,
and still remains among his unpublished works. His re-
searches went as far as the Quiche ruins of Santa Cruz del
Quiche.
In 1871 Dr. Valentini came to New York, and in 1879
was employed as instructor of languages in the preparatory
classes of the School for Mining of Columbia University.
He began about this time to publish monographs on the
archeology of Mexico and Central America as the result
of his studies, and these works, though limited in extent,
have been welcome to men of science. To a good knowl-
edge of the Maya language he added some acquaintance
with the Nahuatl. Linguistics, however, only aided him for
attaining scientific ends in other directions. In mental
training he was logical, thorough and fundamental, which
reflected the critical spirit he had acquired in the higher
institutions of learning in Germany. He stated his views
frankly and fearlessly, as he thoroughly hated all ambiguity
in life, in stvle and in science, and his literary productions
were clear, painstaking, and to the point.
The first of Dr. Valentini’s writings that appeared in our
Proceedings was his study of the famous Mexican Calendar
Stone, first delivered in German in the form of a lecture
2
18 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
in New York city in 1878, and the same year translated
in abstract by the President of this Society and published
in the Proceedings of the April meeting. Dr. Valentini
became a member of our Society in April, 1879, and was
frequently present at our meetings, which he seemed to
enjoy, and always contributed some learned archeological
essay, Which he read with an earnest and emphatic utter-
ance, that indicated an entire confidence in the accuracy of
his abstruse and scholarly deductions.
Following is a list of the papers he prepared for our
Society: Mexican Copper Tools, Illustrated, 1879. The
Katunes of Maya History, Illustrated, 1879. The Landa
Alphabet ; A Spanish Fabrication, Illustrated, 1880, Mexi-
can Paper, Illustrated, 1880. Two Mexican Chalchihuites,
the Humboldt Celt and the Leyden Plate, Illustrated, 1881.
The Olmecas and the Tultecas, Plates and Map, 1882.
Semi Luna and Crescent Shaped Tools, with special refer-
ence to those of Mexico, Illustrated, 1885. The Landfall
of Columbus at San Salvador, Plate, 1892. Analysis of
the Pictorial Text inscribed on two Palenque Tablets.
arts I. and II. Plates, 1894, 1895.
Dr. Valentini left a great number of manuscripts, several
of which are practically ready for publication. His most
important historical work was entitled ‘* Castilla del Oro,”
which treats of the early history of Costa Rica, and it is
hoped that it will be published by the government of Costa
Rica. He was a man of fine presence, genial manners
and high character. His industry and learning made his
voluminous writings in the highest degree important to
archeologists, and our Society was fortunate in command-
ing so much of his intelligent service.' Ss. 8.
For the Council.
WILLIAM B. WEEDEN.
CHARLES A. CHASE.
' This abstract is in part taken from a more extended notice of Dr. Valentini by
Albert 8S. Gatschet, published in The American Anthropologist. New Series.
Vol. Il. No.2. With Vortrait.
1899.] The Development of the American People.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE.
BY WILLIAM B. WEEDEN.
RaLeiGu agreed with Sidney that “ historians do borrow of
poets, not only much of their ornament, but somewhat of
their substance.” If our muse will not admit imaginary
work, she always welcomes judgment. It is never be-
yond the province of history to study the record, to
separate the incidental or accidental from the permanent
factors, and to search for results, which must be essential
and inevitable.
In treating the American People I do not mean that
loosely considered and worse interpreted “multitude,”
which stands too often for the body politic. I would
define the American People as such, and to reach that
conception we must set forth, first, the State as it exists in
the United States of America.
My own simple notion of a State includes the people
organized under a regular form of government, settled on
a definite territory. If we would have an authoritative
statement, let us cite Mr. Jenks!: “By a State or political
society, we understand, at the present day, a community
of considerable size, occupying a clearly defined territory,
owning direct and complete allegiance to a common author-
ity, and invested with a personality which enables it to act
more or less as an individual.” This is based on Bluntsehli
and far exceeds the conceptions prevailing a century ago.
Edmund Burke called the State “the nation in its collec-
tive and corporate capacity.” The modern State has
very slowly forged itself out of human consciousness.
‘Law and Politics, p. 68.
19
20 American Antiquarian Society. [| April,
Aristotle led the way, and his inductive theories are com-
plete, based as they were on a thorough knowledge of his
time. He says “the majority, each member of which
taken apart, is not a remarkable man, is however above
the superior men: if not individually, at least in the mass,
as a feast at the public expense is more splendid than that
which only one person provides.”
assing through the Roman empire, feudal kingdoms
and the rising popular representation, we come to the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The State then
took three forms in the minds of philosophers; and its
foundations were laid on foree, on social contract, on
justice. Hobbes maintained the first, bringing man out
from the state of nature, which is war, until he is con-
strained into peace. Locke formulated the second prin-
ciple. He did not admit absolute force, even in the state
of nature, but found man then subject to a primitive law
of duty, rather than to his own will. Force was to be
used, not for attack, but for defence. Hence came some
of the most pregnant political ideas. Before positive civil
law could have been, Locke assigned certain natural
political rights to each man; rank, liberty of person and
property based on labor. Locke’s civil power rested not
on force, but upon popular consent. He did not falter at
the inevitable consequences of this doctrine ; insurrection
and the right of revolution, which he called the right of
appeal to heaven.
Montesquieu follows Locke closely, and we should study
both carefully ; for politically they formed the minds of
our fathers, who made the American Republic. Locke
eliminated the great idea of personal liberty and asserted
the innate dignity of each man, a child of God. He did
not comprehend the method and means of liberty in civil
government. Popular consent, administered by a popular
assembly, is often the worst of tvrannies. Montesquieu
perceived that liberty is not in us, but, so to speak, is and
§
&
1899.] The Development of the American People. 21
must be outside ourselves. How could this solemn con-
straint, this inhering bent directing each man toward a
liberty of willing for the common good, instead of the
license of his own will, be embodied and made permanent
in organized civil government? Montesquieu, studying
English experience as well as ancient history, separated
the three great functions—not of the State—but of govern-
ment. There must be a power to make the laws, a power
to declare and interpret them, a power to execute them ;
the legislative, the judiciary and the executive powers.
We come to the third form, resting on justice. This
belongs to the most advanced communities. Let us leave
these highly developed methods of the State and turn back
to the Greek analysis of this greatest of political ideas.
The dictum of Aristotle—though profound in its search for
the true sources of the State—has not satisfied the wants
of numerous thinkers. Though he kept well in hand the
aristocratic tendencies of ancient States and saw more
clearly than his fellows the growing powers of democra-
cies, yet he did not fully adjust the relation of the State to
each individual. His advocacy of slavery is one illustra-
tion of this defect. Plato was not equal to the great
Stagirite in his practical grasp of affairs, in his application
of experience to philosophy and political science, But
Plato cannot be reckoned out of any movement of the
human mind since his time. His marvellous insight pierced
and apprehended the essential ideas of humanity even
when he could not formulate those ideas for the work of
every day life. His definition of a State reads: “A State
arises out of the needs of mankind; no one is self-
sufficing, but all of us have many wants.”! This is a two-
fold definition, expressing very well today the harmonious
relation between society and the individuals composing it.
He does not say common wants. The very essence of a
Republic of Plato, L., 369.
me
American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
State is stability; that had been proven in Egypt and
Assyria. Immense sacrifices had been freely made that
man might rear the solid pillars of the State, on the efforts
and labors of individual men and women—not fellows, but
creatures of the State.
The greatest immediate factor in deranging Plato’s or-
derly harmony proved to be religion and worship. Chris-
tianity assumed to divide with the State and to control in
large degree the daily lives of its citizens. Professor
Seeley ' pointed out that theocracy—while hardly less in-
fluential than aristocracy and democracy—had been over-
looked by Aristotle, and only slightly entertained by
modern writers.
The eighteenth century brought out politics, as well as
philosophy and religion, into freer air and planted them on
firmer, broader ground. Man—not a high born, wise,
good man—but man as he was, concrete and simple, the
creature of God, became the ultimate and acknowledged
end of the State. The most complete example of the pro-
cess was afforded by the United States of America. This
was a strictly historical and experimental process. The
immediate theories came from Locke and Montesquieu,
but they were enlightened and corrected by all the deduc-
tive thought and experience of all the sages who had gone
before. In fact, the feudal modification of Roman, or-
ganic, political society—deflected by a religious hierarchy
—passed from continental Europe into the British isles.
Though America grew out of institutions—impelled by a
positive hereditary tendency—her founders brought those
institutions to new tests and conditions, then cultivated
them in a new political soil, warmed by a new political
atmosphere. The Puritans planted the most stringent
hierarchy known before Cromwell and Harrison. Along-
side and out of it, Roger Williams developed absolute
1 Political Science, p. 52.
}
1899.] The Development of the American People. 23
spiritual freedom, governed “only in civil things,” some-
thing then unknown. The Anglican Episcopal Church
occupying Virginia became an American Church ; over the
border, the Catholic Baltimore granted toleration of faith.
The Quaker in Pennsylvania, the fiercely Independent
Presbyterian everywhere, stood for a nearer relation to
God than any civilized community had ever known.
Let us now consider the American people, in whom
reside the governing organs of this State, as above de-
scribed. We may lay down several propositions, coming
from the ethnological and social experience of this people.
I. The primitive types of race, Aryan, Celtic, Teutonic,
have been greatly modified in forming any Englishman,
Irishman, German, or other European.!
II. The processes of change occurring in European life
—as they worked in forming the characteristics of the
above individuals in their various nationalities—these
changing and forming causes were immensely accelerated
by the new conditions of the new world.
Ill. These conditions of change—or a new environ-
ment—worked by a selection of individuals in the amalga-
mation of our people. Instead of tribal or even feudal
families perpetuating their traits in a nation, the newly
selected individuals, chosen from many nations, united in
forming a new people.
IV. These conditions of mingling races with free selec-
tions of individuals were in a large sense a social condition
or environment. This social condition in the United
States necessarily worked under and through political
agencies, the most potent and elastic ever known. This
constant political pressure, working and according with
race or blood heredity in the United States, has operated
to produce a new political race or people.
The term Nation has a certain meaning which must be
‘Gardner, Encyclopedia Britannica, VILL., pp. 263, 266, 267. Mackay, Encyclo-
pedia Britannica, XXI., p. 473.
t
24 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
distinguished and considered in this connection. It might
be argued that nation is coming to mean, in these days, a
type of structure, instead of a line of descent. “Each
Nation has its customs, its manners, and each People has
its government.” Lineage, language, historical tradition,
inherited laws, at times any or all of these make a nation.
In this sense, we ascend from the family, through the
tribe and horde, into a nation. Something more than this
makes a people. The office of king, elective or hereditary,
as distinguished from a tribal chieftain, came from the
people.
Nation and nationality are often improperly confounded
with the idea of the State. Various causes formed the
European nations and states; one overwhelming political
cause formed the United States. This controlling political
factor modified the previous traditional hereditary or
circumstantial causes, that shaped the life of European
communities. In Plato’s twofold idea of the State—7. e.
individuals leaning together for the satisfaction of many
differing wants—stability and desire were balanced. The
despotic form of State, where individuals were remorse-
lessly sacrificed to stability, was passing away in the more
enlightened Grecian time. For thorough stability as now
understood, it is necessary to give to the modern State or
political entity much of the personal or moral quality.
Contrariwise, when a State is surely grounded politically,
it can allow much latitude to individual and personal
freedom.
We shall comprehend our own peculiar conditions better
if we consider separately the very different circumstances
of Europe. No one has weighed this serious problem
more carefully than Renan,!' or set it forth with more bril-
liant expression. He holds it a great error to confound
‘ace with nation, or to attribute sovereignty to ethno-
1 Lalor’s Cyclopedia, II,, 924.
|
1899.] The Development of the American People. 25
graphic or rather linguistic groups. France, England,
Germany and Russia will be, for hundreds of years, “ his-
toric individuals.” This, as will be perceived, is a modern
and is not the ancient rendering of the nation. The
Germanic peoples, in the period 5th-10th century, did not
change the races of France, Italy or Spain, but imposed
aristocratic government upon them; they made a “fusion
of the peoples.” A French citizen may be a Gaul, Bur-
gundian or Visigoth, or all of these together. The essence
of a nation is that individual members must have many
things in common, also “must have forgotten many
things.” In this sense, the nation is the historic result, a
series of facts all tending to the same end. Dynastic
causes may prevail; they are not absolute, as we see in
Switzerland and in the United States. Nation is not based
on race; there is no pure race. Nor upon language ;
language invites to union, but does not compel it. Lan-
guages are historic formations that “give little indication
of the blood of those who speak them.” Religion, which
once comprehended the very existence of the social group,
is not the key ; nor is community of interests, nor geogra-
phy. A nation, according to Renan, is a great “ solidarity,”
constituted by the sentiment proceeding from sacrifices
that have been made, and anticipating those the com-
munity is still disposed to make. It supposes a past.
“Man is not the slave of his race, his tongue, his religion,
or of rivers or mountain chains. A great aggregation of
men, of sound mind and warm heart, creates a moral con-
science, which is called a nation.” Another French writer,
M. Block, has said that nationality is an important political
element, not necessarily a controlling one. It is a senti-
ment of doubtful purity and “ does not flow generally from
justice or personal dignity, but from hatred of the
foreigner, and frequently from ignorance.” Barbarisms
and despotisms often nourish powerful nationalities.
Authorities generally agree that nationality is a hindrance
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26 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
rather than a help in the higher course of political develop-
ment, which is coming to inspire and regulate civilization.
The word people carries in its etymological structure a
whole leaf out of the history of civilization ; an embodi-
ment of political progress. In the early days of Rome,
this body being included with the Senate, formed a
governing class, entirely distinct from the populace or
plebeians. In those primitive times, when codrdinated
with the Senate in the business of government, it was
socially and politically a subordinate aristocracy. From
this strict classification the word has gradually widened its
scope, until it includes all the effective members of the
body politic in America. In royal governments, kings
always said “My People.” This phrase was a_ political
ideal, toward which the actual socio-political fact has con-
stantly tended.
Do not imagine that this historical evolution is easily
traced, or that it moves always in direct lines. Black-
stone, reflecting the movement of the eighteenth century,
loosely defines people in two senses. The first includes all
human beings in a country, governors or subjects, male or
female. The second definition puts king and parliament
into one class, while all other members of English society
are included in the term “people.” These classifications
have been severely critcised, but they were, perhaps, the
best working definitions for the time and place. The
subtle evolution of the word is fairly reflected in a phrase
uttered by Viennet, about 1825: “The people is proud as
a gentleman. In the greatest lord it would see only a
man.” No American community would exclude from the
people as a political body, any one not an alien or a
criminal, Socially, the word is used in a different sense.
To define and set off the rich, we say, common people, or
rich and poor people ; or people of a city, as distinguished
from that of the country. Though wealth is potent in
many ways, rich persons have no political recognition here,
|
I
1899.] The Development of the American People. 27
The French distinctions, stated so forcibly by Viennet,
could not have the same significance here. If we construe
them in the broadest sense, as embodying the intangible
results of wealth and culture—a fine expression of social
refinement—yet they would not apply in American society.
The term gentleman has been restricted often to the ways
of a particular class ; then to an affectation of the manners
of that class.
People must not be confounded with the electorate.
People includes men, women and children, and it means
the raw material of the whole political system. Voting
electors are the first defined political organ, the people
being an amorphous political substance. If we consider it
as plasma, and the electorate as protoplasma, then repre-
sentatives—in town, county, state or federal government
—are the rudimentary expressions of the popular will.
The self-governing development of the United States has
brought the representative into close sympathy with the
desires and purposes of the people. An American politi-
cian never says “my patrons,” he always addresses “my
constituents.”
We may now define people in its largest political signi-
ficance in the United States. It includes peoples, nations
in the lineal sense, and races in one amalgam. This is a
new sovereign or governmental stuff. It may make king-
doms, empires or republics, according to the nature of the
stuff. Mr. Roosevelt! has shown an exact socio-political
parallel to this genesis and evolution of a political people
in his study of the settlements formed on the western
slopes of the Alleghanies. The Scotch-Irish race mingled
with English, more or less German, a few Dutch and
Huguenot French families, formed the social fringe of the
Atlantic colonies and States. This pioneer vanguard of
civilization made a singularly homogeneous mass of back-
1“ Winning of the West,” vol. I,
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28 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
woodsmen. Whatever their origin or previous locality,
they were all alike and were all American backwoodsmen
in the socio-political work which had fallen to them. To
hunt bear or Indian, to plant corn, to call a county meet-
ing, to marry their children, to preach and pray, to
organize courts of justice—all these varying steps in
civilized life became their daily walk by almost preter-
natural intuition. The people moved forward with one
purpose and generally with one method.
While the process was more dramatic and picturesque in
the limited opportunities of the last century, it has been
essentially similar in the present century. An equivalent
fusion of race characteristics and previous experiences has
been going forward and working itself out in all the
United States. This elastic backwoods or frontier element,
mingling with itself citizens from the old Atlantic States
and a constant stream of European immigrants, has settled
and improved one section of this continent, especially
the portion called the West and Northwest. Combining
blood, hereditary experience and national tendency, it has
formed the solid amalgam of the American people.
The controlling political element—the flavor, so to
speak—of the racial development was in the Anglo-
German tendency to self-government. The civic impulse
of the citizen moved from his own centre, but always
tended toward the political action and conduct of his
fellows. This political tendency—strangely difficult for
Latins and Celts in the original—became easy enough for
any and all stocks of Americans, however derived, when
carried into new racial grooves by the movement of local
and federal politics. English or Irish, German or French,
all went one way. Local institutions firmly fixed the
individual citizen in his right of initiative and in the
corresponding restraint of self-control. After 1865, the
national or imperial impulse carried the citizen higher
and widened him out. Thus person, family, race, nation
}
1899. ] The Development of the American People. 29
were fused and mingled in one grand political current—
the people.
Recent publicists generally agree that the State is a
moral entity.' That man was the ultimate and end of the
State was not a mere theoretical idea in America. It was
a practical system of government, expressed by and attain-
able through the people—such a people as I have described.
Through the constitution, this American people got them-
selves together and organized the State. In 1812, they
maintained the flag of the United States. In 1861-1865,
having burst the swaddling clothes of local government,
they grew into imperial government.
Before closing this statement of the harmonious growth
of State and people, we should distinguish between the
functions of the State and those of any government within
that State. It is quite common to confound the nature of
the State—the moral entity above described—and the con-
crete art of government. Only recently has this practical
distinction in great affairs been recognized. “ Publicists
do not sufficiently distinguish the State from the govern-
ment. They see the danger to individual liberty of recog-
nizing an unlimited power in the government, and they
immediately conclude that the same danger exists if the
sovereignty of the State be recognized.”? The State
must vindicate its right to be. With their ready appre-
1“ History ascribes to the State a personality which, having spirit and body,
manifests a will of its own.’”’—Bluntschli, ‘* Theory of the State,’ Book I., Chap. I.
“The State is not a mere physical but rather a moral entity.’’—Seeley, “ Political
Science,”’ p. 23.
“The inner ground of the origin of the State is the fact that an aggregate of
persons has a conscious feeling of its unity and gives expression to this unity by
organizing itself as a collective personality and constituting itself as a volitional
and active subject.’’—Jellinet, the Austrian, cited by Willoughby, “ The Nature of
the State,” p.119. And cf. Willoughby, p. 8. Burgess “ Political Science,” I., pp.
51, 52.
2? Burgess, Political Science, I., 57.
“Simple and definite as is this distinction between the State and its govern-
mental machinery, it is one that has seldom been made.’’—Willoughby, “ Nature of
the State,”’ p. 8.
“The State is something inestimably wider than its government.’’—McKechnie,
“The State and the Individual,”’ p. 47.
Lf
30 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
hension of great political principles, our people have been
quick to assert the majesty and dignity of the State.
Now, the United States of America—with the Isthmian
canal, when built—will be the first example of a conti-
nental power. Aside from any questions of relative
strength, this peculiar position of the United States will
make her a powerful factor in balancing the adjustments of
Europe and Asia. The march and countermarch of armies
across Europe, even by a Napoleon or a Moltke, would not
control the world now. The sea is immensely greater than
the land. Floating fortresses with the readiest steam and
the best served guns rule the world.
The American people, after mastering a continent in its
development, is a great, possibly the greatest, example of
the sublime unity of the State. From the rule of fetish
and of medicine man, through chieftain and tribe, animated
by religion and philosophy, the great body of the common
people has been lifted in steady ascent, until it controls its
own destiny. That destiny is now carrying the most
active and powerful of peoples, the most religious of
nations, into wider contact and larger influence with the
peoples of the world.
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1899. ] The Boston Meetings of the Society. 51
THE BOSTON MEETINGS OF THE AMERICAN
ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY.
BY CHARLES A. CHASE.
Tue American Antiquarian Society holds its spring Semi-
annual Meeting today, as the guest, for the fifty-second
time, of its sister organization, the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences. At its meeting on May 26, 1847,
President Edward Everett communicated a vote passed by
the Academy on the day previous, inviting the Antiquarian
Society to use the Academy’s rooms for its meetings in
Boston “when it may be convenient and agreeable” ;
whereupon it was voted :—
That the Society with pleasure accepts the kind offer,
and will in future avail themselves of the politeness of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences; and that the
thanks of this Society be extended to the Academy
therefor.
The Academy was then occupying rooms at No. 7} in
Tremont Row, and there our Society met on the last
Wednesday of May in 1848, 1849 and 1850, and on the last
Wednesday of April in 1851. The Boston Athenzeum
moved from its old quarters in Pearl Street to this build-
ing erected for its use, in 1850. © The American Academy
took a lease of this room in February, 1852, and on the
28th of April following, our Society came here and has
continued to meet here every year to the present time.
What possible quarters could the world have furnished,
more appropriate and more congenial! The poet Tenny-
son, if he could have looked in at one of our meetings,
would have said that it was certainly an inspiration which
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52 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
prompted the original invitation for the Antiquarians to
occupy the seats of the Academicians.
Books to right of them,
Books to left of them,
Books in front of them ;—
Nobody blundered.
But where did the Antiquarian Society meet for the
first thirty-five years of its history? And why is its home
forty miles away, at Worcester?
Without taking too much time in the threshing of old
straw, it may be briefly stated that it was the original
purpose of the founder of the Society that it should be
national and not local. New England would naturally
furnish the greater proportion of men who would be inter-
ested and zealous in promoting its objects, and Boston
was of course the natural seat of the Society. Here was
held the first meeting of the organization, and here the
annual meetings were held for eighteen years. But the
founder of the Society had, just previous to the battle of
Lexington, by night, removed the press and type with
which he printed the Massachusetts Spy to Worcester,
to save them from the tories and the British; and at the
very time of the organization of this Society we were
engaged in a second war with the mother country. Who
could give assurance that the Mather literature and the
other choice treasures which were to be gathered, would
not suffer destruction in an Atlantic seaport from some
future bombardment by Cuban monitors or the armored
cruisers of the Filipinos? It was conceded that a refugium
in the interior would be safer and more desirable, and
Worcester was the chosen place.
The Society was incorporated by an Act of the Massa-
chusetts Legislature, approved by Governor Strong on Oc-
tober 24, 1812. The first meeting of the corporators was
called by Isaiah Thomas, duly authorized under the Act, to
meet at the Exchange Coftee House in Boston, on Thursday,
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1899. ] The Boston Meetings of the Society. 33
Nov. 11, 1812, at 11 o’clock in the forenoon. It is notice-
able that while the correct and present name of the Society
was given in the advertisement, it bore the head-line
“American Society of Antiquaries.” I cannot find that
it was ever the desire of Mr. Thomas or others to give it
this appellation. There were present at this first meeting,
Isaiah Thomas, President Kirkland of Harvard College,
Benjamin Russell, Ebenezer T. Andrews, Dr. Redford
Webster, Edward Bangs, Aaron Bancroft, D.D., Prof.
William D. Peck, Rev. Thaddeus M. Harris and Isaiah
Thomas, Jr., only three of them being residents of
Worcester. The senior Mr. Thomas was made President.
At an adjourned meeting at the same place, on May 3,
1813, President Thomas presented a large and valuable
collection of books, estimated at $4,000. By-Laws were
adopted, providing for an annual meeting on the 22d of
December and a meeting on the first Wednesday of June,
both at Boston, and a meeting at Worcester on the
Wednesday next after the fourth Tuesday of September.
The first meeting in Worcester was held “at the dwelling-
house of Col. Reuben Sikes, innholder, Sept. 29, 1813.”
This was “Sikes’s Coffee House,” an old hostelry at the
court end of the town, where Lafayette slept eleven years
later, and which was for many years the home, in court
time, of visiting members of the bench and bar. It still
stands, on the main street, not far from Antiquarian Hall.
On Oct. 23, 1813, the Society celebrated the landing of
Columbus by a meeting at the Exchange Coffee House in
Boston, and after some routine business, marched in pro-
cession to the Stone Chapel, to hear “an ingenious and
learned address” by the Rev. Prof. William Jenks of
Bowdoin College.
The Society continued to hold its meetings at the Ex-
change Coffee House until the year 1818 inclusive, but in
1819 it met at Foster's Tavern in Congress Hall, and in
1820 at the Marlborough Hotel. The Coffee House,
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34 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
destroyed by fire in 1818, was rebuilt, and the Society
returned there in 1821, continuing its meetings in that
hostelry for fifteen years. From May, 1836, to May,
1847, the meetings were held at the Tremont House,
and since the latter date in the quarters of the American
Academy.
The Exchange Coffee House, built in 1808, served as a
Merchants’ Exchange during its existence. The original
hotel, “when opened for business was much the largest
public house in the country. It covered an irregular tract
of ground measuring 12,753 square feet and was seven
stories in height. It was highly ornamental, but not with
good taste, on the exterior, and within was spacious and
elegant. There were a great hall for the meetings of mer-
chants, a dining-room capable of seating three hundred
persons, a great ball room, and a Masonic hall above.”!
The new hotel with the same name, but not as large, con-
tinued until 1853.
Two Doric columns of granite, from the portico of the
Tremont House, now stand in Institute Park in Worcester,
placed there by the President of this Society, and may
serve as a souvenir of what was for eleven vears one of
our Boston homes.
In October, 1831, the By-Laws were changed, providing
for two meetings in the year instead of three, appointing
the annual meeting at Worcester on the 23d of October,
and providing for a spring meeting in Boston on the last
Wednesday of May. The latter day would fall in “anni-
versary week,” and it was thought that a fuller attendance
of members might be secured at that time. But the other
attractions of that week proved more potent, and in May,
1850, the time was changed to the last week of April.
The dry statistics of times and places, and even the
preserved official records of the meetings, can give us no
'The Memorial History of Boston. Vol. 4, p. 55.
i
1899. | The Boston Meetings of the Society. 5
idea of the spirit which possessed the early members of
the Society. The Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, Rev. Dr.
George E. Ellis and other members of a former generation
have entertained us at times with delightful impromptu
reminiscences, but even these have not been preserved.
In the archives of the Society today, however, there is a
thesaurus of riches, the diary of one of the earliest libra-
rians,—Christopher Columbus Baldwin,—before whose
brilliancy as a chronicler the star of Pepys fades almost
into insignificance. This diary, covering the last six or
eight years of a life which closed, by accident, at the early
age of thirty-five years, is almost without a parallel; and,
now that more than sixty years have elapsed since it came
to a sudden end, should be printed by the Society, or by
subscription, as a pen picture of our early days and of
the well-known people, the customs and manners of the
early years of the now closing century.
EXTRACTS FROM MR. BALDWIN’S DIARY.
Oct. 24, 1831. LTamin Boston at the Tremont in company
with Hon. John Davis, William Lincoln, Isaac Goodwin, Samuel
M. Burnside Esqs., all of Worcester. This day is the annual
meeting of the American Antiquarian Society which is the ocea-
sion of our being in Boston. The Society met at the Exchange
Coffee House. The following gentlemen were present. Rev.
Aaron Bancroft. His Excellency Levi Lincoln. His Hon. Lieut.
Gov. Thomas L. Winthrop, Rev. Abiel Holmes, D.D., Rev.
Charles Lowell, Rev. Thaddeus M. Harris, Rev. Wm. Jenks, Hon.
Benjamin Russell, Hon. James C. Merrill, Hon. John Davis of
Worcester. James Bowdoin, Esq., Joseph Willard, Esq., of
Boston, William Lincoin, Isaac Goodwin, Samuel M. Burnside,
Esq., Pliny Merrick, Esq., of Worcester, Hon. Edward D.
Bangs, Mr. Ebenezer T. Andrews and Mr. [name omitted] of
Boston. The meeting was very pleasant, and an entire revolu-
tion was proposed and carried into execution, tho’ not without
manifest opposition from Col. Merrick. At 5 the Society ad-
journed to 7, and in the interim partook of a magnificent
dinner from His Honor Lieut. Gov. Winthrop. Hon. Edward
Everett and Rev. Dr. Parkman, of Boston, were present, who
were also present at the meeting. The meeting resumed its
sitting after dinner, and at about 8 in the evening dissolved. / I
then went to the Theatre and saw Miss Clara Fisher. She is
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356 American Antiquarian Society. | April,
delightful! She looks well, acts well and is in truth a most
interesting lady. I never have seen any female, off or on the
stage, whose appearance gave me so much pleasure. Gall and
Spurzheim would swear her head was cast under the direction
of a committee of taste chosen at the Court of Beauty. She
is not, after all, so handsome, but she looks well, and has
decidedly the best shaped head that I have ever seen upon the
shoulders of a female. She is rather short, tho’ not too much so,
and is just fat enough to look delicious. She looks as tho’ she
might be about 20, yet is about 26 or 7.)
Oct. 25. 1 ealled upon Joseph Willard in the morning and
invited him in company with Isaac Goodwin to accompany me to
visit the house occupied by Increase, Cotton and Sam. Mather,
to see if there might not be found some of his [s/c] paper in the
garret. I found the house which I supposed to be the one they
occupied, and I knocked at the door, and a fat lady came out,
and upon my telling her that I came out of respect to the mem-
ory of the ancient occupants and wished to visit her garret, to see
the famous study and to search for old papers, she told me that
had I made such a request the week before she should not have
known what answer to have returned to my inquiry, but her hus-
band only the day before while in the garret, dropped a piece of
money which slipped through under the floor, and when he raised
a board to obtain it, he found the ceiling was completely filled
with old papers which nobody could read: and added they can
be of no use to you, for you cannot read a word of them!! I
insisted upon going into the garret, but she refused outright. and
persisted in it to the last. She finally agreed that her husband
should gather up all the papers and I might have them and wel-
come; and again added, ** But I tell you you can’t read a bit of
“em.” They were boxed up and sent to the office of Jo. Willard,
Esq. I never have gone away from any house so reluctantly as
I did from that. How much, how very much it is to be regretted
that our Boston Antiquaries wi!l not rescue such invaluable gems
from destruction! Many old houses in the city are full of such
treasures. They are perishing daily. The Rey. Dr. Harris, of
Dorchester, told me that about thirty years ago, he went into this
sume garret and that at that time, there were many camels loads
of old papers. He brought away some few papers from the
great mass that lay heaped together there, and had never been
there since! I intended to have visited the Hutchinson house,
but other business necessary to be transacted before leaving town,
compelled me to postpone the pleasure to some future visit to the
city.
Oct. 26, 1831. William Lincoln, Esq., carries me to Worces-
ter. We stop at the College Library and remain there till noon
and then go over to Brighton and call on the Hon. Mr. Winship,
adistinguished gardener. He is a pleasant, hospitable old Bache-
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1899. ] The Boston Meetings of the Society. 37
lor. We go thence and call on Mr. Kenrick, another gardener.
He is now 78 and is prodigiously corpulent. He lives in New-
ton. We go to Dedham to dinner and I copy a few epitaphs ;
and go thence to Framingham and reach Worcester about 11
o’clock in the evening.
Oct. 27. LT remain in Worcester until Saturday morning, visit-
ing and idling away my time. I am a candidate for Librarian of
the Antiquarian Society and am anxious lest I be outwitted and
another get the place. And my friends desire me to stay on that
account that I may reconcile some of my opposers.
1834. On May 27 I went to Boston with William Lincoln to
attend the semi-annual meeting of the Society. We left Worces-
ter at 6 in the morning in the mail stage and reached Boston at
12 at noon. Our stage company consisted of the Hon. Benja-
min Russell, the famous Editor of the Boston Centinel, Gen.
Mattoon of Amherst, Col. Edward G. Prescott of Boston, Mr.
Porter from Sturbridge (a brother of Dr. Woodward’s wife), a
Mr. Green from Hartford, whose father was Benjamin Green, a
merchant formerly in Boston and now dead, Mr. Lincoln and
myself. This Mr. Green is an Antiquary, and, having a fortune,
amuses himself in collecting old Books. He is a small man with
very large and frightful whiskers and is very eccentric. He men-
tioned that he had two Books printed before 1500. He appeared
to be a modest man, but a great lover of old things. Mr. Rus-
sell and Gen. Mattoon, being Revolutionary soldiers, entertained
us with their fighting experience. They refought every battle
from that at Lexington to the taking of Cornwallis. Both knew
General Washington personally and also Dr. Franklin. Russell
mentioned several anecdotes of the latter and one which occurred
while he was a printer’s boy with Isaiah Thomas at Worcester.
Dr. Franklin was on some public business in this part of the
country which required his stay at Worcester two or three days.
Much of his time was spent in the printing oflice, and Mr. Rus-
sell says that he gave the men some very useful hints about work-
ing the press. The press was so constructed that only half of
one side of a sheet could be pressed at one motion, and the Doc-
lor took the apparatus out and in a few minutes arranged it so
that the whole side of a sheet could be printed at one instead of
two operations.
* * * * *
I stopped with Mr. Lincoln at the Tremont House. There
were few gentlemen whom I knew. ‘The only one among them
any way famous was Stephen H. Long of the United States Army ;
the same who commanded the expedition to the Rocky Mountains,
an account of which was published by Edwin James, and his ex-
pedition to discover the sources of the River St. Peter, an account
of which was drawn up and published by Keating. He is a small
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38 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
man of about 50, and not remarkably imposing either in his looks
or conversation.
I was in Boston five days and during that time the sun did not
appear. The weather was cold and uncomfortable, and it rained
nearly every day. I amused myself by going among the different
book stores and hunting up American History. I found some
hundreds of vols. which I much wanted, that could be purchased
for a mere trifle. I had only 15 dollars of the Society’s money
to expend and this I laid out as advantageously as I could.
May 25, 1835. Took the Stage this morning for Boston to
attend the semi-annual meeting of the Antiquarian Society, which
is to be on the 27th. At Westborough I left the Stage and took
seat in one of the cars of the Rail Road, and reached Boston at
10 A. M. There were about two hundred passengers, nearly
half of them being ministers on their way to Boston to attend the
various charitable and religious societies that were to hold their
anniversaries this week. I was surprised at their youthful
appearance, none of them being above thirty-five or forty. The
old ones, I think, feel that they are too poor to encounter the
expense of such a journey : and besides, their maintenance from
salaries is so precarious that they are compelled to exercise the
most rigid prudence. Formerly the settling of a minister was a
permanent life-matter and parishes took their pastors as men
take wives. There must be no backing out from the contract
or impatience manifested unless for downright adultery, or some
such most flagrant fault. But now ministers are settled for a
year or so, and some work by the month, and I have known some
who job’d it by the single Sunday and glad to work so. There is
a great change in public opinion in relation to the clergy. They
are treated as a body with much less respect than forme rly.
I stopt at the Tremont House. I went to see the Dioramic
view of the Departure of the Israelites out of Egypt. The picture
was about thirty feet square, and the light was admitted upon it
in such manner as to make it appear infinitely larger. I believe
the picture was designed by Martin, though I could find no
author’s name. The Israelites are represented as going out of
the city of Memphis: they are proceeding through an immense
street which is lined with the most gorgeous palaces, and in the
front ground are seen Moses and Aaron upon an elevated place
directing the march. I had more pleasure in examining the
picture than anyone I have ever seen. The illusion was most
perfect. I visited it twice a day during the four days I was in
Boston. I went to the Theatre in the evening.
May 26, 1855. 1 went to see the famous Cartoons of Raffielle.
They are not the Cartoons themselves, but the Tapestries wrought
from them. There are four of them, each one being twenty feet
long and fourteen feet high. The groundwork or foundation
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1899. | The Boston Meetings of the Society. 39
seems to be a coarse canvas and the figures are wrought with
sewing silk, with a needle! The expressions of countenance in
all the figures are to the very life. The four pictures are, the
‘* Death of Annanias,” ‘* Peter curing the cripple at the gate of
the Temple,” ** Paul preaching at Athens,” and ** Christ delivering
the keys to Peter.” Peter curing the cripple pleased me most;
but why the Painter makes the cripple a Negro, I do not know.
In the same gallery was a copy of Rubens’s famous picture of
the Crucifixion.
May 27, 1835. The Antiquarian Society met at 12 o’clock
at the Exchange Coffee House. Hon. Thomas L. Winthrop,
Hon. Judge Merrill, Hon. Benjamin Russell, Hon. Rejoice
Newton, Rey. Dr. Charles Lowell, Rev. Thomas Robbins of
Rochester, Frederick W. Paine, Rey. Mr. Hill and 8. M. Burn-
side Esq. of Worcester, were the members present. We were all
invited to dine with Mr. Winthrop, President of the Society.
The Society always dine with him at the annual meetings, and
he gives a prime entertainment.
So much from the diary of one who took the long stage
ride to the Boston meetings and improved his visit by
ransacking old garrets in search of treasures to enrich the
collection which he had so much at heart, and after five
days’ work for the cause, enlivened by visits to the theatre
“to see Miss F.,” returned to his rural home to enter his
experience in a diary which proves so interesting after
sixty vears.
What Worcester member of today, who takes a morning
train and enters this room an hour and fifteen minutes
later, returns to his home and before sunset jots down in
his journal the anecdotes of Vice-President Hoar, the
crisp remarks of Dr. Green, the pearls which drop from
the lips of Epwarp E,. Hare, the nuggets furnished by a
score of other members, and the expression of his grati-
tude to our kind hosts for so many years,—the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences ?
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40 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN.
Tue librarian’s reports of the past eighteen years have
called attention to many Society items of minor value, yet
perhaps too important to be overlooked. Such are the
three following entries which appear in the handwriting
of our founder in volume one of “Donors and Dona-
tions”: 1. “1814 Mareh 18". The Book of the Gen-
eral Lawes and Libertyes Concerning the Inhabitants of
the Massachusetts &c. Folio Printed at Cambridge Mas-
sachusetts, 1660. Presented to the Society, by William
Stedman Esq. of Worcester. Value 10 dolls.” * * * .
2. “1814 May 4" The portrait of the late Charles Pax-
ton Esq’r of Boston, in a handsome frame. The Painting
by Copely. Mr. Paxton was one of the Board of Commis-
sioners and an officer of the Customs, under the royal
Government for several years previous to the Revolution.
[The picture is injured.] Presented to the Society, By
a Lady—Value”"— * * * . 3. “Note. Augt, 1825,
By the Catalogue of the Society’s Library taken some
years since by Mr. Jennison and referring to this Book
for additions since added, the volumes, pamphlets, &e. in
the Library may be ascertained.”
The introduction of electric light suggested in the last
reports of the treasurer and of the librarian, became an
accomplished fact soon after the opening of the new year,
at the charge of the Salisbury building fund. While the
time-honored Society has always been “given to hospi-
tality,” this modern innovation has produced a cheery
effect, which has impressed our guests, members and the
library staff. Safety and convenience were sought by our
library committee, who personally superintended the work,
The removal of the dwelling-house on the west—now
1899. ] Report of the Librarian. 41
owned by the County of Worcester—will add light in the
west side of our building as well as relieve us from what
has long been a real source of danger from fire. On the
fly-leaf of an early volume of “ Donations to the American
Antiquarian Society with the Names of its Benefactors,”
Isaiah Thomas made the following entry: “No fire is ever
to be made in the room occupied for the Library & Cabinet,
and no fire must be made in the room appropriated for the
Librarian until the wood work of the fire place is taken
away or covered at least half way up with tin or sheet iron,
and the floor adjoining the hearth covered at least four feet
each way where the hearth projects, with tin or sheet lead,
after which a stove should be used, placed back from the
hearth. No fire or lights to be used after sunset. Too
much care cannot be taken as it respects fire.”
A recent study of the social customs of New England
during the early part of the nineteenth century, made by
a guest from Vassar College, again shows the advantage of
our inclusive collections. Furthermore it emphasizes our
indebtedness to such wise librarians as Samuel Jennison,
William Lincoln and Christopher C. Baldwin, — For-
tunately they kept not only the replies to Cattle-Show ball
and other invitations, but left vivid descriptions of the
good times they enjoyed. An invitation of eighty-six
years ago follows :
Me WM vss Pielsey (Halle, EME
SEM Is INVITED TO ATTEND A BALL, ON EM
meme THURSDAY EVENING NEXT, at WHEEL eK
ers Hatt. 3
Dancing to commence at 7 o'clock.
E. D. BANGS, |
iW ‘orcefter, April, 1813.
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42 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
A second specimen is given as being of peculiar interest
at the present time :
CELEBRATION OF PEACE.
THE Company of
Mors. Brine
ts requested, at WHEELER’s HALL, on
THURSDAY next, at 6 o Clock, P. M.
WILLIAM STEDMAN,
Levi LINcoLn, jun.
Joun W. Lincoin,
SAMUEL JENNISON, jun.
GARDNER BURBANK,
Brooks, J
Worcester, Feb. 28, 1815.
The book of Accessions furnishes the following library
statistics: Number of givers, three hundred and twenty-
three ; viz. thirty-four members, one hundred and forty-
five persons not members and one hundred and forty-four
societies and institutions. We have received therefrom
five hundred and seventeen books, forty-one hundred and
nineteen pamphlets, two bound and one hundred and
eleven unbound volumes of newspapers, fifteen photo-
graphs, three proclamations, two broadsides, one manu-
script, a medal and one coin. By exchange, fifty-four
books and one hundred and twenty-four pamphlets ; and
from the bindery, forty-six volumes of newspapers and six
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1899. ] Report of the Librarian. 43
of magazines ; making a total of five hundred and seventy-
seven books, forty-two hundred and forty-three pamphlets,
forty-eight bound and one hundred and eleven volumes of
unbound newspapers, efe. We acknowledge to Hon.
George F. Hoar and Charles Francis Adams, LL.D.,
their important papers on the duty of the nation in the
recent critical state of affairs. They once more remind us
of a present opportunity. It will be an easy matter at a
later period to secure the larger works upon our war with
Spain, its causes, lessons and results. But the ephemeral
literature in monograph, magazine and newspaper form
should be secured at once or it will be difficult to obtain.
To this end—as in the Civil War period so now—I
hespeak the aid of our members and friends in a special
effort to place within our walls the history of the short
but decisive war of 1898.
The George E. Ellis fund has provided important
biographical and bibliographical works ; the Benjamin F.
Thomas fund valuable local histories; and the George
Chandler fund has enriched our alcove of genealogy.
The Isaac and Edward L. Davis fund has secured for us—
in a foreign market—desirable material relating to Cuba
and Porto Rico as well as to the South American countries.
A few authorities on the Philippines were included in the
order.
The latest gift from our associate the Duc de Loubat is
“Clave General de Jeroglificos Americanos de Don Ignacio
Borunda.” This important work on American hiero-
glyphs, recently discovered and published by Dr. Loubat,
contains an introductory chapter by him. Mr. Charles P.
Bowditch has presented his Pickering Genealogy of 1887,
and the elaborate work in three volumes royal quarto on
the same family brought out by him and Mr. Harrison
Ellery, in 1897.
Our associate Mr. Andrew McF,. Davis sends not only a
collection of his own monographs, but the remainder of
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44 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
the edition of one of the most noteworthy of them. Such
remainders are of special value to a Society which has
learned that valuable historical material may wisely be held
for a rise in its market value as well as for purposes of
exchange. President Daniel C. Gilman and Dr. Daniel
G. Brinton always recognize their membership by placing
upon our shelves, as soon as issued, the printed results of
their studies; and Judge William T. Forbes manifests his
interest by sending an important biographical work—prop-
erly vouched for—which contains the personal biographical
material so much desired.
Mr. Charles W. Wilson of Worcester,—a soldier of the
war for the preservation of the Union,—has placed in our
keeping a family letter written in the field during our War
for Independence. It is addressed “To | Capt. Ebenezer
Holbrook | at Pomfret | in New England | pr Henry
Morriss | Post,” and is here given as a sample of the
soldiers’ letters of the period :
Camp Burdetts Ferry Sep' y*® 1™ 1776
this place is about 12 miles up North River from New York—on
the Jersey Side.
Honr* Parents I Take this opportunity to write to you hoping
these may find you and the Family in good health, though they
Leave me under Some Indispotion (sic) of Body, my Difieulty
is purging and Some Feaver, But I hope to be well again in a
in a (sic) few Days.
we have abundance of News but it is So much Confounded that
I Know not what to Say. But this is true that part of our Army
that went onto Long Island are Returned to new York with Con-
siderable Loss on our Side & a greater on the Side of our Enemy
as we hear, But as to any Certain Number on Either Side, we
have heard that several of the head officers on the side of the
ministerial party have fell in Battle how that is we Cannot Cer-
tainly Know. on our part we Know not of any in particular. it
Said that Lord Sterling of New York fell in Battle. a Small
Island a Little to the Southward of New York City Called
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1899. ] Report of the Librarian. 45
Governors Island is Taken from us and we have Lost Some Can-
non and other Warlike Stores.
our People are in high Spirits although things at present Bear a
Dark aspect on our Side, we have hope in him who Rules all
things in Infinite Mercy and for the Best good of those that
Trust in him. So no more at present but I Remain your Dutiful
Son EBENEZER HOLBROOK Jun’
P. 8. S' as I Wrote for Your Son I ask* his Consent to Infor
my Parents of my Health which I Enjoy in as Great a Degree as
Ever Hoping they are under the Same Inestimable Blessing
Remember me to Brother Samuel & Sister and Tell him to Write
to me and Let me Know how he Does & the Health of my Ever
honr’ parents I being in hast Conclude and Subscribe my Self
Your Friend & Humble Serv‘ JOHN DRESSER.
Mrs. William L. Chase has presented a file of The
American Mechanic for the past twenty-one years, and
Mrs. Henry Clarke historical material gathered by her
father, the Hon. Alfred Dwight Foster, formerly Coun-
cillor, Treasurer and Member of the Committee of Pub-
lication of the Society. The gifts of Messrs. Edward
Deacon, William L. Elkins and Warren Hapgood to the
department of family history are the more gratefully
received since the material for the genealogies of their
respective families was not to any great extent obtained in
our library.
Mr. Charles A. Hoppin, Jr., has strengthened our col-
lection of amateur newspapers, to which reference was
made in the librarian’s report of April, 1897. The addi-
tions are from States far and near, cover a period of more
than twenty vears, and are many of them complete files.
We have received from The Ancient and Honorable
Artillery Company of Massachusetts, Volume III. of their
exhaustive History by Roberts. This volume—which like
the previous ones is received for service rendered—covers
the period from 1822 to 1865 and contains illustrations of
great value and interest.
if
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46 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
Special mention is made of the gift of the reports of
the Intercontinental Railway Commission, which has been
received from them and placed in the Davis Spanish
American alcove. The four volumes of text are fully
illustrated by the best modern processes, and the three
volumes of tables, maps and profiles add greatly to their
value. It is perhaps the most elaborate American work of
its class since the government reports on the Pacific Rail-
road survey of 1853-54.
I note the receipt of two Bibles containing brief manu-
script entries under “Family Record.” 1. A’ quarto
“Imprinted at London by Roserr Barker | Printer to
the King’s Most Excellent | Maiestie: And by the
Assignes | of John Bill Anno Dom. 1638.” Therein may
be found a fruitful record of the birth of five children of
Edward and Elizabeth Newman in the years 1721, 1722,
1723, 1725 and 1726. There also appears the following
entry by Hon. Ledyard Bill of Paxton, Massachusetts :
“Note. This Bible was published by my ancestor John
Bill as per Title page in New Test.” 2. A royal quarto,
printed and published by Mathew Carey at Philadelphia in
1811, which contains three Wurrney entries, the earliest
of which is 1760,
While many of the valuable government publications
have come to us direct from the various departments, the
greater portion of them have reached us through Mr. L.
P. Ferrell, Superintendent of Documents.
It may be well to note the fact that the Society has not
only received our government publications since December,
1814, but that it has done much in return for these favors
of so many years. We need only mention the direct
literary contributions—in archeological and historical lines
—through such distinguished members as Peter Force,
Samuel Foster Haven and Increase Allen Lapham: and
the important aid in the upbuilding of the National, the
Surgeon-General’s Office and the War Department libra-
1899. | Report of the Librarian. 47
ries. The first-named library was greatly strengthened by
the addition, from our duplicate room, of early files of
American newspapers; while many of the government
publications sent to the Capitol for redistribution remained
there to assist in completing sets of their own department
reports. In this connection, and that the fact of the
Society’s good intention may appear in its printed pro-
ceedings, I submit from the Council Records of August 30,
1840, the following: “Voted to subscribe the sum of
$250.00 towards the expense of preparing a work entitled
Bibliographia Americana by Henry Stevens, to be paid
according to the terms of Mr. Stevens’s Prospectus ; when
the work shall be completed and accepted for publication
by the Smithsonian Institution.”
We have had an unusual number of calls for our dupli-
cate material needed by the various departments at
Washington and elsewhere. The same may be said of
information desired by newly born or recently revived
historical societies throughout the land. It has been taken
for granted that our long experience would be useful to
the latter, and our duplicate accumulations of many years,
to the former. It is always a pleasure to answer such
appeals and also to certify that such service is recognized
as something more than its own reward.
A librarian of to-day remarks that “Books are neither
card racks, crumb baskets nor receptacles for dead leaves.”
The suggestion appears to be a modern need ; for the great
collections which our founder and his contemporaries gath-
ered in Antiquarian Hall are happily free from such intru-
ders. It is quite possible that greater respect was shown
our friends, the books, when they were less numerous,
Your librarian desires to place on record his apprecia-
tion of the service rendered by the late Hon. John Russell
Young in successfully organizing and carrying forward—
in our new National Library building—the great work
committed to his charge. Without doubt “He showed
48 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
clearly a disposition to adjust matters to the modern view,
to appoint efficient subordinates, and to make the library
perform the great function for which its best friends be-
lieve it was destined.” It once more appears that the
personality and executive power of such a head are always
important factors in ventures of such magnitude. We
may hope that the President’s appointment of Mr. Herbert
Putnam—a librarian of experience and executive ability—
as Mr. Young’s successor will meet the approval of the
Senate as it certainly does the approval of his fellow-
librarians.
I submit in print—by request—a brief list of the Laws,
By-Laws, Rules, efe., under which this honored Society
has been so wisely and steadily governed since its birth
eighty-six and a half years ago:
1. In the Account of the Society published in 1813.
2. The first revision of the Laws and By-Laws, pp. &,
published in 1815.
5. The same reprinted in An Address to Members, pp.
9-16, in 1879.
4. Again reprinted in our Archwologia Americana,
vol. L., pp. 51-59, in 1820.
5. An evident revision, though not so stated in the
text, pp. 7, 18mo.—which has been long out of print
—published in 1831. It appears from the Records of
the Council that: “At the house of Rev. Dr. Bancroft
Oct. 15, 1851, the Committee appointed at the last meet-
ing of the Council, to wit Isaae Goodwin and William
Lincoln, to revise and report a new code of By Laws,
made report of a Code of Laws which was adopted and
directed to be laid before the Society at their annual meet-
ing to be held in Boston on the 24th inst.”
6. The exhaustive and instructive report of Hon. P.
Emory Aldrich for the Council, appears on pp. 453-458 of
the first volume of the new series of the Proceedings.
i}
1899. ] Report of the Librarian. 49
The new By-Laws—which are based upon the By-Laws
of 1831—just fifty years before—and the Rules and Regu-
lations of the Library which tollow on pp. 459-465 were
reprinted the same year—in 1881.
7. The By-Laws adopted at a meeting of the Society
October 21, 1889, with the Rules and Regulations adopted
by the Council and the Library Committee for the Govern-
ment of the Library. These were not printed in the
Proceedings but in a separate pamphlet of seven pages
without imprint. The edition was, however, supplied in
ink with the date of publication, which was 1892. There
are several sets of our Proceedings which lack only num-
bers 11 and 13 of Mr. Paine’s list of 1883. The text of
the latter appears in my report of April, 1898; and that
of the former herein, that ready reference may be made
thereto :
“BY-LAWS | OF THE | AMERICAN ANTIQUA-
RIAN SOCIETY 24th. October, 1851. | Article 7. —
Officers. | A President, Two Vice Presidents, Recording
Secretary, a Secretary tor Foreign and a Secretary for
Domestic Correspondence, and Treasurer, who shall be
Members, e2 officio, of the Council, and Ten Counsellors,
and also a Committee of Publication, shall be elected at
the Annual Meeting in October, to hold their offices during
a vear and until successors shall be elected. ARTICLE
1.—President and Vice Presidents. The President shall
preside in the meetings of the Society and Council, and see
that the duties of the several officers are faithfully per-
formed, and the Laws executed. In the absence of the
President, the Vice Presidents shall perform his duties.
ARTICLE The Recording Secretary
shall keep a tair Record of the doings of the Society and
Council, to be deposited, when not in use, with all papers
of his department, in the building of the Society. He
shall give notice of each stated meeting of the Society, by
publishing the same in such newspapers in Boston and
Worcester as the Council shall direct. But neglect to give
such notice shall not prevent a stated meeting, or annul its
proceedings. All letters received and copies of those
1
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50 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
written by the Corresponding Secretaries, shall be pre-
served, and communicated by them to the Society.
ARTICLE IV.—Treasurer. The Treasurer shall receive
and keep the funds of the Society and all Books and
Papers relating thereto, and shall manage and invest the
funds, under the direction of the Council. He shall keep
accurate accounts of the same, and of all receipts and pay-
ments, subject at all times to the inspection of the Officers,
and shall present a copy thereof to the Council at the
meetings next previous to the stated meetings of the
Society. He shall give sufficient bonds for the faithtul
performance of the duties of his office, and shall receive
such compensation as the Council shall fix. ARTICLE V.
—Of the Council, The Council shall hold stated meet-
ings in Worcester on the last Wednesday of October,
January, April and July, at 7 o'clock P.M. Special
meetings may be called by the Secretary under the direc-
tion of the President or a Vice President, upon written
notice to each member. At a special meeting, a majority
of the whole board shall constitute a Quorum but, at the
stated meetings, five members only shall be necessary for
that purpose. The Council shall have the general superin-
tendence of all the property and concerns of the Society,
and may take, release or transfer securities for any portion
of the funds. They may make disbursements for the cur-
rent expenses and other objects of the Society, to an
amount not exceeding the annual income. ‘Twice, at least,
in every year, they shall caretully examine the Library,
Cabinet and other property, and make report to the
Society, of the state of the funds and amount of invest-
ment. They may appoint a Librarian and such other Sub-
ordinate Officers and Agents as they may judge necessary,
allow to them reasonable compensation, and prescribe such
duties to them as they shall think proper, not inconsistent
with the laws of the Society. They shall at each stated
meeting of the Society, make a report of all their doings,
which shall then be subject to the control of the Society.
ARTICLE VI.—Meetings. Two stated meetings of the
Society shall be held each year, one at in
Worcester, on the 23d day of October, and when the
same falls on Sunday, the meeting shall be on the Monday
in Boston on the last
following ; and one at
|
1899. ] Report of the Librarian. 51
Wednesday of May. Special meetings of the Society may
be called by the Secretary, under the direction of a Presi-
dent or Vice President upon notice published in the news-
papers. The Society shall not at any meeting proceed to
business unless five at least of the Council shall be present,
but the Secretary may adjourn from time to time until
such quorum shall attend. At each stated meeting, the
Secretaries and Council shall report their respective doings
since the last meeting. ARTICLE VII.—Members. The
American members of the Society shall at no time exceed
One Hundred and Forty. No person shall be admitted a
member, unless he shall have been nominated one month
in the Council, and be recommended afterwards by that
board; nor shall any member be admitted unless at a
stated meeting of the Society, and three fourths of the
ballots of the members present are in his favor. ARTICLE
VIL.—Of the Library and Librarian. A Librarian and
Cabinet Keeper shall be annually appointed by the Coun-
cil, to be subject to their direction, and removable by them
for misconduct. ARTICLE IX.—Amendments. No new
law or alteration of a standing law shall hereafter be made,
until recommended by the Council and adopted by the
Society at a stated meeting. ARTICLE X. All former
Laws and Votes of the Society, are so far repealed, as
they may be inconsistent with the foregoing Laws.
The Librarian and Cabinet Neeper shall give bonds for
the faithful discharge ot his duties. He shall have the
care of the Library and Cabinet, paving particular atten-
tion to security from fire, and shall be accountable for any
loss or injury happening from his negligence. He shall
register from time to time every book and article pur-
chased or presented, with the donor's name, when given,
the value when it can be ascertained, and a brief descrip-
tion. He shall number and mark each volume with the
name of the Society, and donor when presented and attach
to each article in the Cabinet an appropriate label. He
shall arrange the Books, Tracts, Newspapers and Manu-
scripts of the Society, and the articles of the Cabinet in
scientific method, and keep the rooms in neat and good
order. He shall prepare, as soon as is practicable, and
keep in the Library Room, an accurate descriptive Cata-
logue of the whole Library and Cabinet ; deliver a Copy to
52 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
the Treasurer—enter all additions as they are made on the
Catalogue and annually on the Copy; and make report
thereof at each stated meeting of the Council. On the
Catalogue and Copy there shall be a distinct reference to
the apartment and case containing the several Tracts and
Books therein described. He shall afford such assistance
to the Secretaries and such information to other members
of the Society, when requested, under the restrictions
which the Council may prescribe, as can be rendered with-
out interference with his other duties. He shall attend at
the Library Room from 9 to 12 o'clock A. M. and from 2
to 5 o’clock P. M. on all days of the week, Sundays and
the afternoon of Saturday excepted, for the accommodation
of members, and the reception of visitors. He shall cause
the names of visitors to be entered in a Book, and exhibit
the same at each stated meeting of the Council. No book
or article shall be removed from its place, without the con-
sent of the Librarian, or direction of the Council. Visitors
may be admitted on the formal introduction or the produc-
ing a ticket of a member of the Society. No visitor shall
remain in the Library or Cabinet Rooms without permis-
sion of the Council, except in the presence of the
Librarian, or an officer of the Society.”
Volume XI. new series of the Proceedings is now bound
and ready for members and others who preter the Society’s
binding.
This is probably the last meeting of the Society in the
building of the Boston Atheneum. Some notice otf the
different places in which the Boston meetings have been
held, and an expression of gratitude to The American
Academy of Arts and Sciences, our hosts for many years,
will be offered by gentlemen whom the Council has desig-
nated for the purpose.
Respecttully submitted.
EDMUND M. BARTON,
Librarian.
||
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Givers and Gifts.
Gibers and Gifts.
FROM MEMBERS.
Apams, CuarLes Francis, LL.D., Lincoln.—His ‘‘ Imperialism,” and
‘«The Tracks of our Forefathers”; and his ‘‘ Historians and Histori-
cal Societies.”
BALDWIN, SIMEON E., LL.D., New Haven, Conn.—His ‘* Modern Politi-
cal Institutions.”
BaRTON, EpmMUND M., Worcester.—‘‘St. Andrew’s Cross”; ‘‘ The
Church Militant”; and ‘‘ Worcester’s Young Men,” in continuation.
Bowpircn, CHarLes P., Boston.—His Pickering Genealogy of 1887;
and the genealogy of the same family by Messrs. Harrison Ellery
and Charles P. Bowditch, in 3 vols. royal octavo, Cambridge, 1897.
Brinton, DanreL G., LL.D., Media, Pa.—Ten of his own publications.
Brock, Roserr A., Richmond, Va.—His article on **‘ The Neglect of
History.”
Davis, ANDREW McF., Cambridge.—Eight of his Monographs; thirteen
books; and two hundred and four pamphlets.
Davis, Hon. Epwarp L., Worcester.—Three books; and thirty pam-
phiets.
DEXTER, FRANKLIN B., New Haven, Conn.—Blake’s ‘‘Chronicles of
New Haven Green, 1638-1862.”
CHarves H., Oxford, England.—His ‘‘ Marston Moor.”
Forses, Hon. WittiamM T., Worcester.—Rand’s Biographical Sketches
of one thousand representative men of Massachusetts.”
GILMAN, DanieL C., LL.D., Baltimore, Md.—His ‘ Tribute to David
Ames Wells.”
GREEN, Hon. Samuet A., Boston.—Five of his own publications;
twenty-one books; one hundred and ninety-four pamphlets; one
manuscript; two photographs; a proclamation; and the ‘‘American
Journal of Numismatics,” in continuation.
GREEN, SAMUEL S., Worcester.—His ‘‘ Public Libraries of Worcester ” ;
and his Report as Librarian of the Free Public Library, 1899.
GREENE, J. Evarrs, Worcester.—‘A Brief Account of the Manor and
’arish Church of Green’s Norton.”
Hatt, Rev. Epwarp H., Brookline.—His ‘‘ Papias and his Contempo-
raries.”
HoapLey, CHarves J., LL.D., Hartford, Conn,—One proclamation.
1899. ]
53
54 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
Hoar, Hon. GrorGe F., Worcester.—Four of his own publications;
sixty-two books; seven hundred and eighty-eight pamphlets; twelve
photographs; one piece of music; and ten files of newspapers, in
continuation.
Lfon, Guadalupe, Mexico.—His ‘‘ Ensayo Numismatico.”
LouBatT, JaMEs F., LL.D., New York.—‘‘ Clave General de Jeroglificos
Americanos de Don Ignacio Borunda,” with Dr. Loubat’s introduc-
tory letter.
Love, Rev. WittiaM DELOss, Jr., Ph.D., Hartford, Conn.—His ‘‘Hart-
ford, the Keeper of Connecticut’s Charter.”
MERRIMAN, Rev. DanteL, D.D., Worcester.—His ‘‘ What does Christian
Patriotism require in view of the National Policy of Expansion?”;
two books; ninety-seven pamphlets; and ‘* The Nation,” in continu-
ation.
Morsk, Epwarp S8., Salem.—His ‘‘ Was Middle America peopled from
Asia?”; and his ‘‘ Pre-Columbian Musical Instruments in America.”
Pang, Rev. GEorGE S., Worcester.—Two portraits of the Right Hon-
orable William E. Gladstone.
PAINE, NATHANIEL, Worcester.—His ‘ Literary, Scientific and Histori-
cal Societies of Worcester”; seventeen books; five hundred and
twenty-four pamphlets; three manuscripts; one photograph; and five
files of newspapers, in continuation.
Peet, STEPHEN D., Ph.D., Good Hope, Ill.—‘‘The American Antiquarian
and Oriental Journal,” as issued.
SaLispury, Hon. STEPHEN, Worcester.—Eight books; two hundred
and seventy-one pamphlets; and six files of newspapers, in continua-
tion.
Tuwaltes, ReuseN G., Madison, Wis.—His report for 1897 as Super-
intendent and Secretary of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin.
UpnaM, Henry P., St. Paul, Minn.—‘‘ The Jesuit Relations and Allied
Documents,” volumes 29-38.
Wriacur, Hon. Carroiti, D., Washington, D. C.—His Annual Report as
Superintendent of the Department of Labor; and the ‘‘ Labor Bulle-
tin,” as issued.
FROM PERSONS NOT MEMBERS.
ALEXANDER, De ALva S., Buffalo, N. Y.—His ‘‘The Alexanders of
Maine.”
AMERICAN INVENTOR PUBLISHING CoMPANY.—Numbers of ‘* The Age
of Invention and American Inventor.”
APPLETON AND COMPANY, DANIEL, New York.—‘*t The Monthly Bulle-
tin,” as issued.
CoLLecToR PUBLISHING COMPANY, New York.—‘' The Art Collec-
tor,” as issued.
1899. | Givers and Gifts. RA
Avery, ELroy, Cleveland, Ohio.—Numbers of his ‘‘ Avery Notes and
Queries.”
Batcu, Tuomas W., Philadelphia, Pa.—His ‘* Brooke Family of Whit-
church, Hampshire, England.”
BarTON, Miss Lypia M., Worcester.—‘‘ The Association Record,” in
continuation.
BATCHELLOR, ALBERT S., Concord, N. H.—His ‘ Historical and Bio-
graphical Notes on Military Annals of New Hampshire.”
BENZIGER Broruers, New York.—Numbers of ‘‘Our Boys and Girls
Own.”
Berry, JouNn C., M.D., Worcester.—Worcester Directory, 1897.
BivGuHaM, Hon. Harry, Concord, N. H.—His ‘‘ Annexation of Hawaii:
A Right and a Duty.”
Boston Book Company.—‘‘ The Bulletin of Bibliography,” as issued.
Hon. Henry Chicago, Ill.—Tributes to Louis H. Boutell,
LL.D.
BrRIGHAM, CLARENCE Providence, R. I.—His ** Brown's Record in
the Revolution”; and ‘* Brown University Bibliography.”
Brown, ALEXANDER, LL.D., Norwood, Va.—His ‘‘ History of our
Earliest History.”
Brown, FREEMAN, Clerk, Worcester.—His Annual Report of the Board
of Overseers of the Poor, 1898.
Bryant, H. Winstow, Portland, Me.—Ten historical pamphlets.
BuFFINGTON, Exisua D., Commissioner, Worcester.—Report of the
Massachusetts Commissioners on Inland Fisheries and Game, 1898.
BuLLARD, Henry N., Editor, Parkville, Mo.—Park College ‘ Library
Bulletin,” as issued.
Burton, Cuartes M., Detroit, Mich.—His ‘In the Footsteps of
Cadillac.”
Busu, L. P., New Haven, Conn.—Tributes to Othniel Charles Marsh,
LL.D.
CaLDERHEAD, J. Commissioner, Helena, Montana.—The Sixth
Annual Report of the Montana Bureau of Agriculture, Labor and
Industry.
CALDWELL, Rev. AUGUSTINE, Eliot, Me.—His ‘‘ The Old Ipswich Meet-
ing House, 1747-1838 "; and one pamphlet.
CANFIELD, Mrs. PENELOPE S., Worcester.—‘*‘ The Army and Navy Ga-
zette” for 1898-99, in continuation.
CARROLL, CLARENCE F., Superintendent, Worcester.—Report of the
Worcester Schools, 1898.
Mrs. L., Worcester.—Nine books; one pamphlet;
‘*The Engineering Record,” for 1893; and ‘*‘ The American Mechanic,”’
1878-1898.
56 American Antiquarian Society. [| April,
CHENOWETH, Mrs. BERNARD P., Worcester.—Her ‘‘ School History of
Worcester.”
CHICKERING, Prof. Josern K., Brooklyn, N. Y.—Twenty pamphlets;
and a collection of circulars.
CLARKE, Mrs. HeNry, Worcester.—Twenty-seven books; and four
hundred and sixteen pamphlets.
COATES AND CoMPANY, Henry T., Philadelphia, Pa.—Numbers of
‘<The Literary Era.”
Conant, Levi L., Ph.D., Worcester.—The Fiftieth Anniversary medal
and badge of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science.
Corey, DELORAINE P., Malden.—His “Joseph Hills and the Massachu-
setts Laws of 1648.”
Cornisu, Louts H., New York.—‘ The Spirit of °76,” as issued.
CRANE, JoHn C., Millbury.—His ‘* The Nipmucks and their Country.”
Crawrorp, Lord, Wigan, England.—‘‘ Biblioteca Lindesiana: Cata-
logue of English Broadsides, 1505-1897.
CRAWFORD, Rev. Srpney, Rutland.—His ‘‘ Rufus Putnam and his Pio-
neer Life in the Northwest.”
Critic COMPANY, New York.—Numbers of ‘* The Critic.”
CuRRIER, FrepERICK A., Fitchburg.—His ‘* Co-operative Banking.”
Davis, Mrs. ELNATHAN, Worcester.—Six photographic portraits
Dawson, SaMuEL E., Lit.D., Ottawa, Canada.—His ‘* The Voyages of
the Cabots: Latest Phases of the Controversy.”
Deacon, Epwarp, Bridgeport, Conn.—Ilis ‘* Descent of the Family
of Deacon, and Allied Families.”
DE MENIL, ALEXANDER N., St. Louis, Mo.—Numbers of ‘* The Hespe-
rian.”
Dopp, MgEap anp Company, New York.—Numbers of ** The Bookman.”
DopGE, REUBEN R., Sutton.—His ‘* Record of Inscriptions in the Ceme-
teries of Sutton, Mass.”; and a Tribute to Lydia H. Dodge.
DopGr, Hon. Rurvus B., Jr., Worcester.—His Inaugural Address,
January 3, 1898.
Dor, CHarRLes H., Worcester.—Thirteen pamphlets relating to the
Currency.
DoLe, NatHan H., Editor, Boston.—Numbers of ‘** Book Culture.”
DRAPER, JAMES, Secretary, Worcester.—The Annual Report of the Park
Commissioners of the City of Worcester, 1898.
Drury, Frank H., Chicago, Ill.—One pamphlet.
DRYSEN AND PreIrrer, New York.—< tribute to Philipp J. J. Valentini.
EvLKIns, L., Philadelphia, Pa.—Leach’s Genealogical and
Biographical Memorials of the Reading, Howell, Yerkes, Watts,
Latham and Elkins Families.”
ne
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1899.) Givers and Gifts. 5
FENTON METALLIC MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Jamestown, N. Y.—
«Public Records and their Preservation”: and ‘‘ A Souvenir of the
American Library Conference of 1898.”
Fow Ler, Hon. CuHarves N., Elizabeth, N. J.—His address in the House
of Representatives, March 31, 1897.
GaTtscHeT, ALBERT S., Ph.D., Washington, D. C.—Ten of his publica-
tions on linguistics.
GAZETTE COMPANY.-—The ‘‘Worcester Evening Gazette,” as issued.
GINN AND Company, Boston.—Numbers of their Bulletin.
GoLpEN RvuLE PuBLISHING Company.—‘‘The Christian Endeavor
World,” as issued.
Goopwix, Epwarp R., Worcester.—One pamphlet.
GREENLAW, Mrs. Lucy G., Cambridge.—Numbers of the ‘‘ Genealogi-
cal Advertiser” and one pamphlet.
GREGSON, Rey. Joun, Wiscasset, Me.—Two pamphlets.
HamiL_ron, Morris R., Trenton, N. J.—His Report as State Librarian,
1898.
HarGoop, WARKEN, Boston.—His ‘‘ The Hapgood Family, descendants
of Shadrach, 1656-1898.”
Har.Low, Freperick B., Worcester.—Three Scandinavian circulars.
HARPER AND Brotuers, New York.—Numbers of ‘ Literature.”
Hitt, BENJAMIN T., Worcester.—Two of his book-plates.
Hitt, Miss Frances A., Worcester.—Hazlett’s ‘Eloquence of the
British Senate.”
Hitits, WILLIAM S., Boston.—‘‘ Joseph Hills and the Laws of 1648.”
Horrin, Cuarves A., Jr., Worcester.—A collection of amateur news-
papers, 1874-1896.
Horrpin, Mrs. GrorGe S., Worcester.—A facsimile of the ‘ Ulster
County Gazette,” for January 4, 1800.
P., New York.—His ‘‘ Dwight et a/. vs. Prof. Me-
Master”; and his ‘‘ Biographical Sketches of the Class of 1828 in
Yale College, and College Memorabilia.”
INGALLS, Major, James M., U. S. A.—Catalogue of his professional
works and papers.
INTERCOLONIAL RatLway Com™Misston.—A_ set of the Reports of the
Commission.
Jounson, B. F., Richmond, Va.—Lee’s ‘*‘ Brief History of the United
States.”
Jones, Rev. Henry L., S.T.D., Wilkes-Barré, Pa.—His Hospital Sun-
day Sermon, 1898.
KeLioce, J. H., M.D., Battle Creek, Mich.—Numbers of ‘Good
Health.”
58 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
LANE, Wi1Lu1aAM C., Cambridge.—His first report as Librarian of Har-
vard University.
LARNED, Prof. CHarLes W., West Point, N. Y.—His ‘‘ History of Bat-
tle Monument at West Point.”
Le CLAIRE, ALPHONSE, Montreal, P. Q.—La Revue Canadienne, for 1898.
LIBRARY Suppty Company, London, England.—Numbers of ‘The
Library World.”
LINCOLN, Mrs. Saran, West Boylston.—Eighteen books; two hundred
and twenty-one pamphlets; and seven volumes of newspapers.
Lipprncott, J. B., Company, Philadelphia, Pa.--Their Bulletin, as
issued.
Lost Cause PuBLISHING CoMPaNy, Louisville, Ky.—Numbers of The
Lost Cause.”
LOWDERMILK, WILLIAM H., aNnD Company, Washington, D. C.—‘‘ The
Washington Book Chronicle,” as issued.
MacMILLAN AND Company, New York.—Their ‘‘ Book Review,” as
issued.
McALEER, GEORGE, M.D., Worcester.—His ‘‘ Thanksgiving in the
Woods.”
MARSHALL, PerRcIVAL, Editor, London, England.—Numbers of ‘‘ The
Model Engineer and Amateur Electrician.”
Mason, Roswetvi B., Chicago, Iil.—Tributes to Edward G. Mason,
LL.D.
MAYBERRY, SAMUEL P., Knightville, Me.—IHlis article on ‘‘Karly Florida
Missions.”
J. W., AND Company, Chicago, Iil.—Numbers of their ‘‘ Modern
Tourist and Lllustrator.”
MESSENGER COMPANY, Worcester.—‘‘ The Messenger,” as issued.
MorkRIS AND WILSON, Minneapolis, Minn.—Numbers of ‘* The Cumula-
tive Book Index.”
Murray, Tuomas H., Washington, D. C.—His ‘Irish School-Master
in the American Colonies, 1640-1775.”
New York EVENING Post PRINTING COMPANY.—‘‘ The Nation,” as
issued.
NICKEL MAGAZINE CoMPANY, Boston.—Numbers of the Nickel.
Noyes, JaMgEs A., Boston.—His ‘‘ Noyes Pedigree.”
OveN Court PuBLISHING Company, Chicago, Ill—Numbers of The
Open Court.”
PALMER AND LANGDON, New York.—Numbers of ‘‘The Aluminum
World.”
Peasopy, CHarves A., M.D., Superintendent, Worcester.—The Twenty-
eighth Annual Report of the City Hospital of Worcester.
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1899. ] Givers and Gifts. 59
PENXAFIEKL, ANTONIO, Mexico, Mex.—Four of his statistical reports.
PretTe, Evovarp, Rumigny, France. —<‘ Etudes d’ Ethnogaphie Préhis-
torique.”
Pomeroy, JAMES E., Editor, Worcester.—His ‘Fair Record,” for
September, 1898.
PuTNAM, EBEN, Salem.—Numbers of his ‘“ Historical Magazine.”
PuTNAM, HarRrINGTON, Brooklyn, N. Y.--His ‘** Origin of Breuckelen.”
Reep, GeorGe B., Boston.—Additions to Gilman’s ‘ Bibliography of
Vermont.”
Rice, FRANKLIN P., Worcester.—‘‘ Systematic History—The Worcester
Records.”
Rice, GeorGe M., Worcester.—‘‘ Centennial of the Bulfinch State
House.”
Rice, Mrs. Witt1am W., Worcester.—One hundred numbers of Ameri-
can Periodicals; and ‘‘ Public Opinion,” Volumes 14-20.
Ricn, MARSHALL N., Editor, Portland, Me.—‘‘ The Portland Board of
Trade Journal,” as issued.
RICHARDSON, W1ILLIAM A., Estate or.—‘ Sketch of the Life and Public
Services of William A. Richardson.”
Roprnson, Miss Mary,—Worcester.—Files of three magazines, in con-
tinuation.
Ror, Hon. ALFrep S., Worcester.—His ‘‘ Massachusetts State House:
Sketch of its History” and two pamphlets.
RoGers, CuarRLes E., Barre.—The Barre Gazette,” as issued.
Roy, J. ARTHUR, ET Fits, Worcester.—Their ‘* Le Worcester Canadien
Directoire,” Vol. 13.
RusSELL, Frank, Cambridge.—His ‘‘ Explorations in the Far North.”
SARGENT, Miss Mary F., Worcester.—Seven books; one hundred and
forty-three pamphlets; and six volumes of newspapers.
SENTINEL PRINTING CoMpaNny.—‘* The Fitchburg Weekly Sentinel,” as
issued.
SurpLey, Mrs. Joun B., Chexbres, Switzerland.—Her ‘* Norse Colo-
nization in America: By the Light of the Vatican Finds.”
Sey PusiisuinG Company.—‘‘ The Worcester Daily Spy”; and The
Massachusetts Spy,” as issued.
STAPLES, SAMUEL E., Worcester.—His ‘‘ Hymn of Praise.”
STopparD, Mrs. Evian B., Worcester.—The works of Mrs. Sherwood,
in 15 volumes.
Swan, Ronert T., Commissioner, Boston.—The Eleventh Report on
Massachusetts Public Records.
TELEGRAM Newsparer Company.—‘' The Worcester Daily Telegram,”
Vol. XIII.; and ‘‘ Sunday Telegram,” Vol. XIV.
60 American Antiquarian Society. | April,
TOLMAN, GEORGE, Concord.—A United States Cent of 1803.
Trask, WILLIAM B., Boston.—His ‘‘ Memoir of Capt. William Traske
of Salem, Mass., 1628-1666.”
TURNER, Joun H., Ayer.—His ‘‘ Groton Landmark,” as issned.
VINTON, Rev. ALEXANDER H., D.D., Worcester.—‘‘ The Parish,” as
issued.
Vocke, WiiuiaM, Chicago, Ill.—His ‘‘ Relations of the People of the
United States to the English and Germans.”
WaLKER, Hon. Joseru H., Worcester.—His Speech, February 14,
1899, on Banking and Currency Problems.
WaLt, Miss Saran E., Worcester.—Twelve numbers of magazines.
WaRREN, Rev. ALBERT, Leicester.—Seventy-five books; two hundred
and eighty pamphlets; and a collection of early newspapers.
WARREN, WILLIAM F., LL.D., President, Boston.—The First Quarter
Centennial of Boston University, containing his historical address.
WARRINGTON, JAMES, Philadelphia, Pa.—His ‘‘Short Titles of Books
relating to or illustrating the History and Practice of Psalmody in
the United States, 1620-1820.”
WASHBURN, Hon. CHARLES G., Worcester.—His ‘‘ Memorial of Albert
Curtis”; and his ‘‘ Sketch of the Development of the Manufacturing
Industries of Worcester.”
WEBSTER, CLEMENT L., Charles City, lowa.—‘* lowa Devonian Fossils.”
Wuitcoms, Miss Mary G., Worcester.—Six pamphlets; and a file of
‘* The Utah Eagle,” for 1898.
Wuitre Brotuers, Winchendon.—An historical review of
Industry of Winchendon.
Wuite, Mrs. CAROLINE E., Editor, Philadelphia, Pa.—‘* The Journal of
Zoophily,”
WHITTEN, Rev. W., Secretary, Chariton, L[Lowa.—Diocesan
Journal of Iowa, 1898.
WILLARD, Miss Ansy G., Colchester, Conn.— One hundred and eighty
numbers of American magazines.
WILSON, CHARLES W., Worcester.—War Letter to Capt. Ebenezer Hol-
brook, dated September 15, 1776.
Wire, GeorGe E., M.D., Worcester.—His First Report as Deputy
Librarian of the Worcester County Law Library; and twenty-one
the Cotton
as issued.
pamphlets.
WorCESTER RECORDER ComMpany.—‘t The Worcester Recorder,” as
issued.
FROM SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.—Publications of the
Academy, as issued.
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1899. ] Givers and Gifts, 61
AcapEMY OF SCIENCE OF St. Louis.—Publications of the Academy, as
issued.
ALABAMA HistroricaL Socrery.—Publications of the Society, as issued.
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND Sciences.—Publications of the
Academy, as issued.
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF POLITICAL AND SOcIAL Scrence,—Publications
of the Academy, as issued.
AmericaAN Missionary Union.—‘‘ The Baptist Missionary
Magazine,” as issued.
AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN MIssions.—The
Eighty-eighth Annual Report.
American Carnoiic Hisroricat Soctery.—Publications of the Society,
as issued.
AMERICAN Forestry AssocraTion.—‘‘ The Forester,” as issued.
AmerRICAN Historical AssociaTion.—Annual Report of 1897.
AMERICAN NUMISMATIC AND ARCH®OLOGICAL Soctery.—Proceedings
of the Society at the Fortieth Annual Meeting.
AMERICAN ORIENTAL SocteTy.—Publications of the Society, as issued.
AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL Soctery.—Publications of the Society, as
issued.
AMERICAN SEAMEN’S FRIEND Socrery.—‘‘ The Sailor’s Magazine,” as
issued.
ANCIENT AND HONORABLE ARTILLERY COMPANY OF MASSACHUSETTS.—
Roberts’s History of the Company, Vol. III., 1822-1865.
ANDOVER THEOLOGICAL Seminary.—The Annual Catalogue for 1898-
1899.
BENNINGTON MONUMENT AND HisroricaL ASSOCIATION.—Dedication
of the Bennington Battle Monument, etc.
Boston Boarp or Heatru.—The ‘* Statement of Mortality,” as issued.
BostoN Board OF RECORD COMMISSIONERS.—The Twenty-eighth An-
nual Report.
Boston Pubic Linrary.—Publications of the Library, as issued.
BowboIN COLLEGE Liprary.—Publications of the College, as issued.
BoYLston, TOWN Or.—Reports of the town, 1899.
BROOKLINE HisroricaL PuBLICATION Soctery.—Publications of the
Society, as issued.
BROOKLINE PuBLIC Liprary.—‘‘ The Library Bulletin,” as issued.
BurraLo Pusriic Liprary.—The Second Annual Report.
Bunker Hitt MONUMENT AsSOCIATION.--Proceedings, June 17, 1898.
Bureau or AMERICAN Rerusiics.—‘* The Monthly Bulletin,” as issued.
CaMBRIDGE (ENGLAND) ANTIQUARIAN Sociery.—Publications of the
Society, as issued.
62 American Antiquarian Society. | April,
CANADIAN ANTIQUARIAN Socirery.—Numbers of ‘*The Canadian Anti-
quarian.”
CANADIAN INsStTITUTE.—Publications of the Institute, as issued.
CuicaGo HistoricaL Socirery.—Publications of the Society, as issued.
CHILDREN’S FRIEND Society, Worcester.—The Fiftieth Annual Report.
CINCINNATI PuBLIC Liprary.—Library publications, as issued.
CLuB oF Opp VoLuMEs.—‘‘ Catalogue of a Loan Exhibition of Book-
Plates and Super Libros, held by the Club of Odd Volumes.”
COLGATE UNIVERSITY.—Annual Catalogue for 1898-1899.
CoLoraDo COLLEGE.—Publications of the College, as issued.
CoLuMBIA UNIVERsITY.—‘‘ The Political Science Quarterly,” as issued.
Connecticut State Liprary.—Five volumes of Connecticut State doc-
uments.
CORNELL UNIversiry.—*‘ The Ten Year Book, III., 1868-1898.”
DaYTON PuBLic LIBRARY AND MustumM.—Annual Report for 1898.
DepuaM HisroricaL Socirery.—Publications of. the Society, as issued.
Derroir Pusiic Lisrary.—The Library Report for 1898.
District OF COLUMBIA SOCIETY OF THE SONS OF THE AMERICAN REvy-
OLUTION.—Two of the Society's publications.
District OF COLUMBIA SOCIETY OF THE SONS OF THE REVOLUTION.—
The Year Book for 1898.
Evior HisroricaL Soctery.—Publications of the Society, as issued.
Enocu Pratt Free Liprary, Baltimore, Md.—The Thirteenth Annual
Report.
Essex Instirutre.—Publications of the Institute, as issued.
Farrmount Park Art AssociaTION, Philadelphia, Pa.—The Twenty-
seventh Annual Report.
FreLD COLUMBIAN Museum, Chicago, Ill.—The Publications of the
Museum, as issued.
Fircuspure, Crry or.— The Old Records of the Town of Fitchburgh,
Mass., 1764-1789,” Vol. I.
Forses Lisrary, Northampton.—The Fourth Annual Report.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CaNapDa.—The Report for 1896.
Harrrorp Boarp or TrapEe.—The Eleventh Annual Report
HartTroORD THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY.—The Register, as issued.
Harvarp UNIversiry.—Annual Report, 1897-98; and the University
Catalogue, 1898-99.
HisToRICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA.—Publications of the Society,
as issued.
Iowa HisToRIcAL DEPARTMENT.—‘‘ Annals of Iowa,” as issued.
aay
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1899. ] Givers and Gifts. 63
Jersey Criry Free Pusiic Lisrary.—The Eighth Annual Report; and
The Library Record, as issued.
Jouns Hopkins Universiry.—Publications of the University, as issued.
LAKE MOHONK ARBITRATION CONFERENCE.—The Fourth Annual Report.
LELAND STANFORD, JR., UNtversiry.—Publications of the University,
as issued.
Lipraky CoMPANY OF PHILADELPHIA.—The Library Bulletin, as issued.
LIBRARY OF CONGResSS.—Report of the Librarian, 1898.
LITERARY AND HisroricaL Sociery or of the
Society, as issued.
LonG Istanp HisroricaL Socitery.—Publications of the Society, as
issued.
LYNN HisroricaL Socirery.—The Register for 1897.
MaINE GENERAL CONFERENCE ANR MISSIONARY Sociery.— Minutes for
the year 1898.
Marne HisroricaL Socirery.—Publications of the Society, as issued.
MASSACHUSETTS, COMMONWEALTH OF.—History of the Fifteenth Massa-
chusetts Regiment of Volunteers, War of 1861-65; fourteen State
documents; and one proclamation.
MASSACHUSETTS GRAND LODGE OF ANCIENT FREE AND ACCEPTED
Masons.—Proceedings of the Grand Lodge, as issued.
MASSACHUSETTS SCHOOL FOR THE FEEBLE MINDED.—The Fifty-first
Annual Report.
MASSACHUSETTS STaTeE Boarp Or HeaLttu.—The Annual Report; and
the ‘* Weekly Bulletin,” as issued.
MittBury, Town or.—The Annual Reports of 1899.
MINNESOTA HisroricaL Socrery.— Publications of the Society, as
issued; and ‘‘History of Company E., 6th Minnesota Regiment of
Volunteer Infantry.”
Musto NACIONAL DE Mexico.—Anales, 1898 and 1899.
NATIONAL CENTRAL Liprary OF FLORENCE.—The Library publications,
as issued.
NATIONAL WOMEN’S Retier Corps.—Journal of the Convention of 1898.
New ENGLAND Hisrortc GENEALOGICAL Socrery.—Publications of the
Society, as issued.
New Haven Cotony Histroricat Socirery.—Blake’s ‘Chronicles of
New Haven Green, 1638-1862” ; and one pamphlet.
New Jersey HistoricaL Socrery.—Publications of the Society, as
issued.
New York GENEALOGICAL AND BrioGRAPHICAL Socirery.—Publications
of the Society, as issued.
64 American Antiquarian Society. | April,
New York HisroricaL Socrery.—Stevens’s ‘‘Memoir of William
Kelby.”
New York Pusiic Liprary.— The Library Bulletin,” as issued.
New York Stare Linrary.—The Publications of the Library, as issued.
New YorK YOUNG MEN’s CHRISTIAN AssociaTion.—The Forty-fifth
Annual Report.
NUMISMATIC AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY OF MoONTREAL.—Publications
of the Society, as issued.
OLD RESIDENTS HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION OF LOWELL, Mass.— ‘‘ Contri-
butions” of the Association, Vol. VI., Nos. 1 and 2.
OTTAWA LITERARY AND Socrery.—Publications of the
Society, as issued.
OxFrorD Free Pusiic Lisrary.—The Annual Reports of the town,
1898-99.
Park COLLEGE, Parkville, Mo.—The College publications, as issued.
PERKINS INSTITUTION AND MASSACHUSETTS SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND.—
The Sixty-seventh Annual Report.
Post TEN GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC.—‘‘ Congressional Record,”
Volumes 30, 31; and six pamphlets.
Pratr InstiruTe, Brooklyn, N. Y.—Report of the Free Library, 1898.
PROVIDENCE PuBLic Liprary.—One book.
Rerorm Cius, New York.—One hundred and seven pamphlets; two
lithographs; and various Circulars relating to the Tariff and Sound
Currency.
RuHopE Is“tanp HisroricaL Socitery.—Publications of the Society, as
issued.
ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.—Journal of the Society,
as issued.
RoyaL Society OF CaNnapa.—Proceedings and Transactions of the
Society, as issued.
SaLeM Pusiic Linrary.—The Tenth Annual Report; and The Library
Bulletin,” as issued.
Scor’s CHARITABLE SOCIETY OF Boston.—Constitution, By-Laws, ete.,
1898.
ScRaNTON Lisrary.—The Eighth Annual Report.
SMITHSONIAN INsTITUTION.—Publications of the Institution, as issued.
Sovitté pb’ pe BruxeLies. —Publications of the Society,
as issued.
Société pe Paris, France.—Publications of the Society,
as issued.
Sociéré DES AMERICANISTES DE Panis.—Publications of the Society, as
issued.
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1899. | Givers and Gifts, 65
Socitt& NATIONALE DES ANTIQUAIRES DE FRANCE.—Publications of the
Society, as issued.
SocieTy OF THE ARMY OF THE PoTomac.—Account of the Twenty-
ninth Reunion.
SouTHERN HisroricaL Socirery.—‘ Papers,” Vol. 26.
SouTHERN RatLway Company.—‘‘ The Empire of the South.”
SPRINGFIELD Ciry Library AssociaTion.—‘ The Library Bulletin,” as
issued.
Srare CHaritTiEs AID AssociaTION OF New York.—The Twenty-sixth
Annual Report.
Srare Historical Sociery or lowa.—* The Lowa Historical Record,”
as issued.
Stare HisroricaL Sociery or Wisconsin.—Annotated Catalogue of
Newspaper files in the Society's library.
SYRACUSE CENTRAL LiIBRARY.—The Report for 1897-98.
Texas Stare HisroricaL of the Associa-
tion, as issued.
TRAVELER'S [INSURANCE Company, Hartford, Conn.—‘‘ The Traveler’s
Record,” as issued.
UNITED STATES Bureau Or Epucation.—Three reports of the Bureau.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.—Five pamphlets.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.—Seven public docu-
ments of the department.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF StTaTE.—One pamphlet.
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.—The Monographs; and Bulletins,
as issued.
UNITED STATES SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTs.—Forty-rme books;
and eighty-one pamphlets.
Unirep Strares War DerartMent.—‘‘ War of the Rebellion. Official
Records,” as issued.
UNIVERSITY Association, Chicago, IIl.—Numbers of Progress.”
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.—Publications of the University, as issued.
UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI.—The Twenty-eighth Annual Report: and
Catalogue for 1898-99.
UNIVERSITY OF KaNsas.—Numbers of ‘‘ The University Quarterly.”
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.—Publications of the University, as
issued.
UNIVERSITY OF VeRMONT.—The Annual Catalogue for 1898-99.
VERMONT Srare Liprary.—Sixteen State documents.
Vireria Hisroricat Socrery.—Publications of the Society, as issued.
WEDNEspay CLUB, Worcester.—The All Saints Kalendar for Lent, 1899.
WenuaM, Town or.—Annual Report, 1898-99.
-
66 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
WESLEYAN UNIversiry.—The University Bulletin, as issued.
WESTCHESTER CouNTY HistoricaL Socrery.—Address at the Annual
Meeting, October 28, 1897.
WESTERN RESERVE Historical Socirery.—Number 89 of the Society’s
Tracts.
WORCESTER BoarD OF HEALTH.—The Mortality Reports, as issued.
Worcester, City or.—‘*The Worcester of Eighteen Hundred and
Ninety-eight ”; and City Documents, 1898.
WorceEsTeR County HORTICULTURAL SocteTy.—Transactions of the
Society for 1897; and Essays for 1898.
Worcester County Law Lisprary AssociaTion.—The Boston Daily
Advertiser, in continuation.
Worcester CouNTY MECHANICS ASSOCIATION.—Thirty-nine files of
newspapers, in continuation.
Worcester NATIONAL BaNnk.—Files of seven financial journals, in
continuation.
Yate Untversiry.—The University Catalogue of 1898-99.
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1899. ] Ignominious Punishments and Mass. Currency. 67
CERTAIN ADDITIONAL NOTES TOUCHING UPON THE
SUBJECTS OF IGNOMINIOUS PUNISHMENTS
AND OF THE MASSACHUSETTS
CURRENCY,
BY ANDREW McFARLAND DAVIS.
I pestRE to call the attention of the Society to certain
references bearing upon topics, concerning which I have
already made communications, which have been published
in our Proceedings; my object being simply to secure
mention of them in the index for the benefit of future
investigators. Those of you who were sufficiently in-
terested in the subject of ignominious punishments, which
formed a part of the matter treated in my paper read at
the April meeting, 1895, will remember that in my search
in England for the penal use of permanent labels attached
to criminals, my investigation was mainly confined to the
statute books, to treatises upon criminal and ecclesiastical
law, and to kindred works. These seemed to me the most
natural places to look for knowledge upon this topic, and
the amount of information obtained, perhaps justified this
conclusion. The examination, however, of a single poem,
“Butler’s Hudibras,” brought to light so many references
to punishments by the temporary affixing of labels and the
permanent marking of convicted criminals through stigma-
tizing, branding, or maiming, that it ought perhaps to have
suggested the possibility that the customs of the times in
this respect might be further illustrated through the litera-
ture of the day. In a topical investigation, an extended
examination of all contemporary literature is, of course,
practically impossible, but there are students whose
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68 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
researches for other purposes carry their work into this
field, and the idea may naturally occur that knowledge
upon these points may be secured through co-operation on
the part of such special students. Macaulay has shown us
that the most unexpected information upon the manners
and customs of the people is to be found in the con-
temporary drama. The value of knowledge of this sort,
derived from the playwrights of a period, is obvious at a
glance. To be effective upon the stage, allusions or refer-
ences must be confined to matters which an audience can
readily comprehend and with which it is familiar. Hence,
whatever we find in a play bearing upon a particular cus-
tom, may be accepted as having already become so thor-
oughly established that everybody is supposed to know
about it. It does not necessarily follow that this public
knowledge implies antiquity. The custom may be new,
but still it is a custom the knowledge of which is within
the reach of all. These thoughts have been suggested to
me through meeting with a reference to paper labels in
one of Shakespeare’s plays, which has some historic value,
since it carries familiarity with that method of punishment
back to the original publication of the quarto upon which
the play is based, thus adding a few years to the life of
the custom so far as it was disclosed in my previous paper.
The play in question is the second part of Henry the
Sixth. Reading it after the publication ot my com-
munication, while the subject was still fresh in my mind,
the meaning of the allusion to “papers” in the speech of
the Duchess of Gloster, in which she describes her own
punishment and warns the Duke what was in store for
him, was obvious. The speech is to be found in Act IL,
Scene IV., and the paragraph which touches upon this
subject in lines 30, 31:
‘* Methinks [ should not thus be led along,
Mail’d up in shame, with papers on my back,”
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1899.] Zgnominious Punishments and Mass. Currency. 69
Singularly enough the same play contains an allusion to
branding. This oceurs in Act IV., Scene II., in which
Jack Cade and his followers appear. Dick the butcher,
lines 57 and 58, says: “ But methinks he should stand in
fear of fire, being burnt i’ the hand for stealing of sheep.”
The second part of Henry the Sixth is said to have been
first printed under that title in its present form in the
folio of 1623. I have said that knowledge of these cus-
toms is carried back through this play to the quarto upon
which the play is based. This was published in 1594,
under title of “The first part of the Contention between
the two famous Houses of York and Lancaster, &c., &¢.”
In this quarto the following instructions are given in the
eighth scene: “Enter Dame Elnor Cobham bare-foote,
and a white sheete about her, with a wax-candle in her
hand, and verses written on her backe and pind on * * * ”
The reference to the papers in the speech corresponding
with the one already quoted, is to be found in the same
scene, in lines 51 and 32, and is as follows:
‘* And thus with burning Tapor in my hand,
Made up in shame with papers on my backe.”
The speech of Dick the butcher is to be found in the
38th and 39th lines of Scene XIIL.: “~Dicke—But me
thinkes he should feare the fire, being so often burnt in
the hand for stealing of sheepe.”
The discovery in Henry the Sixth of these allusions to
ignominious punishment, turned my thoughts towards the
possibility of securing co-operation in the development ot
the subject, such as I have already suggested, from
students in this field of literature. Professor George
Lyman Kittredge, of Harvard University, had already in-
dicated his interest by sending me the title of a French
publication devoted to the discussion of the means em-
ployed in the middle ages to mark criminals, through
conspicuous features in their costume or by the cutting of
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70 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
their hair, in a somewhat similar manner to the methods
practised in our prisons to-day. This treatise dealt also
with forms of ignominious punishment, and amongst them
mention was made of the exposure of a criminal in
amiers, in Southern France, in 1322, witha letter on his
breast.!
Professor Kittredge readily acquiesced in my suggestion
that he should keep an eye out for allusions to this subject,
and quite recently sent me the following reference :
“This day I rode to the Yeld Hall? to sitt in the Com-
mision for strangers, and in the lower end of the Cheape-
side towards Poole’s, there stood a man and a woman, both
aged persons, upon a skafold, with papers upon their
heades.” The writer then goes on to describe the crime
for which this punishment was meted out. The man, it
appears, was the keeper of the conduit and both he and
the woman had bathed therein and otherwise polluted its
waters.*
These instances sufficiently indicate the help that can be
gained by sustained effort in this direction. The origin
and development of these customs can only be ascertained
by the process of accumulating references of this kind.
I take advantage of this opportunity to bring to the
notice of the Society an omission in my former paper, to
which my attention was called by Mr. William P. Upham.
The stern and unrelenting character of the Magistrates of
the Colony in its early days comes out with such promi-
nence in an investigation devoted to the methods of
enforcement of criminal law, that it would be a pity to
pass by in silence a conspicuous instance of the sympathy
of some of them with the modern notion as to the humiliat-
1Memoires de la Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France. Tome Quarante-
Neuvieéme. Les signes d’infamie au moyen age, par M. Ulysse Robert.
? Obviously the Gildhall.
‘Recorder Fletewode to Lord Burghley, 1592—Queen Elizabeth and her Times, a
series of original letters selected from inedited private correspondence, &c., &c.
Edited by Thomas Wright, London, 1838. Vol. il., p. 418.
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1899.] Zgnominious Punishments and Mass. Currency. 71
ing tendency of ignominious punishments. I wish, there-
fore, to acknowledge my obligation to Mr. Upham for
calling my attention to the fact that Winthrop distinctly
states that the Magistrates were not unanimous in their
approval of punishment by exposure, the reason given by
them being ‘‘lest thy brother should seem despised in
thine eyes.” !
A word may perhaps be said to advantage concerning
the statute of 1646 for the punishment of those who
should disturb congregational service or otherwise act so as
to bring religion or the ministers into contempt. The label
to be affixed to the criminal under this statute was given
in the paper in the terms stated in the Records of the
Colony: A WANTON GOSPELLER. This statute is
given in the 1660 edition of the laws of the colony in a
somewhat abridged form and the label to be affixed to the
criminal is there laid down in the following words: AN
OPEN AND OBSTINATE CONTEMNER OF GODS
HOLY ORDINANCES.?
The same label is repeated in the edition of 1672.°
In both of these editions the reference made by those
who compiled the laws was to the statute of 1646, so that
we are at a loss to know when the change was made.
In the paper on The Massachusetts Bay Currency 1690-
1750, read at the October meeting, 1898, I devoted some
space to the discussion of the question whether the plates
prepared for the second new tenor bills in 1742, were made
use of in 1744 for the third form of the new tenor bills.
The premises upon which this discussion was based were
in some respects slight. The only bill of the 1742 emis-
sion which I had seen was the fragment of the bill for three
pence, in possession of this Society, a denomination not
'Winthrop’s New England, vol. IL., p. 250.
? Whitmore’s edition of The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts, reprinted from the
edition of 1660, &c., Kc. Boston, 1889, p. 26 of the reprint.
§’ Whitmore’s Edition of The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts, reprinted from the
edition of 1672, &c., &c. Boston, 1890, p. 45 of the reprint.
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72 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
authorized in the original act. The only bills of the 1744
emission that I had seen were of denominations not author-
ized in the Act of Emission. Nevertheless the evidence
seemed to me so convincing that I stated my conclusion on
the subject to be that the Committee on Bills, in issuing
the denominations not authorized in the Act of Emission
had undoubtedly made use of the 1742 plates. So far as
the authorized denominations were concerned there was no
direct evidence upon which an opinion could be formed,
but the conclusion then reached was that the omission in
the Act of Emission of any instructions to the Committee
to prepare plates must have been intentional. This conclu-
sion carried with it of course the inference that no new
plates were prepared for the bills of this emission. Since
that time I have found in the House Journals, under dates
of July 20, 1744, and November 1, 1745, instructions to
the Committee to print bills from the lowest plate, show-
ing at any rate that other denominations than those men-
tioned in the Act of Emission were issued by authority of
the assembly. I have also recently met with the following
statement bearing on this point in a note in Douglass’s
Summary :
“IV. By Act of Assembly a publie bill of credit ex-
plicitly in its face promising only 2 oz. 13 d. & gr. silver,
shall be equal to a bill promising 3 oz. silver; that is, in
common arithmetic, 8 shall be equal to 9. V. In the
same kind of impositions, used by Lewis XIV. of France,
who by recoinages from time to time miniorated his
money, at length finding his people reduced to insensible
dupes, he saved the charge of recoining, and _ uttered
the same coin with only some little mark or stamp, ata
further depreciated value; in June, 1744, to save the
charge of new plates, we miniorated the value of emis-
sions of November, 1741, by a few dashes upon the same
plate.!”
‘A Summary Historical and Political, &c., &c., by William Douglass, M. D., vol,
I., pp. 359, 360 note,
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1899. ] Jgnominious Punishments and Mass. Currency. 73
This fully confirms the conjecture which I then hazarded,
and settles one of the points which I then thought could
only be determined through an inspection of specimens of
the notes. The fact still remains, however, that I have
not yet seen a bill of the first new tenor set, nor have I
seen one of cither of the denominations mentioned in the
Acts of Emission of the second and third sets.!
1 Since the foregoing was written I have had access to the collection of bills in
the Cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical Society, which contains specimens of
the first and second new tenor bills.
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74 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
WHAT CAUSED THE DEPORTATION OF THE
ACADIANS ?
BY JAMES P. BAXTER.
Ir seems safe to observe that all historical analyses require
documentary evidence to satisfy the critical spirit of the
present age. In such analyses, the imaginative faculty is
not permitted to enjoy the scope which was once accorded
it, and the writer who overlooks this incurs grave responsi-
bilities. An author, however, is not to be held to too
severe account for missing evidence. He may use due
diligence in seeking it, and yet miss valuable matter to
which access is difficult, or unknown to him; nay, it
happens, that one’s very familiarity with a subject some-
times renders him oblivious to an important detail close
at hand; hence one should be chary in ascribing lapses of
this sort to wilful oversight.
Again, it seems safe to observe, that in estimating the
moral contents of an act of the past, we should take into
account the difference between the standards then and now
employed, as well as the social conditions and _ political
exigencies of the time.
These reflections have been prompted by a late severe
arraignment of certain historical workers, one of whom is
no less than the late Francis Parkman of happy memory,
who in treating of the Acadians, is accused not only of
wilfully misrepresenting and distorting facts, but of ma-
liciously suppressing evidence in their favor, in order to
strengthen the case of his English forebears.! Little did
the author of “ Evangeline” realize, when he penned that
1 Vide Acadia, New York, Home Book Company; Montreal, John Lovell & Son,
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1899. ] What caused the Deportation of the Acadians? 75
admirable poem, that he was creating history ; and yet very
many persons, probably a majority of our people, take
their history of the Acadians from that poetic fiction, just
. as a considerable number of people take their theology '
f from the “ Paradise Lost.” Such persons will be likely to
' listen approvingly to a writer who is in accord with them,
and disapprovingly to one who presents the other side of
the case; and yet, there is another side.
To approximate a reasonable understanding of all that
was involved in the deportation of the Acadians, we should |
go back to the year 1713, that memorable year in which,
by the Treaty of Utrecht, Acadia was ceded to Great Britain.
The cession of Acadia was but an incident in the great
struggle between principles which had been in conflict for
centuries, and which had drenched battle-fields with blood.
The spirit of universal dominion has always been the inspi-
ration of the Roman Church. When the Roman Empire
changed her name to the Holy Roman Empire she did not
change her spirit, but as ever demanded unquestioning
obedience to her power. She it was who dominated the
French court, directed statesmanship and shaped diplomacy ;
and she it was who kept alive the fires of war in Europe
and on this continent, that she might finally bring the na-
tions to her foot-stool. Sometimes she won, sometimes
she lost, but she never dreamed of giving up the contest. l
| Rome was eternal; monarchs, nations even, temporary. :
| She had lost now, but the animosities, racial, religious, f
and irreconcilable, survived, smouldering but ready to |
~break forth whenever conditions should become favorable.
. = The vanquished government sullenly withdrew to Isle
Royale, and there set up its imperium, while the victor took |
a possession of its prize, which it was not long permitted to |
enjoy in peace.
: England had succeeded in removing to a distance the h
governmental machinery by which France had exercised
control of the ceded territory, but not of the instrumen-
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talities through which Rome exercised power therein ; and
she, allied to France by a common interest,—the desire for
dominion,—furnished an ever ready means to her ally to
recoup herself as far as possible for her losses. There was
peace between the two crowns, so far as ink and wax went,
but no farther, for French emissaries at once began to
foment trouble by inciting the savages to make war upon
their English neighbors. These emissaries were Romish
priests, whose pernicious efforts not only caused great suf-
fering and loss of life to the pioneer settlers, English and
French, but the final deportation of the Acadians, an act
which has been held up to the world as one of unwarranta-
ble and inexcusable cruelty. The criticism which this aet
has received, admitting it to have been cruel, is a distinet
compliment to the English. Those who enjoy a reputation
for righteousness are alone criticised for failing to conform
strictly to righteous standards. France has almost escaped
censure for acts far exceeding in cruelty the deporta-
tion of the Acadians, although she did not have the
warrant of necessity to offer in defence of her action,
which England did.
In 1689 the French monarch gave his sanction to a plot,
which, had it not been defeated by English brawn, would
have shocked the world for all time. This plot, carefully
formulated at Versailles, was to make an initial attack upon
Albany, and having captured that place, to proceed down
the Hudson with two war ships to attack New York and
force its surrender. Once in possession of New York, the
rooting out of the heretic English colonists would be feasi-
ble. Their homes were to be broken up, and they scat-
tered abroad. Those who possessed wealth were to be
imprisoned until they were willing to exchange it for lib-
erty. Artisans were to be held as captives and forced to
labor for their French masters. Subjects of Rome, of
course, if any were found among the heretical colonists,
were to be exempt from these hard conditions, and were to
it
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be protected and fostered. This diabolical scheme, involv-
ing the destruction of an entire people, numbering accord-
ing to statistics over seventeen thousand souls, was intrusted
to Frontenac for execution, and we know how ardently he
entered upon his task, and how signally he failed in its
accomplishment, though he inflicted suffering and death
upon many English colonists. The same pitiless spirit was
exhibited in the laws against those who failed to bow in
unquestioning obedience to Rome, which disrupted fami-
lies, and sent men and women, “ without form or figure of
trial,” to the galleys or prisons, where they quickly suc-
cumbed to the hardships to which they were subjected.
It was for the release by the French king of one hundred
and thirty-nine galley-slaves, whose only offence was that
their Christianity was not Roman, that Queen Anne, shortly
after the signing the Treaty of Utrecht, in return for the
favor which she had solicited, granted certain privileges to
the Acadians within the territory which she had acquired.
The indefensible attitude of the French toward Protestants
must be fully recognized in order to interpret correctly the
acts of the English in their dealings with the problems which
they encountered after assuming rule in Acadia.
Nicholson, the English governor, had hardly settled his
military family in the new territory, when Vaudreuil, the
governor of New France, wrote to the French minister at
Versailles, quoting from Father de la Chasse, a Romish mis-
sionary, that “temporal interest serves as a vehicle of faith”
with the savages, and that a war between them and the
English “is more favorable to us than peace”; hence “ tem-
poral interest” was to be directed to this end. This was
the key-note to French policy, and from that moment, as
well in peace as in war, no effort was spared to render the
tenure of the English precarious, not only in Acadia, but
elsewhere in America, by fomenting trouble between them
and the savages, and by preventing the people in the ceded
territory from rendering allegiance to the English crown,
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When we consider the state of feeling which existed in
France toward Protestants, who were regarded as beyond
the pale of mercy, and with whom it was not deemed neces-
sary to keep faith, we cease to wonder at the methods
employed by French missionaries, reared in a school of
intolerance, the intensity of which we can in this age hardly
realize. By a law enacted in the reign of Louis XIV., two
years after the date of the Treaty of Utrecht, a person not
accepting in his last illness the Roman sacrament, was
regarded as a relapsed person, whose body might be dragged
through the streets on a hurdle and “ consigned as the refuse
of the earth to the filth of the common sewer,” while his
property was subject to confiscation by the State. The
penalty for preaching Christianity unsanctioned by Rome
was death, and the children of Protestant marriages were
declared illegitimate. The men who were educated under
such laws, and who believed them to be divinely sanctioned,
could not be expected to hesitate in the performance of any
act calculated to rid the land of heretics, and they did not
do so. Their correspondence, in connection with that of
the French government, fully reveals the part they plaved
during the period of forty-two years, which constitutes the
history of Acadia from the date of its cession to the Eng-
lish in April, 1713, to the beginning of the deportation of
its inhabitants in August, 1755.
To understand the subject clearly, we should first take
note of the fact, that by the terms of the Treaty the Aca-
dians were to “have liberty to remove themselves within
one year to any other place, as they shall think fit, with
all their movable effects”; but that those who remained
and became British subjects, were “to enjoy the free exer-
cise of their religion according to the usage of the Church
of Rome,” but subject to British law. If they did not
depart within the specified time, that is, before the close
of August, 1714, they forfeited their right under the
Treaty to depart. Were they prevented during this period
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1899.] What caused the Deportation of the Acadians? 79
from departing? It would appear that they took steps
immediately to ascertain what aid they would receive from
the French government if they removed to Isle Royale,
and that they were not satisfied with the terms offered ;
that the nature of the soil was such as to disincline them
to leave their old homes. This caused delay. Finally,
however, land was offered them on Prince Edward Island,
which was more acceptable, and they applied for leave to
remove there, to Lieutenant-Governor Vetch, who was in
command at Port Royal during the absence of Nicholson,
who was soon expected to return, and Vetch referred the
matter to his superior’s decision. Nicholson returned some
weeks before the expiration of the year, and was met by
agents of the French Government, who asked, as it was
then too late in the season for the Acadians to establish
themselves in the new territory, to extend the time of their
removal a year longer, and to permit them to construct
vessels for the transportation of their effects, and to receive
the outfit they would require from France. Nicholson
properly referred this proposal, as it involved a question
of commercial privilege, to the queen, who died before
receiving it, and the matter failed to be acted upon. It
would appear that Nicholson, who was governor for four
years, as well as his subordinates, viewed with alarm the
entire abandonment of the country by the inhabitants,
and that they were not disposed to aid them at all in the
project ; nay, that they were inclined to throw obstacles in
the way of its accomplishment, as it would leave the coun-
try bare of producers, and render still more insecure their
position in the country, unsatisfactory enough at the best.
That they did not exhibit a more self-sacrificing spirit,
and without regard to their own welfare did not aid the
emissaries of France in their efforts to get their credulous
dependents out of the country, so that no suspicion of non-
compliance with the exact spirit of the treaty on the part
of any British officer could possibly be entertained by a
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modern critic, is doubtless to be regretted; vet, when we
consider the wily, treacherous and pitiless foes against
whom the English were struggling, as well as the moral
code existing at the time, we may well hesitate to judge
them by the more finely adjusted standards of today.
The question of the removal of the Acadians by the
terms of the treaty to French territory being practically
settled, although some of them departed from time to time
and joined their fellow-countrymen at Isle Royale and
elsewhere, the question of their status under the English
government is to be considered. To all intents and pur-
poses, by not removing from the country within the period
specified in the treaty for removal, no matter what influ-
ences prevailed to prevent them from so doing, they be-
came the subjects of Great Britain and amenable to her
laws; indeed, everything shows that they so regarded
themselves, though they refused to take the regular oath
of allegiance, except with the reservation that they should
not be called upon to bear arms. We may regard them,
therefore, as British subjects, in the sense that they were
subject to her laws and entitled to her protection, and
were bound in good faith not to aid or abet her enemies.
It would seem from the testimony which we possess,
that they were a peaceable people, densely ignorant and
superstitious, as the abitans of Canada are today, though
we may properly infer much more so, as the latter have
for a long time been more or less in contact with educa-
tional influences. They were precisely the kind of people
to make the best Roman subjects, and were so regarded
by their old rulers, who were bound to use them to the
extent of their power against those under whose sway they
had come. Their misfortune was in listening to the emis-
saries sent among them by their former masters, and refus-
ing to win the confidence of the government under which
they were living, by frankly taking the oath of allegiance
to it.
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1899. ] What caused the Deportation of the Acadians? 81
As before said, although France and England were at
peace, efforts to render the position of the English insecure
were begun very soon after the cession of Acadia to them.
On July 10th, 1715, the King wrote to Ramesay and
Begon, that he heard with satisfaction of the work of the
missionaries among the savages, and that “as it is impor-
tant to preserve them in the interests of the King, his
Majesty desires that the Sieurs de Ramesay and Begon
should incite these missionaries to redouble their efforts
to that end, and to enquire if it may not be proper to
attract them by new benefits and destroy in the English
all hope of drawing them to their interests.”
On December 24, 1715, the French minister wrote to
Beauharnois from Versailles, “Since I have learned, Sir,
of the loss that you have made of Acadia, I think contin-
ually of the means whereby this important post may be
recovered before the English are firmly established there.”
The intrigues of the missionaries resulted in inflaming the
savages with hate of the heretic English, and on September
6th following, Vaudreuil had the satisfaction of writing to
the French minister, that “the Abnakis, the past year,
1715, have taken from the English more than twenty
fishing vessels,” and that he had promised to build them a
church. He also said that one of his principal efforts had
been “to maintain peace with the savages and to hinder
them as much as possible from going to the English to
traffic.” This could only be done by making them pres-
ents every year, and he hoped “that his majesty will be
willing to send this year to Canada thirty thousand livres
of presents for the savages, and to continue to send every
year those that it is customary to give them.” He sug-
gested that “thirty thousand weight of powder, sixty
thousand of lead and six hundred hunting guns” be sent.
"The latter are known to the savages who want no others
but those of Tulle.” They use “from twenty to twenty-
five thousand weight of powder annually.” In his report
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to the government the 14th of the following month he
remarked that “the Abnakis, Micmacs and Malecites, and
others in the missions of the Jesuit fathers, Ralé and
Loyard, remain on the sea coast, but they declare that
upon the slightest rupture, they will be on the side of the
French.” The correspondence of the period reveals un-
ceasing efforts on the part of the French to influence the
savages against the English.
On October 29th, 1720, Father Charlevoix sent a memoir
to the Duke of Orleans explaining the situation of affairs
which had been brought about between the savages and
the English. Several savage chiefs appeared before Vau-
dreuil and enquired if he would openly help them against
the English. “I will engage,” said the wily Frenchman,
“the other savage nations to assist you.” At these words
they replied, with a mocking laugh, “Know that we and
all the nations of this great continent whenever we wish
will unite to drive out all strangers, whoever they may be.”
Vaudreuil, surprised, and realizing that they must be
appeased, exclaimed dramatically, “that rather than aban-
don them to the merey of the English he would march
himself to their relief.” Continuing, Charlevoix compla-
cently says, ** Monsieur Vaudreuil affirms that he has a
trusted man among the savages of Norridgewock, who is
wholly devoted to him, and by whose means, he will make
the others do all that he may wish. Those who know the
savages better are convinced that he should not trust to
this. Monsieur Begon, on the other hand, is of the
opinion that it is necessary that some rattle brain of a
savage should strike the English a blow that leads to war.”
The efforts of the French to arouse the enmity of the
savages against them soon became known to the English,
Not only was the garrison which held Port Royal, the
gateway of Acadia, constantly menaced by the savages,
but the settlements in New England were scourged by
them. The French supplied them with guns and ammuni-
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tion, and instructed them that the land was theirs, and
that they should drive out the English intruders. French
officers disguised as savages led them in their reprisals
upon the settlers. While Vaudeuil and his associates were
writing polite letters to the English authorities, they were
urging their emissaries to inflame the savages against them.
On March 13, 1721, letters from Vaudreuil and Begon,
addressed to Ralé, the French governor’s “trusted man”
at Norridgewock, having been captured by the English,
Governor Shute addressed the Lords of Trade as follows :
My Lords:
‘“Inmy Letter of the 13th December last to the Rt Honble
Board, I tooke the liberty to hint to your Lordships that I
had good reason to Suspect that Mons’r Vaudreuil, the
Governor of Canada did Underhand stir up my Neighbor-
ing Indians to Maletreat His Majesty’s liege Subjects.
*¢The Inclosed Letters will give plain Demonstration that
my Suspicions were well Grounded. — I have only sent your
Lordships well attested Copys, not daring to send the origi-
nals, and run the risque of the Sea without direct Orders
from home so to do.
‘‘T shall take the liberty to remarke to Your Lordships,
that these Letters were found in Mons’r Ralé’s House, a
ffrench Jesuite who constantly resides among my Neigh-
boring Indians & is Useing his Utmost Indeavours to En-
gage them in a War against the English. . . .
The Indians have lately killed some of our Cattle & threaten
our Eastern Settlements, So that I am Under some Appre-
hension that a War will break out this Summer (which I
will Indeavour if possible to prevent) Except some Meas-
ures be taken to oblige the ffrench Government at Canada
to Act Strictly up to the Stipulations agreed to betwixt the
Crowns of Great Brittain & France.”
The following day he addressed a forcible and manly
letter to Vaudreuil, informing him of the letters in his pos-
session, and appealing to him to desist from his treacherous
and cruel proceedings. He did not do this, however, and
the result was an Indian war, with all its attendant cruel-
1899.] What caused the Deportation of the Acadians? 83
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ties ; a war for which the emissaries of France, in the livery
of Rome, were wholly responsible.
While the French were thus laboring to keep alive the
fires of war between the savages and their English neigh-
bors, they were not idle in Acadia. They fully realized
the advantages which they possessed in having a people
occupying English territory who were bound to them by
ties of blood and sympathy. Every eftort was made by
the priests who were sent among these “neutrals,” as they
were called, to hold them to the interests of France, and to
prevent them from becoming anything more than nominal
subjects of Great Britain.
In 1715 Lieutenant-Governor Caulfield commanded in
Acadia. As the time for the departure of the inhabitants,
under the treaty, had expired, steps were taken to admin-
ister the oath of allegiance to those remaining, but without
success. The inhabitants of Mines and Beaubassin flatly
refused to take the oath, giving as an excuse that they “ had
made engagement to return under the rule of the King of
France.” At Port Royal, however, they offered to take an
oath to maintain allegiance to Great Britain while they
remained in the country, provided they should be permitted
to depart at any time without hindrance.
At this time Pére Gaulin was acting as missionary at
Port Royal. Through his hands passed the presents to the
savages, and by his advice the Acadians acted. He was
intensely inimical to the English, and ready to do anything
to cause them discomfort. He had, before the peace, which
resulted in the cession of Acadia to the English, gathered
a considerable body of men against them before Annapolis
Royal, to which he laid unsuccessful siege. He was a man
full of resources, and unscrupulous, if we may believe the
French governor of Louisbourg, who rendered him sub-
stantial aid on that occasion. Such a man was bound to
prevent the people, if possible, from becoming loyal sub-
jects to a nation against whom he was hostile to the core,
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He had taught the savages “to assert their native rights”
to the ceded territory, and he was equally ready to teach
the Acadian French to refuse to take the oath of allegiance
to Great Britain, which it was necessary that they should
take, if they expected to enjoy her confidence and _ protec-
tion. Five years after Lieutenant-Governor Caulfield’s
attempt to make them take this oath, General Phillips made
another attempt, and we find Pére Gaulin acting on the
occasion as their spokesman. His majesty, he said, was
very good to interest himself in their affairs, but that the
proposal meant nothing less than a violation of their oath
before Governor Nicholson, and that they wished to remain
faithful to their word without changing anything, because
if they modified its terms, it would expose them to the
resentment and vengeance of the savages. This subterfuge,
for it was nothing less, was understood by the English, as
appears by the minutes of the Council, September 27th,
1720—
“That the French inhabitants do persist in refusing to
take the oath of allegiance to the Crown of Great Britain,
and look upon themselves as the indispensable liege sub-
jects of France, by the engagement they have laid them-
selves under, and from which their Priests tell them they
cannot be absolved. . . . That these inhabitants and
the Indians are entirely influenced and guided by the Gov-
ernment of Cape Breton, and the missionary Priests resid-
ing among them.”
This condition of affairs caused the Lords Commissioners
for Trade and Plantations to address a memorial to the
King, in which they said that the Acadians, who have
remained in the province since the cession, “are entirely in
the French interest, and by their communication and inter-
marriages with the neighbouring Indians, have gained them
to their party ; whereby they are enabled upon any ocea-
sion to engage the said Indians in a war against your
Majesty’s subjects—that the little trade derived in this
country at present is entirely in the hands of these French
1899. } What caused the Deportation of the Acadians? 85
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inhabitants—For which reason, as well as many others, it
is absolutely necessary for your Majesty’s Service that
these French inhabitants should be removed.” This was in
1721, and is the key-note of the movement, which resulted
in the deportation of this unhappy people more than thirty
years later.
It is plain that this deportation was no hasty affair, and
that it might have been averted at any time, had it not been
for the cruel policy of the missionaries, which prevented
the Acadians from taking the only step possible to avert it.
One of the most active of these in the early history of the
Acadians, was Pére Gaulin; “that old, mischievous incen-
diary,” as he was denominated by Lieutenant-Governor
Doucett. In one of Doucett’s reports to the Lords of
Trade, he says that “a good deal of plunder” taken from
the English in 1722, was in his chapel, “ when he was there
to say mass to the Indians.” On another occasion, says
Mascarene, he received the ransom of English soldiers
captured by his savages, and it is recorded of him in mem-
oranda of the French Council, that he was “a brave man
and capable of organizing and even conducting” the savages
“on an expedition.” In the same document it is recom-
mended that instead of “300 livres” which he was receiv-
ing, he “might be granted 500 livres on the Staff.” In
1727, Louis XV., having received an erroneous report that
Gaulin had advised the savages to make peace with the
English, informed St. Ovide of the report, and ordered
him to continue to “encourage hostilities.” To this St.
Ovide replied that “so far from M. Gaulin and the other
missionaries having prevailed upon the Indians to do so,
that they had, on the contrary, incurred the displeasure of
the English for having incited the Indians to continue the
Another of these missionaries was St. Poncey, who,
war.”
if we may believe the report of Pére Maillard to his supe-
rior, “adroitly intercepted ” letters of the English Gover-
nor, which fact, he says, “ has been reported to us by those
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1899.] What caused the Deportation of the Acadians? 87
who were charged with the conveyance of these letters.”
Of Le Loutre, so much has already been written, that it is
unnecessary to detail the career of this restless plotter of
mischief, as it is of others who were engaged in the same
business. A single instance of his cruelty we may be par-
doned for quoting. Says Knox, who was his contempo-
rary, “he left a most remarkable character behind him in
Nova Scotia for inhumanity, insomuch that a sentinel who
had been placed over him (and had formerly the misfor-
tune, when in a regiment stationed in that country, of being
his prisoner, and was miraculously preserved from being
scalped alive, to which cruel fate he had been doomed by
this same Priest, who marked him with a knife round the
forehead and pole in order to strip off the entire scalp)
and, recollecting his face, unfixed his bayonet, with an
intent, as he undauntedly confessed, to put him to death,
had he not been with the greatest difficulty prevented from
executing what he called a just vengeance on him. The
soldier’s resentment was so great, and he appearing before
the Commander-in-Chief so determined, that it was thought
necessary to remove him to England, and exchange him
into another corps.”
These men continued their work incessantly during the
long peace which existed between France and England from
1713 to 1744, when the two nations again came into con-
flict. Mascarene, who has been greatly extolled for his
kind and wise government of Acadia, had been in command
for a number of years, and so continued through the war, |
which terminated in 1748. It has been attempted to show
that Mascarene always regarded the Acadians as loyal and
obedient subjects of Great Britain. Such, however, was
not the case. Early in his experience with them he says,
“The French who, like any new conquered people, were
glad to flatter themselves with the hope of recovering what |
they had lost, saw with a great deal of satisfaction our moat
walls every day tumbling down, our hospitals filling with
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sick soldiers,—and thought no doubt no less than to oblige
us to relinquish the fort and to fall under their national
government again. About this time they dispatch’t almost
unknown to us the ‘priest’ from Manis to Canada with an
account as may be supposed of all this.” Later, he says,
after the garrison had sustained a loss, “ The French after
this changed their countenance at once, and of humble and
in appearance obedient, turn’d haughty and imperious, and
threaten’d no less than to take us by assault and put every
one of us ‘to the edge of the sword.’” And to show how
he regarded the situation at the close of the war in 1748,
when he retired from his office, the following extracts are
made from his report :
“It has appeared very plain to all on this side, that if the
French when at Lewishourg, had carried their point and
master’d this Province, the addition of strength they would
have acquired in gaining four or five thousand French In-
habitants able to carry arms, join’d to the several Tribes of
Indians, who to a man are all at their Devotion, and a
Country able to supply them with Provisions, they would
in less than a vear have overrun the Governments of New
England. Those from Canada have since the taking of
Lewisbourg, made two or three attempts in expectation of
ships and Troops from France, to carry on the same scheme
in which they have been disappointed. The cessation of
arms, and the Peace like to ensue will for the present put
an end to their projects, but as they are to have Lewisbourg
restored to them, a few years will put them in the same
Posture they were at the beginning of the War, and if an-
other occasion offers, they may renew their Projects, and
by the experience they have had from their former miscar-
riages, they will take better measures to render them more
successful, . . . From whence it appears how neces-
sary it is to put this Province on a better Foot than it has
been or is at present. One of the greatest inconveniences
it labours under is in having a large number of Inhabitants,
who cannot be reckon’d to be attach’d to the British Inter-
est; and though they have been kept from joining the Ene-
my in Arms, it cannot be depended upon but that they may
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1899. ] What caused the Deportation of the Acadians? 89
do so at some other time. The difficulty of removing them
has been represented in the Letter addressed to Governor
Shirley the 7th Dee’r 1745, and which I had the honour to
transmit to your Lordships, and to which I humbly refer.
To counterballance the Deadweight of these French Inhabit-
ants, a Number of British Familys might be settled on the
Eastern Coast of this Peninsula.”
Even the kind and benevolent Mascarene had considered
the question of deportation ten years before it was begun,
and when he had ended with them, had no confidence in
their fidelity, although he had been able to keep them from
open acts of disloyalty. He was evidently so well pleased
with his success in this regard, that, whenever possible, he
took occasion to report that they were submissive and
peaceable. The correspondence of the period, French and
English, reveals without a shadow of doubt how the French
" Neutrals,” so called, were regarded by both peoples, and
it is idle to ignore their opinion. Vaudreuil on November
10, 1720, wrote “that the French at Port Royal were well
disposed to throw off the yoke of the English,” and we
have seen how Mascarene regarded them.
Says Secretary Sherriff in March, 1745, “We are in
Danger not only from Old France, but even from that our
Neighbouring Province, if our Inhabitants are not re-
moved,”
Says Shirley May 10, 1746. “I am persuaded nothing
has hinder’d the Acadians from taking up Arms against his
Majesty’s Garrison at Annapolis, but the Terror which the
frequent Visits of the arm’d Vessels and Succours sent from
this Place—struck ’em with.”
Similar quotations might be almost indefinitely multi-
plied, but these are perhaps sufficient. The question is
pressed, as though it established the status of the loyalty
of the Acadians to Great Britain, why did they not join
the French expeditions sent among them to expel the
English? The answer is not far to seek; Shirley in fact
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has answered it. They did not dare to. The French had
abandoned them once to the English, and they distrusted
their power to protect them, while they had a wholesome
respect for English push and tenacity. Of the feeling
among the conquered people against the English, Knox
gives us a glimpse. He says, “Though the better sort of
them generally behaved with tolerable decency, yet the
poorer sort—being employed as servants and workmen—
took frequent occasions (which, however, never passed
unpunished) of being impertinent in displaying the fruits
of the good education they had received, tor, in driving a
team of oxen, if an Officer or other British subject passed
them on the street or road, they instantly called out to
their cattle, by names of Luther, Calvin, Cronmer (mean-
ing Cranmer) &c., and then laid most unmercifully on the
poor beasts with their whips or clubs, as if they had in
reality got those eminent men under their hands.”
In 1748 the war between France and England, which
had lasted for four years, came to a close, and a treaty
was signed at Aix-la-Chapelle, by which Louisbourg and
other territory captured by the English in the war were
restored to France. This was a grave mistake on the
part of England, and caused much irritation in New Eng-
land, whose frontier settlements had grievously suftered
from the savages, who had been instigated to make war
upon them by French emissaries ; indeed, the people of
New England never forgave England for restoring to their
inveterate enemy the strongly fortified city, considered
almost impregnable, which had been forced to yield to the
valor of their troops.
Acadia remained, as it had for thirty-six years, a province
of Great Britain, but its boundaries were. still sufficiently
undefined to give rise to conflicting claims by both English
and French. To offset the power of her rival, the seat of
whose power was Louisbourg, England founded Halifax
and planted there, in the summer of 1749, a colony of
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1899.] What caused the Deportation of the Acadians? 91
about three thousand persons, well equipped in all that
, was necessary for the establishment of a stable govern-
ment.
' Governor Cornwallis, who had succeeded Mascarene, de-
termined to exact from the Acadians the oath of allegiance
which they had so long refused to take, and he immedi-
ately issued a proclamation commanding the people to
appear within a given time and take the oath. This they
refused to do, and declared that rather than take it they
would leave the country. This reply greatly irritated
Cornwallis, and he dismissed them with harsh words.
From this time the secret hostility which had always
existed between the English on the one hand and _ the
Acadians and savages on the other, continued to increase,
and frequently displayed itself in acts of violence. The .
Abbé Le Loutre, who has already been mentioned, proved
to be a terrible foe to the English, and fomented trouble
to the extent of his ability.
In 1752 Cornwallis was succeeded by General Hopson,
who evidently exerted himself to establish peace among
the discordant elements by which he was surrounded.
The liberal policy of Hopson had its effect, and some of
the Acadians who had left the country petitioned to be
allowed to return, but stated in their petition that they
could not take the oath of allegiance, alleging the old
excuse that their refusal to do so was caused by fear of the
savages. Just how far this excuse was really true is
questionable ; it certainly served its purpose for a time.
Unfortunately, perhaps, for the Acadians, Hopson’s
mild rule came to an end in 1753, and Lawrence, a man of
a different type, succeeded to the government. Lawrence
Was an active, energetic man, a good soldier, and one who
believed in obedience to authority. Alluding, just after
his assumption of office, to the status before the courts of
the Acadians, he says: “The French emissaries still con-
tinue to perplex them with difficulties about their taking
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the oath of allegiance.” He was determined, however, to
bring the unsatisfactory relations which had so long existed
between them and the government to an end, He was
satisfied that the only way for England ever to hold her
possessions securely was to colonize the country with her
own people, and to make the French inhabitants take the
oath of allegiance or displace them. He was a soldier,
and fully realized the danger of sending these people to
swell the ranks of the enemy. On August Ist, 1754, he
wrote the Lords of Trade, setting forth the condition of
affairs, and in this letter, speaking of the Acadians, de-
clares it as his opinion, “that it would be much better, if
they refuse the oath, that they were away.” Can we
wonder at this opinion? For more than forty years they
had batHed the attempts of the English governors to make
of them loyal subjects. The situation was one full of
perplexities. War was likely to break out at any time
between France and England, and here was a rapidly
increasing population, which even if it were not an active
ally of the enemy, would at least be, as Mascarene de-
clared it to be, “a dead weight” to the government. Ata
council held at Halifax, July 3rd, 1755, the final test of
loyalty was placed before the deputies who represented the
Acadians. They were asked to show the proof of their
fidelity to the government, which they had afhrmed,
by taking the oath of allegiance. This they declined
to do. They were informed that for “Six Years past
the same thing had been often proposed to them,
and had been as often evaded under various frivol-
ous pretences, that they had often been informed
that some time or other it would be required of
them and must be done, and that the Council did not
doubt that they knew the Sentiments of the Inhabitants in
general, and had fully considered and determined this
point with regard to themselves before now, as they had
already been indulged with six Years to form a Resolution
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thereon.” ‘Their request to return home and consult theit
constituents further on the subject was refused, and they
were told that they must now finally decide whether they
would or would not take the oath. They again refused,
and were allowed until the next morning to form a final
resolution. On the next morning they appeared before
the Council, and upon their refusal to take the oath, were
informed that they were no longer British subjects, and
would be treated as subjects of France. Orders were
given to direct the Acadians to send new deputies in their
behalf with “regard to Taking the Oath, and that none of
them should for the future be admitted to Take it after
having once retused to.” The deputies who had already
refused to take the oath here relented and offered to take
it, but were refused the privilege. In spite of this, on the
25th of July the new deputies appeared before the Council
at Halifax, bringing the final answer of the inhabitants,
that they refused to take the oath of allegiance, though
they declared their fidelity to Great Britain. This final
refusal decided their fate, and Lawrence, on the 11th of
August, wrote to the other governors in America, detailing
what he had done and proposed to do. In this letter he
states that they had unanimously refused to take the oath,
and he asks “if they wou’d presume to do this when there
is a large Fleet of Ships of War in the Harbour and a con-
siderable land force in the Province, what might not we
expect from them when the approaching Winter deprives
us of the former, and when the troops which are only
hired from New England occasionally, and for a small time,
* * * As their numbers amount
have returned home ?
to near Seven thousand Persons, the driving them off with
leave to go whither they pleased, wou’d have doubtless
strengthened Canada with so Considerable a Number of
Inhabitants, and as they have no cleared land to give them
at present, such as were able to bear Arms must have been
immediately employed in annoying this and the Neighbour-
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pru,
ing Colonies. To prevent such an inconvenience it was
judged as necessary, and the only practicable measure to
divide them among the Colonies, where they may be of
some use as most of them are healthy and strong People.”
This was the plan that was carried out. The governors of
the Colonies, however, for the most part were not pleased
with this arrangement, and refused to provide for their
residence among them. This, of course, caused much suf-
fering among them, and many of them wandered about,
finding no settled place of abode. Many finally found
their way back to their French kinsmen.
This dispersion of the Acadians has been characterized
as an act of cruelty surpassing in atrocity anything ever
done by the French, not excepting the Massacre of St,
Bartholomew, or the wholesale burnings of Protestants.
This is, of course, exaggeration. That it was an act of
cruelty is admitted. The question is, was it necessary?
The English were in a precarious position, face to face
with a treacherous enemy, French and savage, with a sub-
ject population hostile to them at heart, and liable at any
time from inactive lookers-on to become active enemies.
The situation described cannot be questioned. — It is possi-
ble that if they had not sent away the Acadians, they
might have finally completed the conquest of the country,
but this we have no right to affirm. It is certain that
many of the wisest and most patriotic among them re-
garded the removal of the Acadians and the colonization
of the country left vacant by them, as a necessity. It has
even been asked if it would not have been better for Eng-
land and the English race if the scheme of deportation had
been extended.
The Acadians have been depicted by some writers as
having been a people quite above the common passions of
mankind; living “an idyllic life” of simplicity, purity
and freedom from guile; loving and lovable. The truth
is, that we shall find their counterpart in the French
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habitans of today. In Vol. 284 of Nova Scotia Docu-
ments, under the title, “Observations on the Progress of
Agriculture in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, with
notices of Acadian manners and customs, in a project of
Moses de la Dernier, Esq.,” they are thus described :
“The former inhabitants, the Acadians who were settled
before us on the different rivers which empty in the Bay
of Fundy, had many difficulties to encounter—being
ignorant of the nature and fertility of these valuable
; Marshes—but so soon as they acquired the knowledge
of their great production of all sorts of Grain, and the
facility of Obtaining Great Crops with little Labour, They
gave up the cultivation of the upland to that degree as to
make no use of their manure, and also chose to remove
their barns and Hovels, rather than cart it away. They
were so ignorant of the true principles of Husbandry that
in the course of a century and a half they neither made
cheese nor butter that was merchantable, and not having
any knowledge of trade and commerce and no emulation
or animation, but full of Bigotry and superstition, they
disdained to avail themselves of Instructions which they
might have had from Strangers, who settled from time to
time among them—They did not labour more than half
their time, the other half being chiefly taken up by their
holidays.”
This writer was much nearer them in point of time
| : than we are; but that they are fairly represented by
3 the habitans of today is declared by Joseph Guillaume
Barthe, membre de l'Institut Canadien, in his remarkable
| hook, “ Le Canada Reconquis par la France.” “In spite,”
he proudly says, “of two centuries of foreign domination
' and unheard of efforts put forth by the new possessors to
f assimilate the inhabitants of the conquered country, the
French of Canada always preserve the same language of
, their fathers, the same religion, the same customs, the
' same kind of life.” And he asks, “What more does one
96 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
want for the resemblance?” Here we have the key to the
whole matter. From the beginning they have been taught
by their priests to preserve their habits and customs, their
traditions and folk-lore, and, above all, their language and
fealty to France and to Rome. They have had constantly
kept before their eyes the picture of a new epoch, with
France the holy son of Rome crowned with the laurel of
victory, and dispensing to them with a lavish hand the
treasures of which they have been despoiled by the heretic
usurper, who lies prone under the iron heel of the im-
perious victor. This vision is as bright today as it was
to the poor Acadians in the time of Gaulin and St. Poney
and Le Loutre. The Ancien Régime is to be again
restored, and New France is to rule not only the domain
of which England has despoiled her, but New England as
well, and who knows how far beyond her bounds? This
dream seems almost too wild for sane men to entertain,
but it is entertained as a matter of faith: indeed, it has
become a dogma and is tenaciously adhered to even by
men regarded as wise.
Some time ago the papers of New Orleans gave a report
a lecture by a prominent lawyer of that city, delivered
oO
to a French association. In this lecture the bald declara-
tion was made that the French people were to be restored
to their ancient rights to this continent. The fecundity of
the French people was dwelt upon, and attention was
drawn to the increasing sterility of the Anglo-Saxons,
which, it was stated, would in time give the French a
numerical superiority. The enthusiastic speaker urged
his hearers to maintain their ancient traditions, their
habits and customs, and, above all, their language and
religion. They were advised to keep their children
out of the English schools, and to maintain schools of
their own everywhere. Money, he said, was being lib-
erally supplied by their kinsmen in France to maintain
such schools, in which loyalty to French ideas must be
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taught. They were admonished to maintain ever bright
the fires of loyalty to France. He told them that in
{ New England the good work of French colonization was
spreading, and that in Louisiana the promise of future
French domination was good. He advised his hearers not
to permit their children to contract marriages with the
English, but to keep themselves a separate people in every
) 2 respect and to use the English language only when obliged
: to use it. These sentiments are only too common in
‘ Canada. At a recent meeting of the Royal Society of
Canada at Montreal were several members of French ex-
| traction, but at the same time English subjects, as their
ancestors for several generations had been. To the sur-
a prise of some of the American delegates, their papers were
; in the French language, although the audience was mostly
; English. The president, who was English, at the close of
:a one of these papers, quietly but pleasantly remarked that
: 2 the paper was interesting, but would have been more so if
-_ it had been in English. The rebuke was not sufficiently
: pointed, as many doubtless felt. Here were men who had
t | been born and bred under the free and beneficent rule of
'@ England. ‘To her broad and liberal institutions they owed
a debt of gratitude which they could never repay, and yet
d they deliberately emphasized the fact that they were still
f French, and prided themselves in being so. We cannot
s understand this intense loyalty to a foreign power until we
sy find its source in the religious teaching of these people.
a From the day of England’s acquisition of the country they
d have been taught that her rule was to be temporary, and
ir | that Providence was at last to restore to France her
d ancient dominions. Rome, whom Cardinal Gibbons him-
n self declares is ruled by “a bureau of administrators,” and
of whom Victor Charbonel, in his late letter to the Pope
D relinquishing his clerical office, so fittingly denominates
in ff “an ecclesiastical organization, which uses religion for
re skillful administration, makes it a domineering power, :
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means of social and intellectual oppression, a system of
intolerance,” has sedulously fostered this wild dream, in
order to herself hold the people in subjection to her
dictates. Barthe, whose book, “Canada Reconquered by
France,” has already been quoted, after rejoicing in the
fact that the French under British rule have never changed,
thus effervesces : “ New Hebrews by the rivers of Babylon,
they ardently aspire to return to that family from which
they have been grievously separated by the exigencies of
inexorable politics. Their only way of salvation in this
terrible alternative, at least for the moment, is to solicit
and obtain the patronage of the ancient metropolis, which,
by diverting to them a part of its superfluous population,
will enable them in a measure to counterbalance and live
on the same footing of equality with the ever increasing
English emigration, thus aiding them in repressing the
American invasion. Later, Eternal Providence, who
watches over the progress and liberty of all people or-
phaned or disinherited, and who when they have attained
their majority, or the fullness of their strength, cries in
their ears these all powerful words, ‘arise and walk, be-
cause thou hast no more need of tutelage, and because
thou also hast the right of sitting at the common feast,’
later, we say, Eternal Providence will achieve for Canada
complete emancipation.” His closing words are equally
remarkable, and we may add one more brief quotation.
* Behold,” he cries, “O France, our worth! Behold what
we have done to remain faithful. For thee, it now is, to
decide if we shall be punished for this fidelity by a com-
plete abandonment; if we shall be disowned by thee, be-
cause Destiny has torn us from thy arms; if we shall be
forgotten because mistortune has in some small degree
altered our resemblance. Then wouldst thou be jess gen-
erous than Joseph sold by his brethren, who recognized
them in the day of his prosperity, and surely it is not we
who have sold thee.” Then follow certain “ Pieces Justifi-
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1899.] What caused the Deportation of the Acadians? 99
eatives,” or Proots, showing what steps have been already
taken to reconnect the bonds of sympathy with France.
It is difficult for an American or an Englishman to believe
that the author of this book is serious, yet he has been
accepted by Frenchmen in Canada and France as voicing
the advanced sentiments of Frenchmen on both continents :
indeed, as prophetic of the future restoration to power of
New France, more resplendent in glory than ever. As
has been said, it is difficult for one in whose veins cir-
culates the temperate blood of the Anglo-Saxon to take
these utterances as serious; but this difficulty vanishes
when we consider the character of some of the publications
which are circulated among the French operatives in our
New England factory towns and their kinsmen over the
border.
Take but one of these publications of the better sort,
The Bethelem, a mouthly illustrated magazine, published
in several languages and devoted to the interests of St.
Anthony, who is its patron. In its columns are advertised
certain “holy industries,” some of which are the sale of
rosaries, Chaplets, crosier beads and “ memorial lists of the
poor souls in Purgatory,” all of which are “enriched” with
various indulgences.
The department devoted to correspondents is filled with
responses from all parts of the Union, which are painful
to read, as they indicate that the minds of the writers are
as clouded with superstition as if they belonged to the
middle ages instead of the Nineteenth Century.! This is
only alluded to in order to refresh our memories respect-
ing the kind of teaching which the Acadians received, and
as a reminder of what their descendants a century and a half
later are receiving, and it is unwise for a modern author
'Thus one man sends a gift because through the Saint’s help he has been enabled
to purchase a piece of property at a price desired, and another because he has sold
his house ata good price. A woman contributes for the benefit of the Souls in
Purgatory because the Saint has procured work for her husband and son, and
others for various services rendered by the Saint.
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to contend that the Acadians, ignorant and superstitious,
and practised upon by such inventions as have been men-
tioned, were independent of their teachers, and followed
untrammelled the dictates of their own judgments in
refusing to become loyal English citizens.
When we consider the case of these poor people, of
families forcibly removed from their homes, often sepa-
rated, and compelled to wander in exile, suffering want,
and always unwelcome guests, we may well shed tears of
sympathy for them; and knowing their character, how
simple and ignorant and stubborn they were, how firm
their belief in the value of merit resulting from obedience
to the teachings of their missionaries, we need not wonder
that they went blindly on, through physical inconvenience
and suffering, to attain a reward commensurate therewith ;
and this, it may be reasonably affirmed, and not English
trickery and cruelty, as has been asserted, caused the
deportation of the Acadians.
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PROCEEDINGS.
ANNUAL MEETING, OCTOBER 21, 1899, AT THE HALL OF THE
SOCIETY IN WORCESTER.
Tue meeting was called to order by the President,
STEPHEN SALISBURY.
The following members were present :
George F. Hoar, Nathaniel Paine, Stephen Salisbury,
Samuel A. Green, Edward L. Davis, William A. Smith,
James F. Hunnewell, Edward H. Hall, Edward G. Porter,
Charles C. Smith, Edmund M. Barton, Franklin B. Dexter,
Charles A. Chase, Samuel S. Green, Henry W. Haynes,
Solomon Lincoln, Andrew MeF. Davis, J. Evarts Greene,
Henry S. Nourse, William B. Weeden, Daniel Merriman,
Robert N. Toppan, Henry H. Edes, Edward Channing,
Frank P. Goulding, James P. Baxter, G. Stanley Hall,
William E. Foster, J. Franklin Jameson, Charles P.
Greenough, Charles Francis Adams, Calvin Stebbins,
Francis H. Dewey, Henry A. Marsh, Simeon E. Baldwin,
Thomas C. Mendenhall, William T. Forbes, Leonard P.
Kinnicutt, George H. Haynes, Charles L. Nichols, Waldo
Lincoln, John Noble, George P. Winship.
The records of the last meeting were read hy the
Secretary
Mr. Roserr N. Torrvan, ot Cambridge, reterring to a
statement in the record, asked how Mr. Evarts induced
the English government to submit to the Geneva Conter-
ence of Arbitration.
8
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102 American Antiquarian Sociely, Oct.,
The inquiry was answered by Senator Hoar, who said:
Mr. Evarts, as I suppose is known by people familiar
with his career, had a large number of English friends,
He had been in England at one of the most interesting
periods of the war. He was sent there by the administra-
tion for a special purpose, which it is unnecessary to deal
with, and the leading Englishmen of that time, and all
parties, had a great regard for his personal character and
his ability. His correspondence with some of them is like
the correspondence of college chums or classmates with
each other. Now when the Geneva arbitration was pro-
posed, it will be remembered that the American case,
which is understood to have been prepared by Mr. Bancroft
Davis, contained a claim for what was called indirect
damages, that is, not only for the immediate loss of vessels
by the Alabama and other rebel cruisers, but the injury to
the United States by the prolongation of the war. In
other words, the claim which is set forth in Mr. Sumner’s
elaborate speech on that subject was advanced. England
was in a fury of indignation. She said we asked her not
only to submit the question of her honor to the arbitration,
but that we were going to bankrupt the English treasury.
Mr. Evarts went to England to counteract this feeling. I
myself was abroad that summer. In May, 1871, I met
Mr. Evarts and Judge Curtis and several other persons
interested in this matter. Mr. Evarts’s great point was,
"Do nothing which prevents your going to Geneva. You
can withdraw just as well after you get there as before, but
go to Geneva.” He impressed upon them that proposition,
and it was his urgency, I have no doubt, which prevented
the English government from withdrawing from the pro-
posal to arbitrate before the parties met at Geneva. When
they got to Geneva, there was an agreement between the
counsel—American and English—betore the arbitration
proceedings began, that they should consent that the
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1899. | Proceedings. 103
arbitration tribunal should say in advance, when they first
met, that they had received the case provided for, which
was to be submitted under the treaty, and that on exam-
ining this portion of the American claim, it was their
judgment that it was not rightfully within their jurisdiction.
That was done by an undisclosed, but efficient and well
understood agreement between the counsel. The arbitra-
tion made that amendment, and the agreement proceeded.
Mr. Evarts’s skill induced them not to withdraw from the
arbitration until they met the Americans at Geneva, and
then arranged this agreement between the counsel, that the
arbitrators should make this announcement.
The report of the Council was read by James Puinney
Baxter, of Portland, Maine, with an essay on “The
Writing of History, especially of Local History; with
some discussion of the orthography, etymology and pro-
nunciation of Indian words.”
The report of the Treasurer, Naruanren Paine, was
submitted, printed copies of the same being distributed
among the members.
Mr. Epmunp M. Barron next presented the Librarian’s
report.
By vote ot the Society, the reports were accepted, and
referred to the Committee of Publication.
The election of officers was next in order. Tellers
reported that SrerHEN SaLispury, by a unanimous vote,
was re-elected President of the Society for the ensuing
year,
Hon. A. Green, Henry H. Epes and
LINCOLN were appointed a committee of nomination. They
presented the following list of officers :
Vice- Presidents :
Hon. Georce Frispre Hoar, LL.D., of Worcester.
Rev. Epwarp Everetrr Hare, D.D., of Boston.
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Secretary for Foreign Correspondence
Frankiin Bowprren Dexter, M.A., of New Haven,
Connecticut.
Secretary for Domestic Correspondence :
Francis Apams, LL.D., of Lincoln.
Recording Secretary :
CnarLtes AuGustrus Case, A.M., of Worcester.
Treasurer:
NATHANIEL Patne, A.M., of Worcester.
All the above being ex-officto members of the Council;
and the following—
( Yonuncillors
Hon. Samuet Apporr Green, LL.D., of Boston.
Rev. Corrixn Suytu, D.D., of Andover.
SAMUEL Swetrr Green, A.M., of Worcester.
Hon. Epwarp Livincsron Davis, A.M., of Worcester.
JeremMianu Evarts Greene, B.A., of Worcester.
GRANVILLE STANLEY Haut, LL.D., of Worcester.
Wituiam Bascock Werepex, A.M., of Providence,
Rhode Island.
Hon. Joun Davis Wasupnurnx, LL.B., of Worcester.
Thomas Corwin of Worcester.
Hon. James Prinney Baxrer, A.M., of Portland, Me.
Committee of Publication
Rev. Epwarp KE. Hate, D.D., of Boston.
NATHANIEL Patne, A.M., of Worcester.
Cnartes A. A.M., of Worcester.
CnarLes C. A.M., of Boston.
Auditors:
A. Sviru, A.B., of Worcester.
A. Grorce Buttock, A.M., of Worcester.
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1899. ] Proceedings. 105
The entire list was unanimously elected as officers of the
Society.
In behalf of the Council, the Recording Secretary
nominated the following gentlemen for membership :
John Shaw Billings, M.D., D.C.L., of New York City.
Abbott Lawrence Rotch, S.B., A.M., of Boston.
Rt. Rev. William Lawrence, S.T.D., of Boston.
Rev. Austin S. Garver, of Worcester.
These gentlemen were duly elected on separate ballats.
The Society next listened to a paper from Hon. SIMEON
E. Batpwin, of New Haven, on “American Jurisdiction
of the Bishop of London in Colonial Times.”
Remarks on Judge Baldwin's paper followed, by ANDREW
McFartanp Davis, who said :—
I hesitate to say anything either by way of suggestion
or criticism concerning the elaborate and exhaustive paper
to which we have just listened. Nevertheless, there is
one point concerning which I should like to add a few
words. If I understood Judge Baldwin aright, he stated
that there was but little to be apprehended in this country
from the establishment of courts having ecclesiastical
jurisdiction, except through Acts of Parliament or by the
appointment of a Colonial Bishop. Now, while I do not
propose to combat that proposition, I would ask if it were
made with full knowledge of the royal instructions which
were issued to Governor Shirley. These are on file in the
Archives, at the State House in Boston. IT will not under-
take to specify the date, but since it was customary to
issue general instructions to the Governors when they
assumed office, it is probable that they bear date 1741.
They bear the seal of the Privy Council, and a portion of
them were devoted to the part that Shirley was to take in
the establishment of Ecclesiastical Courts, the jurisdiction
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of which was specified in detail. They covered, if I
recollect aright, certain cases for which there was no
provision made in the civil courts. On that point I am
not clear. Iam speaking from memory, as to the applica-
tion of certain papers which I have examined, to a topic
which I have never studied, and I should not, therefore,
wish to be held to strict accuracy in my statements as to
the interpretation of these clauses in the instructions,
Moreover, I have only heard, and have had no chance to
read carefully, the valuable paper to which we have just
listened, and therefore can not determine whether the sug-
gestions that I have made would either controvert the state-
ments contained in the paper or add information thereto,
but if Judge Baldwin has never seen Shirley’s instructions,
I would suggest that he might, perhaps, find something in
them which would interest him in connection with this
paper.
The subject was discussed a few years since at a meeting
of the American Historical Association in New York, in
1896, by Arthur Lyon Cross, a Harvard graduate, who
has since that time pursued his studies on that point in
England, where he has had access to the papers under
control of the Bishop of London. The result of his labors
was successfully submitted in competition for the Toppan
Prize at Harvard University.
On the same subject, Prof. Epwarp CHANNING, of
Cambridge, remarked :—
Dr. Cross has been for many years a student of mine,
and he has worked up the subject of the Bishop of
London, and the relation of the English Episcopate to the
Colonies. He found a great deal of valuable material at
Fulham and at Oxford, and he has searched the papers in
the British Museum, and other places, that have never
heen used. I did not hear all of Mr. Baldwin’s paper, but
some of it that I heard contained facts which Dr. Cross
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1899.] Proceedings. 107
had not found. I was glad to find that there was some
new material, but Dr. Cross has practically reconstituted
our knowledge of that particular part of American history.
His paper will be printed some time, and I think it will
make a book of about four hundred pages.
Continuing, CHARLES Francts Abas said :
I have listened to the paper just read by Judge Baldwin,
with lively interest; but there is one feature of the
subject he has discussed, more curious perhaps than
important, which I apprehend has escaped his research,—
a thing not generally known, but none the less a fact, that
the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, as distinguished from
that of Plymouth, was primarily settled as a High Church,
a royal prerogative colony. This took place under the
auspices Of one familiar in early New England annals,
and with whose career our friend Mr, Baxter is more
familiar than probably any other person alive. I refer to
Sir Ferdinando Gorges, who in 1623, only three years
after the Plymouth settlement, and seven years before the
coming of the colony of Massachusetts Bay, established a
settlement at what is now Weymouth, midway between
Boston and Plymouth. Sir Ferdinando then directly
represented the King. His mind was full of the idea of a
principality, as it were, in the New World, and to that end
he sent out to Massachusetts Bay, a portion of a vast
American domain of which he had received a patent from
the King, a party, at the head of which was his son,
Captain Robert Gorges. The intention was to secure the
whole of that domain for the Church, for the King, and
for Sir Ferdinando Gorges. With this party there came
out a clergyman, one William Morell, —the individual
Judge Baldwin has just referred to; but Morell, during his
stay in New England, did not live at Plymouth, as Judge
Baldwin has stated, but at Weymouth. Bradford, in his
history, mentions the fact that on his return to England
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the following spring, Morell sailed from Plymouth, and
the historians have, ever since, assumed that because he
sailed from Plymouth, he had during his stay in the
country lived there. This isan error. He, with Black-
stone, Maverick, and a number of others, the companions
of Captain Gorges, sat down at Weymouth, and there
formed the first settlement in the Massachusetts Bay.
Subsequently Blackstone moved over to Shawmut, and
Maverick to what is now East Boston. Thomas Morton
and Sir Christopher Gardner, with both of whom Sir
Ferdinando Gorges had relations, were also in the neigh-
borhood; the whole constituted a small, scattered com-
munity, of a distinctly church and royalistic character.
Subsequently, both Robert Gorges and, a little later
Morell, went back to England, where the former died ; one
winter in New England was more than his constitution
could stand. Nevertheless the Weymouth, or Gorges,
settlement was never discontinued, though it underwent no
development. It was a sickly affair, lacking both means
and numbers. In fact it had nothing save royal authority,
church and prerogative; but of those it had, in name,
abundance. It wholly lacked that element of vigorous
Puritanism, which, representing a large English con-
stituency, at that time much disposed to emigration, a few
years later found its way to Massachusetts, swallowing up
and obliterating the earlier impulse.
When Winthrop arrived in 1730, he found Blackstone
living in what is now Boston, Jeffries and a few others on
the further, or Southern, side of Boston bay, at Weymouth,
Maverick at East Boston, Morton, Gardner and the rest,
in all, some sixty souls, scattered here and there in the
neighborhood. Sooner or later most of them were perse-
cuted out of the country, because of religious or political
proclivities. Nevertheless, it is an historical fact, and one
which I take pleasure in mentioning here in connection
with Judge Baldwin’s paper, that there should have been
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this first Church and Prerogative wavelet, which made
itself felt in a permanent shape in Massachusetts, though
subsequently completely submerged in the irresistible del-
uge of Puritanism. At one juncture, therefore, it was far
more probable that Massachusetts would be a Church and
State colony than it was that it would be a Puritan colony,
and the contest carried on between Sir Ferdinando Gorges
and Winthrop, until the breaking out of the great
rebellion in England, is one of the obliterated facts in
New England history, which has been unearthed since Dr.
alfrey wrote. It remains, none the less, a dramatic
feature in New England history that there should have
been this settlement, countenanced directly by Archbishop
Laud and King Charles the First, which for a time existed
within the limits of Massachusetts Bay, just between Bos-
ton and Plymouth, and then disappeared, and was so
utterly extinguished that, until recently, its very existence
was lost sight of.
Before closing these remarks I would like to ask Judge
Baldwin, whether, in the course of his investigations, he
has come across the footprints of another who has given
great attention to this subject of Episcopacy in early New
England history. I refer to our friend, Judge Mellen
Chamberlain, of Chelsea. Judge Chamberlain some years
ago investigated this subject very thoroughly, and incor-
porated his conclusions in a paper which has been recently
published by him in a volume entitled, I think, ‘+ John
Adams and other Papers.” He there went very thoroughly
into the question of the attempted establishment of
Episcopacy in New England at a much later day, just
anterior to the Revolution, and the part the attempt bore
in the troubles which led up to the War of Independence.
Judge Chamberlain’s paper is of very considerable historic
value. Moreover, it will give me great pleasure to point
out to Judge Baldwin hereafter the authorities bearing
upon Morell, and the first, and much earlier, Church and
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State settlement within the limits of the Massachusetts
Bay.
Judge replied :—
I did not feel at liberty to detain the Society too long
in reading from the paper which I have submitted, and so
did not refer to John Adams’s views at length. They are
clearly presented in Mr. Chamberlain’s sketch of him. In
reference to the instructions to the royal governors, those
referred to were given during the life of the Commission
to Bishop Gibson. I think it highly doubtful if the Com-
mission went quite as far as it is said they may have gone.
His authority was confined to the special causes and matters
expressed and specified, with the power and right to visit
all the churches in which divine service was celebrated,
and all the priests and deacons of the Church of England,
and nobody else. His jurisdiction being limited to the
Church of England, and ample for that purpose, it is not
probable that during his life any greater jurisdiction was
really given to any royal governor.
James F. HunNEWELL, of Charlestown, read a paper
on “ Libraries.”
President SaLispury announced that Mr. Robert C.
Winthrop, Jr., had recently presented to the Society a large
folio volume containing the original deeds, accounts and
correspondence relating to the Tantiusque Black Lead
Mine in the vicinity of the town of Sturbridge. It covers
a period from 1644 to 1776, and is preceded by an intro-
duction and index prepared by Mr. Winthrop. There are
127 separate papers and 9 plans. The judgment and good
taste shown in the neatness and elegance of the compilation,
which is explained by numerous foot-notes and an appen-
dix, place it among the best of manuscript volumes.
Mr. Winthrop accompanied this gift by,an original
autograph letter of William Bradford to Governor John
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Winthrop in 1640, and two original autograph letters of
Roger Williams, one to Governor John Winthrop in 1637,
the other to John Winthrop, Jr., in 1675, and all three
printed in 1863 in the Sixth volume of the Fourth Series
of the Massachusetts Historical Society’s Collections.
The Bradford letter from Plymouth begins as follows :—
“Sir, Not knowing of this conueiance till they were ready
to goe, I thought good to serible a word or tow by candle
light, rather then not to advertice you of so serious a
mater.” It gives notice of efforts on the part of
Narragansetts, by presents of white and black beads
to the Mohawks, “to entreat their help against you
and your friends if they see cause”; saying that the
Mohawks have received their presents, bidding them
begin when they will, and they will be ready for them.
He does not declare the source of information, “for it
would cost the lives of some if it should be known,” and
requests that the information be given to the Governor,
Thomas Dudley.
Roger Williams’s first letter, New Providence, 1637,
states that 3 pinnaces and 2 shallops are arrived, and
that Mr. Stoughton and Mr. Traske with 160 men are
on their way, if not for the pursuit of Sasacous and the
Pequots, yet for the quelling of their confederates who
live nearer to you on the westward. He asks that such
Pequots as submit to them be not enslaved like those
which are taken in war, but be used kindly, have houses
and goods and fields given them, “ because they voluntarily
choose to come in to them, & if not received will to the
enemy or turn wild Irish themselves.”
Roger Williams’s second letter, Nahigonsik, 1675, dés-
cribes negotiations with Miantonomo’s youngest son and
the old Queen of the Narragansetts, which resulted in a
promise by the Narragansett Indians to have no agreement
with Philip nor to send aid, and if Philip or his men fled
to them, they would deliver them up to the English. “Sir,
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my old bones & eys are weary with travel, & writing to
the Governors of Massachusets & Rode Iland & now to
your selves.”
I will ask our associate, Rev. Edward G. Porter, to
describe more fully the manuscript volume above men-
tioned.
The President then called upon Rev. Epwarp G.
Porter, who spoke as follows :—
It gives me much pleasure, Mr. President, to respond
to your request, and to present to the Society, on behalf of
our friend, Mr. Winthrop, this large collection of original
documents relating to the interesting but almost unknown
Tale of Tantiusques.
Last year, while I was making some investigations along
the line of the early trail between Boston and the Con-
necticut, I became interested in certain localities in the
town of Sturbridge, and especially in the traditions of the
old Black Lead Mine, in the extreme south-western part
of the town. On my return to Boston, I chanced to
inquire of Mr. Winthrop whether he might not have,
among his many unpublished papers, something bearing
upon this Mine. He replied that he had, but that I was
the first man who had ever asked him about them.
Encouraged by my inquiries, he offered to collect such
material as he could discover upon the subject and let
me examine it.
In due time, to my surprise and delight, he brought
together over a hundred manuscripts, stretching at intervals
from 1644 to 1776, and as many of them were fragile and
tattered, he kindly had them repaired and bound up in
‘chronological order in this capacious folio.
To make the collection still more convenient and intelli-
gible, Mr. Winthrop has given, in his own clear hand-
writing, a full introduction and a complete summary of
the contents, with such supplementary notes as would be
of service to any one wishing to investigate the matter
thoroughly.
It appears that as early as 1644 the General Court
granted to John Winthrop, Jr., ‘y* hill at Tantousy, about
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1899. ] Proceedings. 113
60 miles westward, in which the black leade is, and liberty
to purchase some land there of the Indians.’
Here are the five Indian deeds confirming a tract ten
miles square ; two of them dated 1644, one 1644, and two
1658. Then follow certain digging agreements with
Thomas King in 1644, Matthew Griswold of Saybrook in
1657, with Thomas Clarke and William Paine, Boston
merchants, in 1658, and another of the same year, with
some allusions to the New Haven Iron Works. In one
case Winthrop was to have two-thirds, and in another
one-third of the profits. These deeds were recorded at
Springfield as late as 1752, by Edward Pynchon, Registrar,
as I had occasion to prove last summer.
Fitz John Winthrop bequeathed to his brother Wait, in
1707, his undivided half of the land which had belonged
to their father. In 1714 Wait Winthrop began to improve
the Tantiusque property, as is shown in several maps,
prepared for him then, which are now placed in this
volume. One is a rude survey of a tract four miles square
(10,240 acres), made by John Chandler, by order otf the
General Court, in 1715. This map has some interesting
features that deserve to be noticed; e. g. ‘Two stone
houses where Gov. Winthrop’s miners tormerly lived.’
(The ruins of these houses are distinct ly seen today by the
roadside.) ‘Beaver dams’ at the outlet of a stream.
“Great Indian Hunting House,’ on the Quinebaug River.
‘This hill is full of ruff granate.’ ‘Great Swamp.’ ‘ In-
tervales hereabouts.’ ‘Good upland here.’ * Old cartway
from y® mines towards Windsor.’ ‘Col. Hutchinson's
mines, at or near Ashford, about 12 miles from y*® other
mines.” (Wait Winthrop wrote in 1700, ‘Coll. Hutchin-
son has set men to digg black lead somewhere about the
line - - - one tells me “tis our lead mine land - - - it
were good to have it recorded.’) I notice also such refer-
ences as these: ‘Enfield Path’; ‘Springfield Path’ ;
“Toward Brookfields.’
There is a similar map in the handwriting of John
Winthrop, F.R.S., and another prepared a little later ;
also a colored drawing, somewhat ornamental, with con-
ventional trees and. buildings, together with such neigh-
boring settlements as Woodstock, Union, Stafford,
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Next we have a letter from John Chandler, 1726, drafts
of two petitions to the Privy Council about 1730, and a
letter from Roland Cotton, 1736. In the last named year
John Winthrop, F.R.S., started a scheme in England for
working the mine on a larger scale, with the financial help
of several persons, one of whom was Samuel Sparrow, a
London merchant, who twice visited New England on this
business. Many of his letters are filed here. He agreed
to sell 500 tons. A resident superintendent was now sent
out—Captain John Morke, a Swedish engineer, who had
been in the service of the Duke of Hamilton, and
boasted of his descent from Tycho Brahé. From
Morke we have a large number of letters, with an account
of his expenses and a memorandum of payments made to
him. He was in Winthrop’s service from 1736 to 1741,
and proved a quarrelsome and costly steward. Some of
his letters are addressed to Winthrop, others to the latter's
cousin, Mrs. Henrietta Hyde, Colonel Churchill, John
Still Winthrop and John Lewis (Winthrop’s counsel),
Morke expected to supply 150 tons a year for France and
Holland, at about £100 per ton.
Besides Winthrop’s letters from England,—exhibiting
the failure of the undertaking to pay its expenses and the
resulting litigation with Sparrow and Jeremiah Hunt,
[D).D., another investor,—there are letters trom his sons-
in-law, Joseph Wanton and Gurdon Saltonstall, on the
same subject. Also letters from John Still Winthrop and
John Wright written from the mine itself, a statement to
the Royal Society concerning the supposed value of the
ore in 1741, a variety of letters from other persons, with
a copy of Winthrop’s “Case” in 1745, and a deposition of
Henrietta Hyde before the Lord Mayor of London relating
thereto. He died in 1747 and there are a few letters of
later date referring to his adjacent property in Brimfield.
The last allusion to Tantiusque found among the family
papers is in the inventory of John Still Winthrop, who
died in 1776. Of the original tract of ten miles square
there then remained unsold 3184 acres by estimation,
appraised at £955. 4.
The Proceedings and Collections of the Massachusetts
Historical Society have several important references to this
subject, which have been carefully collated by the donor
in their proper order.
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Serious obstacles beset this Tantiusque enterprise from
the very beginning, owing partly to the remoteness of the
mine from any white settlement and the consequent difli-
culty of getting laborers, supplies, horses and oxen. There
were no proper roads, and the long haul of the ore to
Enfield or Windsor for shipment added greatly to the
expense. The digging proved to be a hard job, the rock
had to be broken up with fires, and there were sometimes
fourteen feet of water in the trenches. Some of the early
cargoes were captured by the Dutch. Disappointment and
recrimination led to a series of law suits above alluded to,
and the results in some cases were almost tragical.
The first white man who visited this section is believed
to have been John Oldham, in 1633. The Indians showed
him specimens of lead and told him it was found near a
pond which they called Quassink. Winthrop sent Stephen
Day, the printer, in May, 1644, to examine the deposits
and to search for other minerals. How often he was there
himself is uncertain, but in November, 1645, he records
having intended to visit the mine on horseback from
Boston, but missing the trail in a snow-storm, he brought
up at Springfield.
An early path was opened from the mine through what
is now Holland to Brimfield, where it connected with the
old way to Springfield. Richard Fellows, innkeeper at
Monson, undertook at one time to convey the lead to the
Connecticut. One of the early letters speaks of searching
for a pathway over Breakneck Hill.
The Apostle Eliot, in 1655, bought of the Indians one
thousand acres near the ponds, on the borders of Stur-
bridge and Brimfield. Mr. Levi B. Chase, of Sturbridge,
a diligent and accurate investigator of the records and of
local topography, has successfully defined the bounds of
the Eliot purchase. Individual ownership of land in this
neighborhood was first practically established in 1714,
When Saltonstall’s farm of two thousand acres was sur-
veyed. He selected a fine location in the fertile valley of
the Quinebaug, including what is now the centre of Stur-
bridge.
About 1828, Frederic Tudor of Boston, the “ Ice-King,”
bought the property and worked the mine for many years.
getting some two hundred tons out of it annually. Occa-
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sionally masses of pure graphite, of fine lustre, were
obtained, weighing as much as twenty and even fifty
pounds. The structure between the veins was often sealy
and fine granular. An inclined track was put in, most of
which still remains. Mr. Wight of Sturbridge was Mr,
Tudor’s agent, and he gave the work to a few men of the
neighborhood. I talked with one of them (Deacon
Blodgett of Holland), who in his youth was glad of the
opportunity to earn a litthe money so near his father’s
home. He said that in 1830 three men were buried by
the caving in of a part of the mine; two were killed, but
the other survived and lived to a good old age. When
the Western railroad was built, the ore, which was crushed
in a neighboring cider-mill, was packed in barrels and
carted over the hills to Charlton depot, and sent by train
to Boston. Since Mr. Tudor’s time all work here has been
suspended, and now we find bushes and trees growing over
a large part of the area where so many hands have dili-
gently wrought.
The estate has lately been bought by Mr. Francis L,
Chapin of Southbridge, who told me in June that he had no
intention at. present of experimenting with the mine. |
have lately heard, however, that he has made a further
examination and decided to renew the attempt to make the
property remunerative. If he succeeds, it will be by the
application of modern scientific methods and the easier
facilities for transportation. I am ready to believe that
the results may vet show that the sharp-eyed Indians, the
persevering Winthrops and their enterprising successor,
Mr. Tudor, were, after all, not deceived as to the value of
the resources of this ancient mine.
It is a lonely but interesting spot, well worth a visit
for the sake of the scenery as well as for the old-time
associations. The dark waters of Quassink, now called
Lead Mine Pond, a quarter of a mile below, form almost
the only break in the rugged landscape. Picnic parties, |
am told, occasionally resort to these deep and_ shady
caverns ; and, indeed, I found myself quite ready for the
rustic lunch which my host and his companions had thought-
fully provided. I then filled my pocket with these small
lumps of plumbago, which I am happy to offer for the
cabinet of our society. This volume contains abundant
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material, as you have seen, for an exhaustive paper upon
the subject at some future time. It is deposited here
at my suggestion, knowing that it will be well cared for in
our archives, and accessible to those who may hereafter
wish to consult it in connection with a visit to that remote
and well-nigh forgotten corner of Worcester County,
where once roamed the friendly race of the Tantiusques.
A vote of thanks from the Society was extended to Mr.
Winturor for his generous gifts.
A paper entitled “ The Andros Records,” by Roperr N.
Torran, Was read by the Recording Secretary.
Senator Grorce F. Hoar read a paper on “The Forest
vf Dean,” by John Bellows of Gloucester, England. As
an introduction to his paper, Senator Hoar said :—
Some years ago, through the kindness of Dr. Oliver
Wendell Holmes, I made the acquaintance of John Bellows
of Gloucester, England. He is a foreign member of this
Society. He seems to me to be one of the most accom-
plished persons I have ever known. He is a native of
Cornwall, but lives in Gloucester, and is, I suppose,
unsurpassed or unequaled as an authority on Roman
roads, the plans of their sites, and everything connected
with the Roman occupation of England. He is also a man
of great general learning. He is well versed in the
ancient languages, early English, Saxon, and so on. He
isa good Latin and French scholar, and is the author of a
very convenient dictionary, which I dare say some of our
associates are familiar with, the small editions of which
are much more costly and valuable than the larger. I was
fortunate enough to take a ride with him in a carriage
through the Forest of Dean, and I asked him to write a
paper on that Forest. It is one of the most curious and
interesting portions of the island of Great Britain. He has
kindly complied with the request. He has put his paper
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in the form of a narrative of our ride. I will read the
paper to the Society.
The Hon. Stiwgon E. reported to the Society
that the family of Oliver Ellsworth have in their possession
many manuscripts, in the way of papers and correspond-
ence, which they have been thinking of putting in .the
hands of some competent persons to aid in the preparation
of a biography, but they hesitate on account of the time
that has elapsed since his death. Judge Baldwin oftered
the following minute, which was unanimously adopted :—
“The American Antiquarian Society, understanding that
the descendants of Oliver Ellsworth, in whose hands his
papers and correspondence have been preserved, have had
in contemplation the preparation of a suitable biography
of their ancestor, but hesitate to proceed on account of a
doubt whether there would be any general interest in the
subject on the part of historical students, desires to express
its opinion that there should be accessible to the public a
fuller account of Chief Justice Ellsworth’s life than any
yet published, and that his services in the Constitutional
Convention of 1787, as well as in framing and developing
the judicial system of the United States, merit and demand
more adequate commemoration.”
In connection with the subject, Senator Hoar remarked ;
I think Oliver Ellsworth one of the very greatest
characters, not only in American History but in judicial
history. Judge Baldwin can speak with more authority
than I can. But it has been my duty, as Chairman of the
Law Committee of the Senate for many years, to be pretty
familiar with the Judiciary Act of which Ellsworth was
the framer. That Act was a great piece of constructive
legislation. It entitles its author to almost as much fame
and credit as belongs to the framers of the Constitution
itself, of which Ellsworth also was one. You find no more
doubt about one of his sentences than you can in the
meaning of the multiplication table, and his method of
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defining the boundaries between national and state juris-
diction has worked perfectly and admirably from the
beginning. The story is told of Aaron Burr, that at one
time when he was Senator and the Senate was sitting with
closed doors, perhaps in a little vexation, he said that the
authority of Ellsworth in the Senate of the United States
was such that if he should take a faney to spell the name
of God with two d’s, it would take the Senate three weeks
to get rid of the superfluous letter.
A letter from Rev. Cyrus Hamurx, D.D., of Lexington,
was read, expressing regret that he would no longer,be
able to attend the meetings of the Society. It was voted
that the Secretary salute Dr. Hamlin in the name of the
Society, and thank him for the valuable papers which he
has presented, and express our regret that he is no longer
able to attend the meetings.
By vote of the Society, the various papers were referred
to the Committee of Publication.
The meeting was dissolved, and by invitation of Presi-
dent SaLissury, the members present were entertained
with a luncheon at his house.
CHARLES A. CHASE,
Recording Secretary.
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REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.
Tue Council, in presenting their semi-annual report to
the Society at the close of the 87th vear since its incorpo-
ration, are pleased to assure the members of the continued
success In carrying out the objects of the founder.
The annual report of the Treasurer shows that the
finances of the Society are in a prosperous condition, and
that of the Librarian indicates a substantial increase in the
library and a growing interest in the use of the valuable
archeological and historical material it has accumulated,
Our associate, Charles L. Nichols, has prepared a
biographical sketch of William Stevens Perry, who died in
May, 1898.
The Council have to chronicle the deaths of six members
of the Society since the last semi-annual report was pre-
sented: Othniel C. Marsh of New Haven, Reuben A.
Guild of Providence, William S. Barton of Worcester,
Daniel G. Brinton ot Media, Charles M. Lamson of
Hartford, and Robert Clarke of Cincinnati. Appropriate
memorials of these gentlemen (with the exception of Dr.
Brinton, which will come later) have been prepared, and
are presented as part of the report of the Council.
Through our associate, William E. Foster of Providence,
we have received a notice of Reuben A. Guild, prepared
from a memorial written by Prof. William C. Poland of
Brown University.!
William Stevens Perry, the oldest son of the late
Stephen Perry, ot Providence, R. I., was born in that
city on the twenty-second of January, 1832.
1Miss Georgiana Guild of Providence, has kindly revised this notice of her
father.
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He was descended from John Perry, who came to New
England with John Eliot, ** The Apostle to the Indians,”
and on the maternal side from William Stevens, of Fal-
mouth, Maine.
Educated in the schools of Providence, he entered
Brown University in 1851, but transferred his allegiance
to Harvard in his sophomore year, and was graduated
with the class of 1854. He studied at the Virginia Theo-
logical Seminary, near Alexandria, the school which num-
bers among its graduates such men as Phillips Brooks and
Henry C. Potter, and which can assert that the missions of
the Protestant Episcopal Church have been founded almost
without exception by its sons,
After graduation he returned to Watertown, Mass., and
materially aided in the organization of the parish of Grace
Church, Newton. He was ordained deacon in that church
Mareh 29, 1857, by Bishop Eastburn, and advanced to the
priesthood by the same Bishop in St. Paul’s Church,
Boston, April 7, 1858, serving in that church as assistant
to the Rev. Dr. Alexander H. Vinton until October of the
same year.
He then became rector of St. Luke’s Church, Nashua,
N. H., where he remained until 1861. From this date he
Was rector otf St. Stephen’s Chureh, Portland, Me., for
two years. During this pastorate he was married in
Gambier, Ohio, January 15, 1862, to Sara Abbott Woods,
youngest daughter of the Rev. Thomas Mather Smith,
D.D., at one time President of Kenyon College.
After a year as one of the editors of the Church
Monthly, published in Boston, he accepted the rectorship
of St. Michael's Church, Litchfield, Conn. Here his life
Was passed until 1869, when he was called to Trinity
Church, Geneva, N. Y., where he remained until his ele-
vation to the episcopate in September, 1876.
During his residence in Geneva he filled the chair of
History in Hobart College, from 1871 to 1874, and was
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elected President of that College in April, 1876, which
ottice was, however, resigned in September, upon his elec-
tion as Bishop.
His vital interest in the Episcopal Church throughout his
life placed him in important positions in the councils of
that church.
In 1859 he was a deputy from the diocese of New
Hampshire to the General Convention held at Richmond,
Va., and as deputy, officer, or Bishop he was _ present
at every subsequent Triennial Convention. He was
appointed Assistant Secretary of the House of Deputies in
1862, and Secretary of the Convention from 1865 to 1876,
In 1868 he was elected by the two Houses of the Conven-
tion Historiographer of ‘the American Episcopal Chureh,
which office he held until his death.
He was, without exception, the most voluminous writer in
the Episcopal Church of America, his various publications
comprising over one hundred and twenty-five separate
titles.
The volume of ** Papers Relating to the History of the
Church in Virginia,” elicited the thanks of the legislature
of that State. The ‘Historical Collections of the
American Colonial Church,” five volumes, privately printed,
‘© A Half Century of the Legislation of the American
Episcopal Church,” three volumes, annotated and published
at the request of the Convention, and his ** History of the
American Episcopal Church from 1587 to 1883,” are
perhaps his most important works.
Bishop Perry was a member of the Lambeth Conterence
of 1878 and that of 1888, and a member of the * Alt
Katholik” Conference, held in Bonn, in 1875, and at
each of these meetings he took an active part and wielded
no inconsiderable influence. He was one of the three
Bishops appointed to prepare and report the ‘* Standard
Praver Book of 1892.”
Bishop Perry was intensely patriotic, and was interested
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both by inheritance and by personal taste in many of the
national orders and societies. He was an hereditary mem-
ber of the Society of Cincinnati, and was for several
years Chaplain-general of that order, in which capacity he
delivered the sermon before the Society on the occasion of
the Centennial observance of the Inauguration of George
Washington in New York City.
Great as his patriotism was he never permitted it to
stand in the light of historic truth as he viewed it, and
when in 18935 he felt that this country was being carried
away by the popular clamor for Columbus and the Spanish
influence, he stood almost alone in his condemnation of
this mistaken zeal—putting forward in a strong appeal to
his countrymen the greater claim of Sebastian Cabot as the
true discoverer of this continent, and the Anglo-Saxon idea
as the foundation of our prosperity.
Nor would Bishop Perry allow his patriotism to become
partisan, for when the delegates ot the seceding States
absented themselves from the Convention of 1862, he
called their names in due order, thus manifesting great tact
in that time ot extreme emergency by refusing to recognize
a break in the unity of the Church when the State was
sundered by rebellion.
He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian
Society, April 25, 1882, and always kept in touch with its
progress and in sympathy with its interests.
All reference to his special life work and its successful
results in his Diocese in Towa has been purposely omitted
as having no place in this notice; but at no time were his
more immediate duties neglected for the many and varied
interests beyond his State, and it was while engaged
immediately in his diocesan labors that his life was ended
on the thirteenth of May, 1892.
Among many honors paid him may be noted the degree
of D.D., given by Trinity College, Hartford, in 1869,
aid the same degree conferred in 1888 by the University
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of Oxtord. He was made LL.D. by William and Mary
College in 1876, and given the same degree in 1894 by
Trinity College, Dublin, in recognition of the importance
of his historical writings. The degree ot D.C.L. was
given by the University of Bishop's College in 1885, and
Was twice repes ted by other colleges.
A man of strong personality and positive opinions, it is
not surprising that the influence of Bishop Perry was
marked upon the Church to which he was drawn by birth
and by connection. A man of literary tastes and broad
culture, and gifted with a facile pen, it was to be expected
that his literary and historical writings would be numerous
and important. In addition to these qualities, however, the
winning courtesy and the deep humanity of his nature
gave to Bishop Perry his great influence over the people
among whom his later and more mature years have been
passed, and endeared him to all classes of men. C. L. N.
Othniel Charles Marsh was born in Lockport, N.
Y., October 29, 1831. His parents, Caleb and Mary G,
(Peabody) Marsh, were natives of Danvers, Mass. He
was indebted for his opportunities of education to his
uncle, Mr. George Peabody, of London. He began his
preparation for college in 1851, at Phillips Academy,
Andover, Mass. From that school he entered Yale Col-
lege, where he was graduated in 1860. In early life,
before entering college, his predilection for the study of
natural science discovered itself. After graduating he
pursued this study in New Haven for two years. He then
went abroad and devoted three additional years to the
same pursuit, in Germany. Before the close of this period
he had published several scientific papers in the American
Journal of Science. In 1863 he was elected a Fellow of
the Geological Society of London. In July, 1866, he
hecame Professor of Paleontology in Yale College.
Shortly after, Mr. Peabody founded in that institution a
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Museum of Natural History, availing himself as to the
terms of the foundation, of the counsels of Professor
Marsh. Professor Marsh was appointed Curator of the
geological collections of the College in 1867, and he super-
intended the erection of the first wing of the Museum,
which was finished nine years later, A most important
part of the career ot Professor Marsh was the series of
exploring expeditions in the West, which were led by him
and which resulted in the discovery of a vast number of
fossil remains, through the study and description of which
he attained to celebrity in the scientific world. An inde-
fatigable observer, he spared no pains and no expense, and
even willingly encountered personal dangers, in the prosecu-
tion of these researches. In 1882 he was appointed Verte-
brate Paleontologist of the United States Geological Survey,
and held this office in connection with his professorship
until his death. Professor Marsh was elected a member
of the National Academy in 1874, and became President
of that Society in 1883—an office which he held until 1895.
His zeal and success in the advancement of science procured
for him an honorable recognition abroad as well as at
home. He was made a member of numerous learned
societies in Europe. The Bigsby Medal of the Geological
Society of London was bestowed on him in 1877, and the
Cuvier Prize of the Institute of France, a Society of which
he was a corresponding member, was awarded to him in
1897. Professor Marsh understood well the importance
of presenting to his fellow-students in Natural Science
accurate reports of his investigations and discoveries. He
is the author of many distinct monographs and of numerous
contributions published in scientific journals. His loyal
attachment to Yale University is indicated by the fact that
for a long period he served as professor without compensa-
tion, and left the principal part of his property by his will
to that institution. Professor Marsh’s health had been
weakened for some time before his death, which occurred
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on the 18th of March, 1899, in his sixty-eighth year. He
was elected a member of this Society October 22d, 1877.
It must not be inferred from the foregoing briet sketch
that the horizon of Professor Marsh was exclusively that
of a specialist, broad as were the relations of his field of
inquiry to general science. He delighted in flowers and in
the culture of them in his own attractive gardens. He cared
for plants that were rare and blossoms specially beautiful.
His house was stored with pictures and objects of artistic
merit or of curious interest, brought together partly from
distant parts of the globe. Nor was his liberality in giving
limited to the domain of science and scientific education.
Those who knew him best are aware that in a quiet way
he extended help to persons who were needy. Those most
intimate with him, assistants who worked at his side, felt
that along with his frankness that amounted often to
bluntness—for he always said what he thought—there was
a kind heart. Naturally the gentler side of his nature
was most manifest to the neighbors and the close friends
whose society he prized. &
Reuben Aldridge Guild died in Providence on the
13th of May, 1899, aged 77 years and 9 days. Hle was
the son of Reuben and Olive (Morse) Guild, and was born
at Dedham, Mass., on the 4th of May, 1822, being one of
a family of eleven children. He was descended in the
seventh generation from John Guild, who came to America
in 1636, and was one of the original proprietors of Ded-
ham. He built a house which he and his descendants
occupied for more than two hundred years.
Mr. Guild was prepared for college at Day’s Academy,
Wrentham, Mass., from 1840 to 1841, under Mr. David
Burbank (B.U. 1837), and Mr. Charles Coffin Jewett (B.
U. 1835), subsequently Mr. Guild’s immediate predecessor
as Librarian of Brown University; and from 1841 to
1843 at the Worcester County Manual Labor High School
Ald
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(now Worcester Academy ), under Messrs. Nelson Wheeler,
Henry Day (both afterwards professors at Brown), Joseph
R. Manton (B.U. 1842) and Alfred E. Giles (B.U. 1844).
After graduation from Brown University as Bachelor of
Arts, he was assistant librarian of the University from
September, 1547 until Mareh, 1848, when he became
librarian, and he held this office until 1893. In all he had
forty-six years of continuous and almost literally unbroken
service. From 1893 to his death he was Lebrarian
Emeritus.
He was a member of the Common Council of Providence
for seven years, and of the school committee for fifteen
years, most of the time being Secretary. He was Secretary
of the Brown University Alumni Association for twelve
years. He was President and Essayist of the Rhode Island
Baptist Sunday School Convention for seventeen years ;
Secretary of the Rhode Island Baptist Education Society
from 1850 to 1855. He was a member of the Rhode Island
Historical Society, of the Rhode Island Veteran Citizens’
Historical Association, honorary member of the Essex
Institute of Salem, Mass., of the Old Colony Historical
Society, of the Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Historical Society, and
held membership and office in many other organizations.
He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian
Society in April, 1876, and as long as his health permitted
was a regular attendant at its meetings.
In 1887, he prepared for the Society a paper entitled
"Roger Williams, the Freeman of Massachusetts.”
He was Secretary of the preliminary meetings held in
Providence in 1871-72 for the establishment of a Free
Public Library.
Dr. Guild was instrumental, in connection with the late
fren. Charles B. Norton, in calling the first librarians’
convention ever known to have been held in the world’s
history. It met in New York, in September, 1853. The
practical outcome of the convention was the publication
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128 American Antiquarian Society. [ Oct.,
of his “ Librarian’s Manual” in 1858, which has long been
regarded a “ bibliographical classic.”
He was a member of the American Library Association
from its first meeting in Philadelphia, in 1876, when he
was chosen one of the three original secretaries. He
attended the first International Conterence otf Librarians
in London, in 1877, serving on the Council. He was also
elected honorary member of the Library Association of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain. Later, he was made
non-resident lecturer of the Library School.
In 1893 he was appointed a member of the Advisory
Council of the World’s Congress Auxiliary of the Colum.
bian Exposition on a Congress of Librarians, ranking as an
honorary and corresponding member of the Auxiliary.
At the Denver conference of the American Library
Association, in 1895, he was elected to honorary member-
ship by virtue of a vote carried electing to such membership
all surviving members of the famous library convention of
1853. A few days before his death, he received the
following telegram from Atlanta, Ga., dated May 10,
1899 :—" The American Library Association, in conference
at Atlanta, sends grateful remembrances to an honored
pioneer,” a fitting recognition of his life’s interest in
library work.
For some time before his death, he was one of the Board
of Managers of the Old Men’s Home of Providence, R. L.,
to which he was a frequent visitor, bringing comfort and
cheer to the inmates.
One of the marked events of his career was the removal
of the college library from Manning Hall to the new
library building given by John Carter Brown, which was
dedicated on the 16th of February, 1878. On the next
morning, attended by Prof. Diman, he reverently carried
the first book to the new building, a superb folio copy of
Bagster’s Polyglot Bible, and placed it as book number
one, in alcove one, on shelf one, calling it “the book of
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books, the emibodiment of true wisdom, and the fountain
head of real culture, civilization and moral improvement. 7
The work of classifying, rearranging and cataloguing the \f
my library of 48,000 volumes in the new edifice was largely i |
he done by him alone. it
Te He received his degree of Master of Arts in course. In it |
e 1874, Shurtletf College conferred on him the honorary Wi
. degree of Doctor of Laws. |
7 Dr. Guild published much in the form of addresses, ;
te sketches, essays, reports, separately, and as contributions
to periodicals. In the Historical Catalogue of Brown |
‘: University, 1895, thirty-three titles are given. The larger |
" hooks are “ Librarian’s Manual,” 1858; “ Life, Times and
7" Correspondence of James Manning, and the Early History
of Brown University,” 1864; “ Biographical Introduction
0 to the Writings of Roger Williams,” 1866; “History of
rs Brown University, with Illustrative Documents,” 1867 ;
"Chaplain Smith and The Baptists,” 1885; “ Footprints of |
. Roger Williams,” 1886; “Early History of Brown Uni-
he versity,” 1897. The last work he dedicated to the alumni
”s of Brown University. Of the Publications of the Narra-
2 gansett Club he edited “The Letter of John Cotton and
7 Roger Williams’s Reply,” 1866; “Roger Williams’s
‘Queries of Highest Consideration,’ ” 1867 ; and Staples’s
vd ‘Rhode Island in the Continental Congress,’” 1870. He
% wrote for the Journal the Necrology of Brown University
for 1891-92.
Dr. Guild was reared a Unitarian. On the 5th of April, |
al 1840, he was baptized by the Rev. Dr. Baron Stow, and
¥ received as a member of the Baldwin Place Baptist Church,
‘i Boston. In 1840 he left mercantile life, on which he had
4 entered as a clerk, and began his studies, with the ministry
d in view. In 1850 he became a member of the First ;
Baptist Church in Providence. He was active in the work
of the Church, and for many years in the Sunday school.
He had a simple, firm, religious faith, which fortified and
130 American Antiquarian Socrety. Oct.,
comforted him in lite, gave him a mission of blessing to
others, and strengthened him to meet the final hour.
He was justly proud of the library which had grown
under his devoted care from a small collection of books
into large dimensions,' with increasing hopes for the future,
But he was not merely a bibliographer and a care-taker of
hooks. He loved his college, he believed in it: he loved
his colleagues in the faculty and the undergraduates who
daily resorted to him for advice or a word of encourage-
ment.
He married, 17 December, 1849, at Providence, Jane
Clifford Hunt, daughter of Samuel and Nancy (Lincoln)
Hunt, who, with four children survives him.
William Sumner Barton, who on July 1, 1899,
stood fourth in order of seniority of membership upon our
rolls, died at Rutland, in the county of Worcester, on July
13, 1899. He was elected a member April 26, 1854. He
was the eldest brother of our Librarian, and was the oldest
of nine children of the Hon. Ira Moore Barton, who was
one of the great lawyers at the bar of Worcester County,
was for eight years Judge of Probate for that county, and
was for many years an active member of this Society and
of the Council. Mr. Barton’s mother was a sister of Mrs.
Henry Ward Beecher, the two ladies being included in the
ten children of Dr. Artemas Bullard of West Sutton and
his second wife, Lucy White Bullard. A genealogical
and biographical sketch of Dr. Bullard, prepared by
William S. Barton in 1878, was printed in pamphlet form,
and will be found in our library.
Mr. Barton was born at Oxtord, Sept. 30, 1824, but
came to Worcester with his father in 1834. He = was
graduated at Brown University in 1844, receiving the
degree of A.M., probably in 1847. He attended the Har-
vard Law School in 1845-6, was admitted to the Worcester
‘In 1848 the library numbered less than 20,000 volumes; in 1893, 80,000.
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bar in the latter year, and practised until June, 1854, for
a part of the time with his father and the Hon. Peter C.
Bacon. In 1854, he secured a position in the Bank of
Commerce at Boston, which he held for more than 17
years, maintaining his residence the while at Worcester.
la 1872, he was elected City Treasurer of Worcester, and
held that office for 27 years, adopting at the outset a
modern and systematic method of book-keeping in place
of the antiquated and imperfect system which he found
there.
Mr. Barton was married, April 4, 1849, to Anne
Elizabeth, daughter of Samuel and Mary Gould (Ellery)
Jennison of Worcester ; and, secondly, to Katharine Almy,
daughter of William and Jane Byon Ellery of New York
City. He had five children. His widow and the three
daughters by his first wife, and the son and daughter by
the second wife survive him. This son, a namesake and
great great grandson of William Ellery, signer of the
Declaration of Independence, illustrated the fact that
Naissance oblige by carrying the colors of the Second
Massachusetts Regiment through the Cuban campaign of
1898, in which that regiment made a brilliant record.
Besides the biographical sketch of the Bullard family,
Mr. Barton wrote an instructive and entertaining Sketch of
the Life of the Duchess of Orleans and her Sons, the
Comte de Paris and the Due de Chartres. But his contri-
bution to antiquarian lore which was most valuable was
his transcription of the Epitaphs in the old Burying
Ground on Worcester Common, with notes and references.
The ancient grave-stones have long since been buried in
the earth, but this pamphlet preserves the names and
dates, with the other data, which together make up an
important part of the biographical history of the city.
The old personal friends of Mr. Barton were conscious,
before he laid down his public duties, that he was losing
his pristine vigor of body and mind. He spent the early
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132 American Antiquarian Society,
months of 1899 among his books and in pleasant inter.
course with his family and triends. On the evening of
July 11 he left his house to visit the post-oflice, which
was near at hand. He was seen, later in the evening,
walking towards the suburbs, and, being accosted, said
he was going to visit his eldest daughter, who lived in
that neighborhood. The sequel makes it evident that he
continued his walk over a rather lonely country road,
still bound, in his thoughts, for his daughter’s home ; that
when the next day came he picked berries for his own
refreshment and gathered a bouquet of wild flowers for
his daughter, and towards the close of that day, at a spot
some thirteen miles from home, he turned aside into a
pasture, and calmly laid himself down to rest. After some
hours of peaceful slumber he awakened, not in the house of
his daughter, but in that of his Heavenly Father. The sud-
denness and very unexpected manner of his death was,
of course, a great shock to his family and to the com-
munity, but to the writer there is no thought of pain in
such a passing away as this. He had fought the battle
of life: his work was done: the transition came without
pain but with evident pleasure. His end was peace.
C. A.C
Rev. Charles Marion Lamson, D.D., the eldest
child of Charles Edwin, and Elizabeth (Cook) Lamson,
was born in North Hadley, Mass., May 16, 1843. His
hovhood was spent at home on the farm and _ his early
education was at the public schools. He was fitted for
college at Williston Seminary, Easthampton, and entered
Amherst in 1860. At school and in college he took high
rank both as man and scholar, and at Amherst became
positively a Christian.
Graduated in 1864, he became an instructor at Willis
ton Seminary, and later spent a year in the study of
theology at the University of Halle, in Germany.
return he was appointed instructor in English and Latin at
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1899. | Report of the Couneil. 133
Amherst, where, having decided to enter the ministry, he
also pursued theological studies under the direction of
Professor, afterwards President, Julius H. Seelye.
He was ordained and installed pastor of the Porter
Congregational Church, at Brockton, Mass., Aug. 5, 1869,
in which position he quickly showed that he had unusual
gifts, both as preacher and pastor. Dee. 25, 1869, he was
married to Miss Helena F. Bridgman, of Amherst, Mass.
In the spring of 1871, he was called to the Salem Street
Congregational Church, in Worcester, Mass., and was in-
stalled as pastor over this important church, May 3, 1871.
The exacting demands of this position he met with con-
spicuous ability for fourteen years, attracting a large
congregation by his power as a preacher and devotion as a
pastor, and exerting a wide influence for good throughout
the city and upon its institutions. He served as a member
of the School Board from 1878 to 1884 inclusive, and as a
director of the Free Public Library, from Jan. 1, 1883,
to Sept. 29, 1885, in both positions rendering valuable
services.
In the autumn of 1885 the North Congregational
Church at St. Johnsbury, Vt., sought him as its pastor,
and he was installed there Oct. 8, of that year. This
charge gave him new opportunity to exert his growing
power as a man, a scholar, and a preacher. During the
succeeding years he became well known throughout the
State as a most influential figure in all educational, philan-
thropic and religious movements. He was a trustee of the
St. Johnsbury Academy, Atheneum and Museum. He
Was active in the missionary work of the State and was
everywhere welcomed as a preacher of singular insight,
spirituality and eloquence.
After nearly ten vears ot this full and most successful
ministry, he was, to the keen regret of his St. Johnsbury
people, called to the historic Centre Church of Hartford,
Conn., and vielding to this invitation he was installed as
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154 American Antiquarian Society.
pastor there Feb. 7, 1894. For this different, and in
many respects, more important field, he discovered fresh
resources in himself, and had there a not less happy, and
even more effective ministry.
In 1888 he was elected a trustee of Amherst College,
in which he was deeply interested, where his breadth, tact
and wisdom were greatly appreciated, and where he con-
tinued until his death, a most helpful adviser. He was ap-
pointed preacher before the National Congregational
Council in Oct., 1892; was an important member of the
Executive Committee of the Congregational Home Mis-
sionary Society ; and in Oct., 1897, on the retirement of
Rev. Dr. Storrs, he was, to his great surprise and to the
satisfaction of all friends of the missionary cause, elected
President of the American Board of Commissioners for
Foreign Missions.
With characteristic energy he threw himself into the
duties of this high position, and at once proved bis
fitness for it by the force and sympathy of his speech, by
his wisdom in council, and by his skill as a presiding
officer.
Dr. Lamson was elected a member of this Society Oct.
22, 1883, and received the degree of Doctor in Divinity
from his Alma Mater in 1885.
His death was very unexpected, and to human view un-
timely. He was spending a happy vacation with his
family in his old home, and among his old friends in St.
Johnsbury, apparently in his usual health. Returning
from a bicycle ride he was suddenly seized with angina
pectoris, and died in a few minutes, Aug. 8, 1899, a little
over fifty-six years of age, in the fulness of his powers
and influence. The burial was at North Hadley.
Besides his widow, five children survive him: Marion
H., a teacher in Boston; Theodore, a student of medicine
at Johns Hopkins University ; Richard, a student of law;
Charles E., who received his diploma at Amherst at the
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last Commencement, from his father’s hands ; and Kenneth
W., who is at home.
Dr. Lamson was a man of commanding presence ; tall,
strongly built, with massive head and features, a glorious
crown of silver hair, and a powerful voice that easily filled
the largest assembly room. He possessed a strong mind,
constantly growing, finely disciplined and richly stored
with the better learning; a singularly pure, candid, gentle,
and courageous moral sense; and a most eager, devoted
and sympathetic heart. Though clear and tenacious in his
convictions, he was extremely liberal in temper, catholic
in judgments, and spiritual, at times almost mystical, in
his utterance—a trait which gave him great influence over
minds desiring to be inspired with the deepest truths.
Few men are so modest, so unselfish, so transparent, so
serious, and vet so gentle as was he. He was an
impressive man, yet so natural, so full of tenderness and
humor that he was a triend to everybody. He sought
nothing for himself, yet every place to which, in his busy
serving life, he was called, he filled with abundant, strong
and gracious efficiency.
His untimely death is a great loss to the Church and the
world. The tidings of it brought keen pain to many
hearts here and beyond sea, and hundreds will rise up to
call him blessed. D. M.°
Robert Clarke was born in Annan, Dumfries-shire,
Scotland, May 1, 1829. With his parents he came to
America in 1840, settling in Cincinnati, where he attended
school, finishing his education at Woodward College, now
the Woodward High School. After spending three years
in the Adirondacks for the benefit of his health, he returned
to Cincinnati, where, having first tried another occupation,
he finally associated himself with Walter S. Patterson in
the book and stationery business, in a small shop in Sixth
Street, near Vine Street. In this establishment he met
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156 American Antiquarian Society. Oct.,
the most cultivated men of the town, and his taste for
literature and for books was fostered by intercourse with
the best-read men of Cincinnati.
His business grew with years, and in 1858 he estab.
lished the firm of Robert Clarke & Co., later the Robert
Clarke Co. This became well known throughout. the
country. Our late associate, Justin Winsor, says: “The
most important Americana lists at present issued by
American dealers are those of the Robert Clarke Com-
pany,” and Mr. Fiske, in his History of the United States,
makes a remark of the same purport. Robert Clarke
was the head and soul of these collections of Americana,
and he was a constant publisher of the same class of works,
The most important of these was the Ohio Valley Historical
Series, comprising seven books. Most of these were
edited by Mr. Clarke himself, though the reader would
hardly suspect this fact, a modest “R. C.” at the end of
the last volume being the only record of his labors.
In 1876 he wrote and published a pamphlet, entitled
“Prehistoric Remains which were found on the site of
Cincinnati, with a vindication of the Cincinnati Tablet.”
He was an occasional contributor to the Sczentific American
on geology and kindred topics.
He was elected a member of this Society April 26, 1871,
Though he was never present at our meetings, he recog-
nized his membership by the gift of many of his historical
and other imprints.
Mr. Clarke in later years gradually retired from the
management of business. In 1898 he made the “ tour of
the world” in hope of restoring his broken health. Though
better for a time, he never recovered his former vigor, and
died suddenly August 26th last, in his seventy-first year.
Though never married, he was eminently a domestic man.
Never was there a more methodical person. He knew only
two places in his daily life, his office and his home, but his
round of sympathies was bounded by neither of these.
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For nearly thirty-five years he lived in Glendale, a suburb
some fifteen miles from Cincinnati. Here he played the
part of a good citizen in all that concerned the moral and
intellectual welfare of his village. He was an active
member of the Historical and Philosophical Society of
Ohio, though here again he almost never appeared at its
meetings, but he was fruitful in suggestion, and his position
in business gave him opportunities to promote the welfare
of the Society, opportunities he did not neglect.
Robert Clarke was always accessible. An untiring
worker, he had always leisure for consultation and advice.
Many anecdotes are current in Cincinnati of his kindness
to his employés; he was their friend and father. But
preéminently he was a bookman, in every sense of this
word, as well acquainted with the contents of books as
with their market value. In Cincinnati, at least, in this
regard, he leaves no successor. E. F. B.
For the Council.
JAMES P. BAXTER.
CHARLES A. CHASE.
Nore.—The writers, whose initials are given in the foregoing pages, are, Charles
L. Nichols, George Il’. Fisher, Charles A. Chase, Daniel Merriman and Eugene F.
Bliss.
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American Antiquarian Society. [ Oct.,
THE WRITING OF HISTORY.
BY JAMES P. BAXTER.
I HAVE thought it worth while to devote a few moments to
the consideration of a subject in which we are all interested ;
namely, the writing of history ; especially of local history,
of which, at present, so much is being written, sometimes
without sufficient thought and method, perhaps I may
properly say, in some cases without any thought or
method, as though the writing of history was a light affair,
requiring little preparation or literary talent.
Not long ago this question was put to a person of literary
aspirations : “ What would you rather be—a famous poet,
historian, or novelist?” “ You have,” he replied, “ exactly
indicated my ambition by the order in which you have put
your question. I consider poetry the highest form of
literary art, or indeed of all art; hence, I would rather be
a great poet; but next to a great poet, | would be a great
historian.” “I think,” said his questioner, “that the
popular opinion is that anybody who can gather facts can
write history.” “Oh yes,” was the reply, “and the popu-
lar opinion may also be, that anyone who can rhyme ean
write poetry. Iam inclined to believe, though, that the
field of history to-day presents more attractions to literary
ambition than any other.” This recalls to mind a remark
made a few years ago by a friend having an_ intimate
acquaintance with historic documents in European archives,
to the effect that the history of the American Revolution
has yet to be written. Further conversation with him on
the subject led me to make application through our
American Minister in London, for the privilege of, exam-
ining the documents relating to that period in the office of
the Publie Records, to which public access is not allowed.
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1899. | The Writing of History. 139
Upon receiving permission to do so, I spent a considerable
time, in the presence of an attendant, in the examination
of these documents, and so much was I impressed, after my
study of them, by the truth of my friend’s remark, that
shortly after, I suggested to the late Mr. Blaine, who I
believed was intending to abandon the political field and
devote himself to literary pursuits, that here was a work
worthy of his devotion, and I am inclined to think that if
his health had permitted, he might have given the subject
serious attention.
That the field of history has been but imperfectly culti-
vated and still affords excellent opportunities to literary
workers, I have no doubt all who are acquainted with the
subject will admit; but the writing of history requires
special talent, and talent of as high an order as any other
department of literature. The importance of good history
in the education of a people cannot be over-estimated, yet
we know how the study of history is neglected. This
may be due in a measure to the quality of the history
which has been placed in our educational institutions.
Some of us may remember how we detested the drill in
history to which we were subjected in our youth, and how
long it took us to be able to regard with equanimity any-
thing of an historic nature. To be compelled for half-an-
hour daily to answer questions, rarely related to each
other, was, to say the least, tiresome. Such questions, for
instance, as, “ When was John Carver chosen Governor of
Plymouth Colony?” “What was the name of the Indian
slain by Captain Miles Standish?” “To what tribe did
Philip belong ?” “When was the cruel savage Paugus
killed and by whom?” Such questions were confidently
answered, as well as some others, which are now warmly
debated. I am not prepared to say that even history so
taught was not productive of some good, but its value, I
am sure, might have been increased an hundred fold by a
more judicious method; and here let us consider briefly
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140 American Antiquarian Society. [ Oct.,
one method, if no more, which is to begin with the history
of the student’s own town. Certainly he should know
something of this, if of no other history, and it is (uite
possible to make the local history interesting, as may be
made to appear farther on, when the town history is con-
sidered. Having familiarized himself with the history of
his own town, it would seem that the next practical step
would be to learn something of his county and_ state,
In this study the student will get a knowledge of the
aboriginal inhabitants and colonization of his state; _ its
organization and development socially, commercially and
politically, and the relations which bind its parts together
into a commonwealth, which must be of immense import-
ance to him. By the time he has acquired a knowledge of
the history of his town and state, it is quite likely that he
will have formed a taste for historical study, and will be
quite ready to take up the study of the United States in
its divisions and entirety. The student will by this time
have perceived the intimate relations existing between the
history of his own country and the countries of Europe; |
first, of course, England, whose history he will now find a |
fascinating study, instead of the dry array of events which, |
had he taken up the study of English history earlier,
would have appeared to him to have no relation to the
history of his own country. Having acquired a knowledge {
of English history, more or less thorough, he must perforce :
take up the history of France, which will present to hima f
more brilliant field than that of the cloth of gold, glorious t
“with plume, tiara and all rich array,” and which is so I
intimately related to that of England and his own country, I
as to make it a part of a continuous narrative, whose h
splendid theme is the development of civilization. Of I
course the student will not stop here, but will continue to v
enlarge his field of vision, until it embraces the world. 0
This method of studying history certainly possesses. this e
merit, that the student, at whatever point he relinquishes
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his study, will have acquired a practical knowledge of that
portion of history most useful to him, which can hardly be
affirmed of any other method.
Perhaps it may not be too much to affirm that the history
of itself which a people puts forth, affords an approximate
measure of its civilization, so intimately is it correlated
with the popular intelligence. I hope that this may not
be deemed severe later on, when I come to speak of the
town history. While criticising, however, the lack of
method and the carelessness of many historians, we should
recognize the difficulties which lie in his path. At the
recent opening of the new building of the Massachusetts
Historical Society, the president, and our associate, while
making severe strictures upon some former methods of
writing history, spoke of the many sources of knowledge
which have been opened to the historian, and noted how
difficult it had become for him to avoid prolixity on the
one hand, or undue concision on the other.
Everyone who has seriously and conscientiously made it
a business to gather historical material relating to a par-
ticular subject, realizes the magnitude of this difficulty, and
how agreeable it would be to have some guide for its
solution ; yet, at present, no such guide exists. Histories,
imposingly voluminous, are written, which give one but
the vaguest idea of important events, and too often no idea
atall. This grows out of the attempt to cover too wide a
field, and the necessity of condensation, and leads us to
the belief that the future historian is to devote himself
more and more to the writing of monographs. If this
belief is correct, a most attractive view is opened to the
historical writer, who can concentrate his attention upon a
part of the field particularly interesting to himself, in
which he can freely exercise his powers in the discovery
of new facts and in tracing obscure relations between
events, which enforced attention to a wider field would not
permit him to undertake.
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Perhaps it may be urged that, as history is the orderly
expression of great forces whose continuity of action give
it unity, it will by this method of procedure become frag-
mentary and probably chaotic ; but reflection will show that
this need not be so, for these so-called fragments will natu-
rally come together and fall into their proper places in
orderly sequence. Without doubt, when the ground shall
have been sufficiently covered by monographists, general
histories of an encyclopedic character will be compiled, with
analytical indices, referring the student to existing mono-
graphs, and briefly summarizing them, thereby serving as
convenient reference books for those who do not desire to
pursue the study of history more deeply. Of course general
histories will be written, and if time permitted it would be
interesting to consider what such histories are likely to be.
Will they be philosophic in their character, following and
laying bare the forces which operate in the evolution of
civilization, and which result in epochs of startling signifi-
cance? Very likely, and such study will present a field
worthy of the powers of a Gibbon, a Hume, a Ranke, a
Montesquieu or a Buckle.
A well-known thinker, some time ago, in an address
to a learned society, remarked that the writing of history
was once a pleasant recreation, but had now become an
exacting task. He depicted the man with a lively imagin-
ation, who upon a few facts, or even half facts, would rear
such structures as his genius might devise, structures
artistically attractive, but quite as unreal as modern
historical fiction; though it should be observed that our
modern romancists are becoming more and more careful to
conform to historic truth.
Since the admirable work of the Johns Hopkins Univer-
sity has come under public observation, this method of
writing history has fallen into disrepute, and people are
demanding more of the historian than formerly. The
author who takes his material at second hand and pads it
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with rhetoric, however artistic his work, will find a poor
market for his wares. The public will no more be satisfied
with such pabulum than the hungry man who comes too
late for the roast will be satisfied with the sweets. Sub-
stantial facts, following each other in orderly sequence and
sparingly garnished, alone satisfy the present taste.
Substantiality and simplicity are made the order of the
day.
It has been suggested that the study of history should
begin with the Town History; yet it is a common remark
that the most unsatisfactory historical writing of the present
day is to be found in our town histories. Everyone
acquainted with the subject must be painfully aware that
many of these works are constructed upon as haphazard a
plan as our grandmothers’ porridge, **a bunch of herbs,
such things as are handy, and salt to the taste.” An author
of a New England town history who begins with a sketch
of the mythical visit of the Scandinavians to our shores,
continuing with a résumé of the voyages of Gosnold and
others hither, and finally gliding without apparent effort
into the genealogies of John Fitzpatrick, Peter Jones, and
other distinguished residents of the town, may be justly
open to the suspicion that he has failed to give a due
amount of attention to method.
Such a history, however, is not without value, as it of
necessity records some facts which might otherwise be lost ;
indeed, it sometimes becomes of considerable pecuniary
value, especially when a convenient fire reduces the edition,
thereby enabling the enterprising bookseller to place it on
his scarce list, so seductive to a certain class of collectors.
The writing of a Town History is not an undertaking to
be entered upon lightly. It is indeed a serious matter and
requires the most painstaking research, as well as keen
powers of analysis, and considerable facility of expression.
If the student is to begin his historical study with local
history, it should certainly be made as attractive to him as
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144 American Antiquarian Society. [ Oct.,
possible. A collection of unconnected events scattered
through a prosaic narrative will give him a distaste for
history from which he may never recover. It therefore
behooves us to demand the very best work in the Town
History, if we would place history where it belongs, in the
front rank of educational agencies.
Doubtless the selectman considers it praiseworthy in him
to help nominate the worthy pastor, the pushing young
schoolmaster or the life insurance agent, for the latter is
popularly believed to possess abundant genealogical ability,
to construct a history of his town, and it is, moreover, a
laudable ambition for such nominees to place their names
upon the title pages of such books, and far be it from me
to discourage them. My plea is for a method which will
render the Town History more useful. Is it possible to
outline a method which may be applied generally to the
writing of Town Histories? In considering this question
a few things seem evident. It would seem, for instance,
that in writing such a history the first object of the author
should be to place before his reader all the “knowledge
concerning the town under treatment, which is available ;
in fact, to anticipate, as far as possible, every question
which he thinks anyone may be able to ask about it.
If this assumption is true, it might be well for him to
start with a description of its natural features ; its geology ;
its flora and fauna, and, if practicable, of its aboriginal
inhabitants. All these are subjects of importance, which
the citizen desires to know something about, and upon
which it is the manifest duty of the historian to enlighten
him. Apparently this should be followed by an account
of the reasons that led its early settlers to select it for
residence ; of their characteristics, and proceedings in
organizing, naming and shaping it into a communal abode.
Every towy has an interesting history respecting its
beginning, and often of its naming. Here is a town whose
pioneer settlers, few in number, owing to religious differ-
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ences of opinion, which embittered their neighbors against
them, pushed their way into the wilderness, far beyond
the limits of civilization, and after many hardships found
Py promising place for settlement. Here they felled the
forest, reared their rude cabins, and planted. They were
not permitted to pursue their labor in peace. The savages
prowled about them in the shadows of the forest, and they
had to keep ever at hand a weapon of defence against their
wild fury; yet so pleasant were the relations of these iso-
lated families, and those who soon joined them, that they
called their town Harmony. Great bowlders were strewn
about their cabins, and the ledges were ploughed with
deep furrows. Near by was a strange mound, probably
of aboriginal origin, and rude implements of stone were
turned up by the ploughshare. These and many other
things connected with the locality furnish subjects of
interesting research. Finally the time arrives when the
citizens of the town desire a history, and how ought they
to regard the man who undertakes to supply this want by
beginning his book with a few unmeaning records, which
he has found by chance, continuing with an account of a
militia company, gossip respecting troubles in the first
church, anecdotes ot the village tavern, and a mass of
genealogies as they have been picked up at haphazard?
The question is a grave one, and worthy the cogitation of
the selectmen of many aggrieved towns.
But to continue the outline of a method for writing a
Town History. Having given an account of the begin-
nings of a town, the author’s task should not be one of
much difficulty. Ue should have at hand all the records
and documentary material relating to the subject attainable.
The gathering, arranging and indexing of such material
should have occupied him for a long time, and he should
from this, and such other material as he possesses, prepare
a brief chronological skeleton of his subject for constant
reference. He can now go forward, giving an account of
{ 146 American Antiquarian Society.
[ Oct.,
the development of the town year by year; of its educa-
tional, religious, political and business affairs; and the
part which it has played in the state and nation. If a
genealogy of the town is needed, let that form a separate
volume, and bear its proper title. This outline of a method
for writing a Town History, as I am aware, is quite incom-
plete. I have only intended it to be a suggestion, and if
it serves this purpose it is sufficient.
I wish also to occupy a moment in speaking of some
Indian words. It will be remembered that at a recent
meeting of this Society, our honored associate, Dr. Hale,
gave us an interesting talk upon this subject. At present,
great confusion exists with regard to the pronunciation,
orthography, and especially the etymology of Indian
words. So far as I have been able to discover, the Indian
himself is unable to give reliable testimony regarding the
i . =
etymology of his language. I have questioned him seareh-
ingly and seen him shift his ground, after I thought I had
settled a point, leaving me as perplexed as before. |
recently spent some time with an intelligent Indian in
camp and canoe, and availed myself of the opportunity I
enjoyed to question him upon points regarding which I
was in doubt; one, in relation to accent. In words of
three syllables, the accent is almost invariably upon the
penult, and of two syllables on the ultima. Thus a fish is
Nemds: the good spirit, Cloosctip (glooscarp ); the bad
spirit, d/éxeuse (arloxuse); a man, Sanipe, (sandrpay);
}
an exception is Sdgem (sdrgem), chief, and Sdgemd
(sdrgemar), the chief. Using the word Abndki I was
rather sharply corrected. “No,” exclaimed the Indian,
“it is Wibaudki (wdrbauarky). As the word came to us
through the French, it is easily seen how we lost the
sound of the w. One of the old names of Portland Neck
was pronounced in the usual way Machigon. “ Very bad,”
said the Indian, “it is Machdgon.” Piscdtaqua was also
(pascatawquar). It requires
changed into Pascitauqué
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1899. ] The Writing of History. 147
patience to elicit information from an Indian respecting
the etymology of a word. “What,” I asked, “is the
meaning of Wickhagon?” The reply was, “a book.”
“But,” I said, “the Indians had no books. What is this
pit of written paper?” “Wickhagon”; “and this bit of
bark with characters upon it?” “ Wickhagon too,” was the
answer. “ But what are you thinking of,” I asked, “ when
you say wickhagon ?” “Something that tells,” was the
reply. This is probably near the etymology of the word ;
but one can never be sure of exactness. Behind what may
be termed the apparent or sensuous etymology of a word
isa subtler meaning which bates every effort to grasp it.
The Indian readily coins words for our modern inventions.
Thus the telephone is “archimontic-oondquébish,” a term
complex in structure as well as meaning.
Words adopted from European languages by the Indian
are often claimed as his own. Many curious instances of
this kind might be adduced if time allowed. Haliburton
tells us that “/Johken,” or “ poke-loken,” as the word is more
commonly used by the Indian guide, is an Indian word.
The Indian speaking of a region abounding in marshy
creeks and ponds says that it is full of Bogans and poke-
lokens. There is no doubt that bogan is a good Gaelic
word and means a bog, and poke is easily enough a pouch,
while Joken is good Anglo-Saxon for an enclosure. The
same may be said of agus, a thicket, claimed by Indian
guides as a word of their own, the origin of which is
beyond question. In closing this subject, I would remark
that a full vocabulary of place-names, with their etymology,
would be of great importance to the historical student.
American Antiquarian Society.
REPORT OF THE TREASURER.
Tue Treasurer of the American Antiquarian Society here-
with presents his annual report, showing the receipts and
expenditures for the vear ending October 1, 1899.
There has been carried to the several funds for the past
year six per cent. on the amount of same, October 1, 1899,
leaving a balance to the credit of the Income Account of
$1.012.45.
By the liberality of our President, the Librarian’s and
General Fund has been increased $5,000, making the total
of that fund October 1, 1899, $44,441.11. This was after
transferring the income of the Tenney Fund, $300, and $75
trom the Alden Fund.
The total of the investments and cash on hand October
1, 1899, was $158,964.97. It is divided among the several
funds.
The detailed statement of the several funds is as follows:
The Librarian’s and General Fund, : $40,933.50
The Collection and Research Fund, 17,443.73
The Bookbinding Fund,..... . 6,444.47
The Isaac and Edward L. Davis Book Fund, ; ; . 10,251.30
The Lincoln Legacy Fund,.................. 5,032.13
The Benj. F. Thomas Local History Fund,... ..... — - 1,109.12
The Salisbury Building Fund, .. 5,284.23
The Alden Fund, ......... .. 1,003.85
The George Chandler Fund,...... 567.99
The Francis H. Dewey Fund,... 3,444.34
The George E. Ellis Fund,.... 12,479.51
$137,952.52
Income Account, 1,012.4
$138,964.97
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Report of the Treasurer.
149
The cash on hand, included in the following statement,
js $4,568.71.
The detailed statement of the receipts and disbursements
for the year ending October 1, 1899, is as follows
1898, Oct. 1.
1899. “
‘
Balance of cash per last report,...
Income from investments to date,. .
Received for annual assessments,....
Life membership fees,
From sale of books and publications,. .
From liquidation of National Banks,
From premiums on National Bank Stock,
Sale of stocks,
Stephen Salisbury to Librarian’s and General
Fund,
if Total,
d By salaries to October 1, 1899,
Publication of Proceedings,
ul Books purchased,....
Incidental expenses,
For binding,........
5 Insurance premium,
Electric lights,
Invested in Stocks and Bounds,
Premium on Stocks and Bonds,..
al Deposited in Savings Banks,....
. Balance of cash October 1, 1899,
CONDITION OF
Balance of Fund, October 1, 1898,
Income to October 1, 1899,. ..
Transferred from Tenney Fund,
Transferred from Alden Fund,
From Life membership,
From Stephen Salisbury,
Paid for salaries,
Incidental expenses, including coal,
52
1899, October 1.
1]
The Librarian’s and General Fund.
Amount of Fund,
SEVERAL FUNDs,
$5,122.58
8,017.79
260.00
150.00
102.05
8,700.00
224.00
5,000.00
5,000.00
5,000.00
$3,821.58
694.35
254.26
282.84
197.95
100.00
310.47
151.50
21,320.11
5,819.14
55.52
$33,007.72
4,568.71
. $36,430.29
2,485.82
300,00
75.00
150.00
5,000.00
$44,441.11
$2,938.30
569.31
$3,507.61
$37 576.42
$37 576.43
$40,933.50
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American Antiquarian Society.
Oct.,
The Collection and Research Fund.
$18,506.30
Expenditure from the Fund for salaries and incidentals, 1,062.57
1899, October 1. Amount of Fund,..
$17,443.73
The Bookbinding Fund
Balance October 1, 1898, . 86,266.49
Income to October 1, 1899,.. 375.93
$6,642.42
1899, October 1.
Amount of Fund,..
Publishing Fund.
Balance October 1, 1898,.... S26 590.55
Income to October 1, 1899,. 1,595.43
Publications sold,............. 103.05
$28,289.03
Paid on account of publications, : 694.35
Balance October 1, 1899,.. $27 5H
The lsaac and Edward L. Davis Book Fund.
Balance October 1, 1898,...... $9,720.04
Income to October 1, 1899,....
$10,313.77
Paid for books purchased, .. 62.47
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Balance October 1, 1899,. .
$10,251.98
The Lincoln Legacy Fund.
Balance October 1, 1899,... $5,032.13
The Benjamin F. Thomas Local History Fund.
Balance October 1, 1006,.. . $1,107.06
$1,173.52
Paid for local histories,....... 64.40
Balance October 1, 1899, .. $1,109.12
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1899. Report of the Treasurer.
The Salisbury Building Fund.
Balance October 1, 1898, .
Income to October 1, 1899,
Paid for electric light,..
Balance October 1, 1895,. ..
The Alden Fund.
Balance October 1, 1898, ..
Income to October 1, 1899,
Transferred to Librarian's and General Fund,
Balance October 1, 1899,
The Tenney Fund.
Balance October 1, 1898, ..
Income to October 1, 1899,
Transferred to Librarian’s and General Fund...
Balance October 1, 1899,
The Haven Fund.
Balance October 1, 1898,
Income to October 1, 1899,
Paid for books,
Balance October 1, 1899,.
The George Chandler Fund,
Balance October 1, 1898,. .
Income to October 1, 1899,
Paid for books,. .
Balance October 1, 1899,
The Francis H. Dewey Fund.
Balance October 1, 1898,..
Income to October 1, 1899,.
Paid for books,. ..
Balance October 1, 1899,
$5,128.05
307.68
$5,435.73
151.50
$1,017.76
61.09
$1,078.85
75.00
$5,000.00
300.00
$5,300.00
300.00
$1,288.60
$1,365.92
2.25
$568.58
34.11
$602.69
34.70
$3,252.35
195.14
$3,447.49
3.15
$5,254.23
$1,003.85
$5,000.00
$1,363.67
$567.99
$3,444.34
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The George E. Ellis Fund.
Balance October 1, 1898, .. . $11,803.31
Income to October 1, 1899,............ 708.20
$12,511.51
Total of the fourteen funds, ......... $137,952.52
Balance to the credit of Income Account,......... 1,012.45
$138,964.97
October 1, 1899, total,
STATEMENT OF THE INVESTMENTS.
STOCKS. I Value.
6 Central National Bank, Worcester,.. 8 600,00 600,00 870.00
22 City National Bank, Worcester,.............. 2,200.00 2,200.00 3,300.00
10 Citizens National Bank, Worcester,.......... 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,340.00
6 Fitchburg National Bank,............ een 600.00 600.00 900.00
5 Massachusetts National Bank, Boston, ” 500.00 500.00 375.00
32 National Bank of Commerce, Boston,... .. 8,200.00 3,200.00 3,343.00
3 Old Boston National Bank, Boston, ....... . 300.00 300.00 330.00
24 Quinsigamond National Bank, Worcester. 2,400.00 2,400.00 3,360.00
22 Webster National Bank, Boston,............ 2 200.00 2,200.00 2,200.00
16 Worcester National Bank,.................... 1,600.00 1,600.00 2,720.00
Total of Bank Stock,....... ... 814,600.00 $14,600.00 $18,738.00
30 Northern (N. 3,000.00 4,710.00
5 Wore ight Co., .... 500.00 500.00 1,000.00
25 West End St. Railway Co. (Pfd.), ............ 1,250.00 1,250.00 2,875.00
50 New York, New Haven & Hartford R. R.,... 8,492.61 5,000.00 10,650.00
BONDS.
Kansas City, Fort Scott & Gulf R. R.,........... 33,300.00 $3,300.00 $3,762.00
' Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé R. R. Co.,..... .-- 3,126.00 3,950.00 3,500.00
Chicago & Eastern Illinois R. R. 5 per cent.,.... 10,000.00 10,000.00 11,200.00
City of Quincy Water Bonds, .............. ..... 4,000.00 4,000.00 4,000.00
: Congress Hotel Bonds, Chicago,................. 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00
Lowell, Lawrence & Haverhill St. Railwa ay Co.,.. 9,620.00 10,000.00 10,520.00
i Worcester & Marlborough St. Railway Co.,... 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,120.00
| United States Envelope Co., ....... eee 11,000.00 11,000.00
Wilkes Barre & Eastern R. R. Co.,............. 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00
Ellicott Square Co., Buffalo,............. 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,604.00
Louisville & Nashville R. R.,.... 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00
\ Notes secured by mortgage of seal | estate, on 35,150.00 35,150.00 35,150.00
$134,037.61
| Deposited in Worcester savings banks,........ 358.65 358.65 358.65
Cash in National Bank on interest, ; .-.. 4,568.71 4,568.71 4,568.71
$138,964.97 $136,677.36 $153,156.36
WORCESTER, Mass., October 1, 1899.
tespectfully submitted,
NATH’L PAINE,
Treasurer.
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1899. ] Report of the Treasurer. 153
The undersigned, Auditors of the American Antiquarian Society, hereby certify
that we have examined the report of the Treasurer, made up to October 1, 1899, and
find the same to be correct and properly vouched; that the securities held by him
are as stated, and that the balance of cash, as stated to be on hand, is satisfactorily
accounted for.
WM. A, SMITH.
A. G. BULLOCK,
October 20, 1899.
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American Antiquarian Society.
[ Oct.,
REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN.
I orFeER for preservation in print a brief unpublished
report of May, 1835, doubtless the last written by
Christopher C. Baldwin, librarian, whose death at thirty-
five years of age occurred on August 20 of that year. It
again suggests Mr. Baldwin’s devotion to the interests of
the Society, and his rare fore-thought of the nineteenth-
century needs of the students of American history who
were to succeed him. The report follows :
“The Librarian of the American Antiquarian Society
asks leave to submit the following report :
“The Librarian, at the annual meeting on the 23rd Oct.
[1834] last, indulged the belief that he should be able to
complete the Catalogue of the Library before the semi-
annual meeting in May; in this, however, he has been
disappointed. Since the meeting in October, he has been
engaged in transcribing and preparing it for publication.
Between this and the meeting in October, he expects to
be able to complete the transcript and to compare each
publication described on the catalogue with each publication
in the Library.
“Tt was one of the objects of the liberal founder of the
Institution that its Library should contain a complete
collection of the productions of American authors. In
pursuance of this plan, the Librarian has bestowed as much
time as could be spared from other duties in collecting
publications of American origin. It is believed that no
institution in the country has proposed the accomplishment
of a similar object. The materials of history are found
originally in pamphlets, newspapers and publications of
this description. These exist in great abundance in every
part of the community and are permitted to perish from
the impression that no use can be made of them. They
are, however, indispensably necessary to the successful
accomplishment of the labors of the historian, It is feared
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1899. ] Report of the Librarian. 155
that a great number of those published in the early settle-
ment of the country are irrecoverably lost. Until within a
few years past no place had been provided for their recep-
tion ‘and preservation. Individuals had, in some instances,
attempted to make collections and succeeded to a certain
extent, but the result of their industry in this respect has
availed little from the fact that, at their decease, their
collections have been distributed among heirs, like other
property. This was the case with the voluminous collee-
tion of the Mathers ; and those of Thomas Prince, which he
began when he was in college, have shared a fate but little
better. It is believed that the collections now in the
Massachusetts Hist. Society derived from the industry of
this indefatigable collector, comprise only a fragment of
the whole which he left at his death. A large quantity of
his MSS & books were sold at auction about 1800 in the
County of Worcester, and are now so scattered as to forbid
all hope of their recovery. This was undoubtedly the
largest collection that had been made in the country at
that time, and the destruction of so great a portion of [it]
is now much to be lamented.”
The following official entry emphasizes the Society’s
national character, so strenuously insisted upon from its
birth :
“Sub Council Records, November 6, 1815. Appointed
Counsellors for Vermont, New Hampshire, Rhode Island,
Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia,
North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Mississippi
Territory, Louisiana, Ohio, and District West of the
Alleghany. Receiving Officers for Massachusetts, Rhode
Island, New York and Pennsylvania.”
The Society’s limitations during its earlier years are
indicated by the following entries in the Council Records :
“November 28, 1832. Voted that Col. Samuel Damon of
Holden, in consideration of his conveying to the Society
his rights and titles to any land now included within the
wall of the yard of the Antiquarian Hall, shall with his
immediate family have the privilege of visiting Antiquarian
Hall at all hours when the Hall is kept open for visitors,
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156 American Antiquarian Society. [ Oct.,
under the rules of the Society.” And “April 24, 1833,
The Librarian is recommended to permit any and all
persons to visit the Library, efc., from 11 to 12 o’clock of
vach day.”
The modern method of teaching or studying history,
whether in the high, higher or highest schools, has brought
into much freer use the contemporary authorities in our
treasure-house. While much time and_ patience are
required in guiding the younger workers, it has been
found necessary to impress upon all the great respect due
to these priceless memorials of the past and the high value
of the privileges they here enjoy.
The semi-annual record of givers and gifts—to the 15th
instant—contains two hundred and eighty-one names,
being those of thirty-three members, one hundred and
twenty-three persons not members, and one hundred and
twenty-five societies and institutions. From these sources
have been received eight hundred and eighty-five books;
thirty-two hundred and forty-one pamphlets; thirteen
bound and one hundred and thirteen unbound volumes of
newspapers ; four bound volumes of manuscripts, witha
collection of letters ; five bound volumes and one hundred
and fifty-four unbound of photographs ; three hundred and
twenty-four maps; one hundred and two book-plates;
seventy-one portraits ; seventeen engravings and six proe-
lamations; by exchange thirty-one books and forty-six
pamphlets ; and from the bindery one hundred and twenty-
six volumes of magazines and twenty-two volumes of
newspapers ; making the total accessions ten hundred and
forty-two books, thirty-two hundred and_ eighty-seven
pamphlets ; thirty-five bound and one hundred and thirteen
volumes of unbound newspapers, ec.
Prof. Franklin B. Dexter, to whom we are indebted for
much Connecticut material, has presented “ Yale, Her
Campus, Class-Rooms and Athletics”; and Mr. George
P. Winship has recognized his election to membership in
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1899. ] Report of the Librarian. 157
the Society by the gift of a collection of his own writings.
The name of Hon. Samuel A. Green will always be
found in the list of givers and gifts. In a parcel recently
received from him appears the following :
From the Massachusetts Spy.
At the late Anniversary of the Fraternity of Odd Fel-
lows (a literary association,) in this town, a Poem was
delivered, the subject of which was the death of Massasoit,
a Narraganset Chief, a friend of the Whites, from which
we have been allowed by the author to make the following
extract. In it we think our readers will readily recognize
the writer, to whom we have been indebted for the articles
which have appeared in the Spy under the signature of E.
Although yon pillar’d dome, yon solid pile,'
On ‘Time’s approach seems scornfully to smile,
And plants its columns, classic. chaste and fair,
On his destroying scythe, thrown broken there;
And in its halls those trophies there are plac’d,
That once the war-chief and his people grac’d—
Ah! what avails it? Time's corroding rust
Shall give its walls and pillows ( Sic.) to the dust.
It leads your librarian to remark that the present dilapi-
dated condition of the original Antiquarian Hall and its
remaining wing on the south side, not only indicate the
action of “Time’s corroding rust,” but suggests a desire
that it would more speedily “give its walls and pillars to
the dust.”
The Due de Loubat has added to the Davis Spanish-
American department, reproductions—at his own charge—
of two more codices relating to Mexico. One is known
as the “Codex Telleriano-Remensis,” the other as the
“Codice Cospiano,” though sometimes called the “ Codice
Messicano di Bologna.” The originals are in the Biblio-
théque Nationale, Paris and in the library of the University
of Bologna, respectively.
' Referring to the Antiquarian Hall. On the seal of the Society is represented a
view of the Hall, and Time sitting near to it, with his seythe broken and thrown at
the foot of the pillars.
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UT 158 American Antiquarian Society.
[ Oct.,
i Dr. Charles L. Nichols has purchased for us “A Curious
Hieroglyphic Bible,” printed at Worcester in 1788. It is
one of the rarest of our founder’s imprints. Mr. Nathaniel
i Paine’s semi-annual gift includes one of the twenty-five
copies of his “Remarks at the Meeting of the Worcester
Fire Society, January 2, 1899.” Special attention is
called to this pamphlet, as it contains interesting extracts
from the valuable diary of Christopher C. Baldwin, a
tf former librarian of this Society.
ty Gen. Horatio Rogers, chairman of the Record Commis-
sioners, sends us, as issued, the Early Records of the
Town of Providence, Rhode Island, fourteen volumes of
which have already appeared.
President Salisbury‘s gift includes seventy of Rinehart’s
striking Photographs of American Indians, taken at the
Omaha Exposition in 1898. They are typical representa-
tives of twenty tribes; are young, old and middle-aged,
and generally shown in full dress. Mr. Nathaniel Paine
/ has effectively mounted and inscribed this valuable col- L
lection.
Mr. Henry P. Upham has supplied, as issued, “The
Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents” and has placed in
the Aleove of Family History Hoyt’s “Old Families of
Salisbury and Amesbury, Massachusetts.”
In April, 1884, your librarian presented the army letters
of his brothers, Captains Charles Henry Barton and George
Edward Barton. The former served during the war of
1861-1865 with the Tenth Missouri Cavalry and _ the
Forty-eighth Wisconsin Infantry ; and the latter with the
| Fifty-first and Fifty-seventh Massachusetts Infantry. He
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now places with these collections of soldiers’ letters, his
own war journal, letters and papers covering the years
1863-1865, when he was the Relief Agent of the United |
States Sanitary Commission for the Fifth Army Corps, |
hi Army of the Potomac. |
The receipt from Mr. Clarence 5. Brigham, of his |
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1899. } Report of the Librarian. 159
“Brown Record in the Revolution” and his “Brown Uni-
versity Bibliography ” is a reminder of service rendered in
the preparation of both the historical and bibliographical
monographs. We are always happy to add to our rich
stores of college material as well as to certify to its
frequent use.
Mr. Alfred W. Burrill’s gift includes a nearly complete
set of the reports of the Record Commissioners of Boston ;
and Miss Emma C. Pratt’s, fifty volumes of American news-
papers in continuation of complete files contributed for
many years by her tather, the late Mr. Joseph Pratt. Mr.
E. Harlow Russell, literary executor of Mr. Harrison G. O.
Blake, has presented the manuscript sermon of Rev. Aaron
Bancroft, D.D., preached in memory of Hon. Francis
Blake. This is in recognition of their early membership
in and distinguished services to this Society.
Mr. Cedric Chivers of Bath, England, sends us in fine
binding a work upon whose wrapper appears the following
legend, “Ony tule can write a book, it’s the Binding o’t,
the Binding o’t’s the thing.” <A bit of evidence that the
American sense of humor is making head-way in the mother
country.
Miss Mary F. Sargent has again added to the library
books and pamphlets, chiefly collected by her father the
late Dr. Joseph Sargent—for years a member of our
Council; and Mrs. Ginery Twichell has, by my request,
kindly replenished our stock of the quaint Twichell book-
plate.
Mr. R. A. Thompson, editor of The Pioneer and ITis-
torical Review, writes from San Francisco: “1 send you
under another cover, three Papers on The Explorers and
Explorations of the Northwest Coast of America. The
foot notes will explain why I send them. It is a matter of
not much importance, but as reference is made to the
Proceedings of your Society, I thought the Papers might
interest vou.” The Proceedings mentioned are those of
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160 American Antiquarian Society. [ Oct.,
1873 and 1879, which contain the articles contributed by
our associate Mr. John T. Doyle by request of Hon. John
D. Washburn, then our Recording Secretary. They again
remind us of the Society’s wide-spread influence as well as
membership.
The educational and scientific material acknowledged to
Mr. William G. Thompson was largely gathered by his
father, our late associate, Charles O. Thompson, Ph.D.
It has been classified with a view to its greatest usefulness,
A collection of Washington and other portraits, with many
photographs and maps are included in the valued gift.
Hon. Joseph H. Walker has presented the remainder of
the edition of his “ Facts and Suggestions on Money, Trade
”
and Banking,” with numerous national, state and miscel-
laneous publications. He has also sent to the library his
undistributed government documents, from which we shall
make the first selection.
Among the books received from Mrs. William T. Ward-
well—daughter of our late Councillor, Hon. P. Emory
Aldrich—is a copy of Salmon’s Geographical and Astro-
nomical Grammar of 1785, which bears the following
endorsement made shortly before the close of the Second
War for Independence :
‘* This volume taken from
John Bull on the Coast of
Ireland in the Winter of
1814, in testimony whereof
I hereunto set my name
Daniel Wardwell.”
Two volumes of The Boston Weekly Magazine and
Ladies Miscellany were also received from Mrs. Ward-
well. The number for May 8, 1819, contains an illustrated
article from The London Observer upon THE VELOSI-
PEDE OR SWIFT WALKER. The American editor
introduces the reprint with the following note: “The
Velocipede of which we give a cut below, was first intro-
duced into this town by Mr. SALISBURY, Wheelwright
in Water-street. Those who are curious to see this
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1899. ] Report of the Librarian. 161
inanimate animal can gratify their curiosity by calling at
Mr. Salisbury’s work shop.” The claims of the inventor—
Baron de Drais, Master of the Woods and Forests of H.
R.H. the Grand Duke of Baden—were, briefly stated: 1.
"That on a well-maintained post-road it will travel up hill
as fast as an active man can walk. 2. On a plain, even
after a heavy rain, it will go six or seven miles an hour;
which is as swift as a courier. 3. When roads are dry
and firm, it runs on a plain at the rate of eight or nine
miles an hour, which is equal to a horse’s gallop. 4. On
a descent, it equals a horse at full speed.” After careful
advice as to its use, the writer adds: “The inventor pro-
poses to construct them to carry two persons, and to be
impelled by each alternately, or by both at once ; and also
with three or four wheels ; with a seat fora lady. Besides
the application of a parasol or umbrella, he also proposes
to avail himself of a sail, with a favorable wind.” The
manufacturer appears to have been a coach-maker in Long-
Acre.
Accompanying the valuable gifts of Mr. Robert C.
Winthrop, Jr., was the following letter :
10 Walnut Street, Boston,
Aug. 3, 1899.
Dear Sir:
Rev. E. G. Porter tells me that he has described
to you a rather bulky volume which I am about sending as
a gift to the Library of the American Antiquarian Society,
and which was compiled at his suggestion. I need not
therefore go into any explanations on the subject, save to
mention that it will be delivered to you by express prepaid
about the time you receive this letter.
Early last Spring I told Mr. Salisbury that I was pre-
pared to give the same Society autograph letters of William
Bradford and Roger Williams. It was not then convenient
to do so, but I have now placed them ¢nside the cover of
the volume in question. I do not, however, wish them to
remain there, as they in no way relate to Tantiusques.
The Bradford letter is dated June 29, 1640, & will be
found in print in 4 Mass. Hist. Coll. vi. pp. 158-159.
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162 American Antiquarian Society, [ Oct
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The earliest of the two Williams letters is n. d., but
was undoubtedly written in June, 1637. It is to be found
in print in /ééd, pp. 194, 195.
The second Williams letter is dated June 25, 1675, & is
to be found in print in /b7d, pp. 299-3802.
The reason I send two of Williams is that they were
written at an interval of nearly forty years.
I do not know whether your Society is interested in
collecting autographs of early Colonial celebrities. If so,
and if you would specify any which may be needed, I might
perhaps give additional ones, if I happened to have enough
duplicates. Yours truly,
R. C. WINTHROP, Jr.
KE. M. Barton, Esq.
“The Tale of Tantiusques 1644-1776” appears in a large
folio volume of ninety-two pages, strongly bound in
buckram. It opens with Mr. Winthrop’s Introduction
and Table of Contents, which are followed by one hundred
and twenty-seven original agreements, letters, efc., and
five plans carefully mounted on cloth. Mr. Winthrop’s
explanatory notes add greatly to the interest of this won-
derful collection, which has been deposited in our steel
safe with the rare letters of William Bradford and Roger
Williams.
I acknowledge to the town of Lexington, Massachusetts,
the receipt of a copy of its Record of Births, Marriages
and Deaths, to January 1, 1898. We should be able to
secure by gift, exchange or purchase every publication of
this important class. The wise distribution of the remain-,
ders of such material could be materially aided by the
judicious city or town librarian, whose library should in
turn reap an abundant advantage thereby.
The Worcester Fire Society, through its clerk, Mr.
Charles A. Chase, has presented Reminiscences and Bio-
graphical Notices of twenty-one members, with an historical
sketch by Mr. Nathaniel Paine. It is the sixth of a series
of life-like pen pictures of citizens distinguished in their
day and generation. Ten of the twenty-one persons
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1899. ] Report of the Librarian. 163
named were honored members of this society, viz. : George
Folsom, Samuel B. Woodward, George Chandler, Ira M.
Barton, Benjamin F. Thomas, Samuel F. Haven, D. Waldo
Lincoln, Alexander H. Bullock and Francis H. Dewey.
The sketches were prepared by George F. Hoar, Waldo
Lincoln, Charles A. Chase, Joseph Mason, Waldo Lincoln,
Nathaniel Paine, Charles A. Chase, George F. Hoar,
Charles A. Chase and Frank P. Goulding, respectively.
Five of the six writers mentioned are to-day among our
most active associates.
We have received from the surviving members of the
Worcester West Association of ministers, organized in
1780 as the Westminster Association, their Book of
Records, covering the period from December 18, 1805, to
February 9, 1886. A letter relating thereto follows :
1899.
Sept. 13. Leicester, Mass.
Dear Sir :
The association (West’r & Wor. West) has not met
for many years. Rev. Alvin Freeman Bailey of Barre
and myself were the surviving members. I think he was
President and I Secretary. The Worcester Association, of
which we were also members, fills the place of both old
associations, and it was agreed between us not to try to
revive the old meetings. At a meeting of the latter body
I made an explanation, and was requested by those who
would naturally belong to the West’r Assoc. to place the
records in your charge. I had left them some years ago
in the Parsonage library in Templeton, and Mr. Pratt has
how recognized that request.
Very respectfully yours,
NATH’L SEAVER, Jr.
The Worcester Young Men’s Christian Association
wisely binds each volume of its periodical—" Worcester’s
Young Men”—before presenting it for preservation—a
safe example to follow.
We have added to our curious collection of constitutions,
by-laws and kindred documents one of an apparently
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164 American Antiquarian Society.
unique character. It is “ARTICLES OF AGRER-.
MENT | OF THE | SALEM ASSOCIATION FOR
MUTU | AL DEFENCE | SALEM: | PRINTED BY
JOSHUA CUSHING, | 1812.” The agreement—which is
dated Salem, August 19, 1812—follows: “WE the
Subscribers, exempted by law from military duty, agree
to equip ourselves according to the Militia Law of Massa-
chusetts, and to form ourselves into a Company by the
name of the Salem Association for Mutual Defence; the
officers thereof when elected shall inspect or cause to be
inspected the arms and equipments of each member at least
once in three months, and instruct those who request it in
military affairs and call out the company when requested
by the civil authority, and command the same when out,
and give to each member the watchword ; and the place of
rendezvous or alarm-post. And we do pledge ourselves as
aforesaid, and hold ourselves in constant readiness to obey
the lawful call and orders of such officers as we may elect
to command said company :
John Page (chosen Capt.)
Abel Lawrence (Lieut. )
Saml. Holman, jun. (ns. )
Edward S. Lang,
Samuel G. Derby,
John Babbidge,
John Stone,
Joseph Andrews,
Sam’l Peabody, jun., |
And seventy-seven privates.”
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I note briefly and as supplementary to the list of the
Society’s meeting places in Boston, which appeared in our
last Proceedings, the meeting places in Worcester. The
first gathering—in 1813—was at the dwelling-house of
Col. Reuben Sikes, Innholder, at 6 o’clock p.m. And
thereafter, when not held at the Library Rooms or Anti-
quarian Hall, the places indicated in the Records are the
Worcester Coffee House, Sikes’s Coffee House, Col.
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1899. ] Report of the Librarian. 165
Sikes’s Inn, the house of the President, the Exchange
Coffee House, Rev. Dr. Bancroft’s, and the Unitarian
Meeting House. The different names given to Sikes’s
popular Tavern were all suggestive of good cheer,
The death of our late associate, William Sumner Barton,
A.M., recalls his valuable services to the Society nearly
fifty years ago, in a vigorous attempt to complete its sets
of Massachusetts laws, resolves, journals, efc., and of the
United States public documents. On account of this labor
of love as well as for historical work already accomplished,
he was elected to membership, 26 April, 1854.
I have been requested to ask for the name of any
member of the Society who has made a special study of
the use of gowns by the early ministers of New England.
The Reverend Joseph B. Felt—for many years an honored
member—says in his “New England Customs,” published
in 1853: “Gowns have been mostly laid aside as a badge
of the ' Literati. The nonconformist clergy have, for the
most part, put them oft. They were used more among
them in our large towns and cities than elsewhere, even
proportionally to population.”
Fifty vears ago next Monday, Samuel Foster Haven,
Rev. Joseph Barlow Felt and Rev. Edward Everett Hale
were elected members of the Committee of Publication ;
Dr. Hale—now senior member of the committee—succeed-
ing Samuel Jennison, Esq., long time treasurer and
librarian of the Society. Dr. Hale has also served forty-
four years as councillor. The office of treasurer has been
filled by Mr. Nathaniel Paine for thirty-six years; and
twenty-five years ago today Samuel A. Green, M.D., and
Stephen Salisbury, Jr., Esq., were elected members of the
Council. Surely continuity of administration has been a
' Vice President Hoar stated upon the authority of Mrs. Samuel D. Spur1—an eye
witness,—that Daniel Webster wore the gown while delivering his Discourse in
Commemoration of the Lives and Times of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, in
Faneuil Hall, August 3, 1826
2
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166 American Antiquarian Society. [ Oct.
strong factor in the long, healthful and useful nineteenth-
century life of this honored Society.
With the greater general as well as special facilities for
transportation, the Society has less to fear in October,
1899, than in October, 1849, when Mr. Haven, in his
report, said: “Located in a country village of compara-
tively small proportions, the institution has not enjoyed
those advantages which the combination of literary tastes
with wealth and leisure aftords in larger towns and cities,’
Respectfully submitted.
EDMUND M. BARTON,
Librarian.
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1899. ] (rivers and Gifts, 167
Gibers and Gifts.
FROM MEMBERS.
BaRTON, EpMUND M., Worcester.—His collection of Journals, letters
and papers, written in 1863, ’64 and '65, while Relief Agent of the
United States Sanitary Commission for the Fifth Army Corps, Army
of the Potomac; and ‘‘ St. Andrew’s Cross,” in continuation.
BeLLows, JouNn, Gloucester, England.—His ‘‘ Evolution in the Monastic
Orders; Roman Work at Chepstow; Roman Remains at Bath.”
Buss, EvGeNE F., Cincinnati, O. —‘‘In Memory of Julius Dexter,
September 23, 1840—October 21, 1898.”
Davis, Hon. Epwarp L., Worcester.—Five books; and thirteen pam-
phiets.
DexTER, FRANKLIN B., New Haven, Conn. — ‘‘ Yale, Her Campus,
Class-Rooms and Athletics”: and Larned’s ‘‘ Historic Gleanings in
Windham, Connecticut.”
Foster, Wiituiam E., Providence, R. I.— His Report for 1898 as
Librarian of the Providence Public Library.
GumaN, Danret C., LL.D., Baltimore, Md.—Two of his publications.
GreeN, Hon. Samuet A., Boston.—Three of his own publications ;
four books; one hundred pamphlets; and the ‘ Journal of Numis-
matics,” in continuation.
Hate, Rev. Epwarp E., D.D., Roxbury.— The United States Weather
Maps for 1898-99, in continuation.
HoapLy, J., LL.D., Hartford, Conn.—Two proclamations.
Hoak, Hon. GrorGe F., Worcester.—Five books; one hundred and
eighty-one pamphlets; five portraits; four maps; and four files of
newspapers, in continuation,
HunTINGTON, Witt1aM R., D.D., New York. — His ‘‘ The American
College a Breakwater Against Plutocracy.”
JAMESON, J. FRANKLIN, LL.D., Editor, Providence, R. I1.—Papers from
the Historical Seminary of Brown University, as issued.
Lousat, Josern F., LL.D., New York.—His facsimile reproductions
of the ‘‘ Codice Cospiano,” and of the ‘‘Codex Telleriano—Remensis ” ;
and Hamy’s ‘‘ Mémories D’Archéologie et D’Ethnographie Améri-
caines.”
Mgap, Epwin D., Boston.—His ‘‘ The Present Crisis.”
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168 American Antiquarian Society. Oct.
Moore, CLarence B., Ph.D., Philadelphia, Pa.—His ‘‘ Certain Aborig-
inal remains on the Alabama River.”
CuarLes L., M.D., Worcester. — ‘‘A Curious Hieroglyphic
Bible,” Worcester, 1788.
Nourse, Hon. Henry S., Lancaster.—His ‘‘ Mrs. Mary Rowlandson’s
Removes”; and his Address at the Dedication of the Fogg Library,
PAINE, Rey. GEORGE S., Worcester.—A Dreyfus broadside.
PAINE, NATHANIEL, Worcester.—His Addition to the ‘* List of Early
American Broadsides”; his Remarks, January 2, 1599, at a Meeting
of the Worcester Fire Society ; twenty-nine books; two hundred and
thirty-nine pamphlets; and five files of newspapers.
Peet, STEPHEN D., Ph.D., Good Hope, Ill.—His ‘‘ American Antiqua-
rian and Oriental Journal ” as issued.
PuTNAM, FreperRICc W., Cambridge.—His Address as retiring President
of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1899.
Rocers, Gen. Horatio, Commissioner, Providence, R. I. — Early
Records of the Town of Providence, volume 14.
SaLispury, Hon. Worcester. — Twenty-one books; two
hundred and seventy-two pamphlets; one framed and _ seventy
unframed photographs; and eight files of newspapers, in continaa-
tion.
Smiru, CHaries C., Boston.—His ‘** Memoir of Clement Hugh Hill.”
UrnamM, Henry P., St. Paul, Minn. — *‘ Jesuit Relations and Allied
Documents,” vols. 39-54; and Hoyt’s ‘‘Old Families of Salisbury
and Amesbury, Massachusetts.”
Winsuir, GrorGe P., Providence, R. I.—Six of his own publications.
Wricutr, Carrot, D., Washington, D. C.—Bulletin of the Depart-
ment of Labor, as issued; and Annual Report of 1898.
FROM PERSONS NOT MEMBERS.
AMERICAN INVENTOR PUBLISHING Company. — The American
Inventor,” as issued.
ATKINSON, Epwarp, Editor, Brookline. — Numbers of ‘* The Anti.
Imperialist.”
Avery, E.roy M., Editor, Cleveland, O.—*‘ Avery Notes and Queries,”
as issued.
BANTA, THEODORE M., New York.—His ‘‘A Fresian Family : The Banta
Genealogy.”
BARTLETT, WituiaMm H., Commander.—Journal of the Thirty-third
Annual Encampment of the G. A. R., Department of Massachusetts.
Barton, Miss Lyp1a M., Worcester.—‘‘ The Association Record,” ia
continuation.
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1899. ] Givers and Gifts. 169
Barton, STEPHEN E., President, New York.—Report of the Centra!
Cuban Relief Committee of New York City, February, 1899.
Baum, Henry M., Editor, New York.— Numbers of his ‘* Monu-
mental Records.”
BeecHeR, CHARLES E., Ph.D., New Haven, Conn.—His Tribute to
Othniel Charles Marsh.
Boston Book Company.—‘‘ The Bulletin of Bibliography,” as issued.
Brinton, Mrs. Danie. G., Media, Pa. — Tributes to Daniel G.
Brinton, LL.D.
Brooks, Rev. WituiAM H., D.D., Secretary, Boston.—Journal of the 114th
Massachusetts Diocesan Convention.
BrowN, Miss Marie E., Chebres, Switzerland.—Her recent Essay on
the Northmen.
BuLtaRD, Rev. Henry, D.D., St. Joseph, Mo.—His ‘‘ Words of Cheer
to Stockmen’s Wives.”
BurteiGu, CuarLtes H., Worcester. — Three books; eighty-five
pamphlets; and one engraving.
BurRILL, ALFRED W., Worcester.—Ten volumes of the Reports of the
Record Commission of Boston; and ten Massachusetts State
Documents.
CALDWELL, Rev. AUGUSTINE, Eliot, Me.—His ‘‘ Hammatt Papers,”
Nos. 5 and 6; and Diary of John Frost, May—November, 1760.”
CANFIELD, Mrs. PENELOPE S., Worcester.—Eleven selected books.
CaNFIELD, Miss PENELOPE W., Worcester.—The ‘‘Army and Navy
Journal,” in continuation; and four pamphlets.
CaRPENTER, Rev. Cuarves C., Andover.—His ‘‘ Professor Edwards A.
Park at Ninety”; his ‘‘ Pilgrim Sight Seer in Andover”; and three
pamphlets.
CHICKERING, Josern K., Washington, D. C. — One book; and one
hundred and seventy pamphlets.
Cottier, Ropert, Editor, New York.—Numbers of Collier’s Weekly.”
CornisH, Louis H., New York.—‘‘ The Spirit of °76,” as issued.
De MENIL, ALEXANDER N., St. Louis, Mo.—‘* The Hesperian,” as issued.
Dopce, Benjamin J., Worcester. — Two pamphlets; and seven
circulars.
Dopér, James H., Auditor, Boston.—His Report of 1898-99
ELtswortu, J. Lewis, Worcester. — Manual of the Massachusetts
General Court for 1899.
Fett, CuarLes W., Marlborough.—One newspaper.
Fotsom, Capt. ALnerr A., Boston.—The 261st Annual Record of the
Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company.
FUNK aND WaGNaLLs, New York.—Numbers of “ The New Voice.”
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170 American Antiquarian Society. [ Oct.,
GAZETTE COMPANY.—The ‘‘Worcester Evening Gazette,” as issued.
GINN AND Company, Boston.—Their Bulletin, as issued.
GOESSMANN, GILE AND Company, Worcester.—‘‘ Bromide of Ethyl as
General Anesthetic.”
GOLDEN RULE PUBLISHING COMPANY, Boston.—‘‘The Christian Endeavor
World,” as issued.
YOODELL, Henry H., Director, Amherst.—The ‘‘ Hatch Experiment
Station Bulletin,” as issued.
GooLp, NATHAN, Portland, Me.—His ‘‘ History of Col. Scammon’s Old
Continentals of 1775.”
GREENLAW, Mrs. Lucy H., Cambridge.—Numbers of her ‘‘ Genealogi-
cal Advertiser.”
GREGSON, Rev. JoHn, Wiscasset, Me.—Sketch of the Life of James
Gregson.
GuiLp, Miss, Providence, R. I.—Tribute to Reuben A. Guild, LL.D.
Hartow, GEorRGE H., Worcester —His Second Supplement to the
‘*Index of Cases and Records of the Worcester County Court of
Insolvency.”
HARPER AND Brotruers, New York.—Numbers of ‘ Literature.”
HARRIMAN, Rev. FrepERIC W., Secretary, Windsor, Conn.— Journal of
Convention of the Diocese of Connecticut.
HassaM, JOHN T., Boston.—His ‘‘ The Bahama Islands.”
HATHAWAY, SAMUEL, Enfield, Conn.—His ‘* A Retrospect.”
Hitt, Miss Frances A., Worcester.—Four selected books.
How ey, M. F., Rt. Rev., St. John’s, Newfoundland. — His ‘ Vinland
Vindicated.”
HutcnHins, Frep. L., Worcester.—One pamphlet.
Jones, Rev. Henry L., 8.T.D., Wilkes-Barré, Pa.—Numbers of “ The
Parish Guest.”
JupDKINS, WILLIAM L., Clinton.—One book.
Koopman, Harry L., Providence, RK. I. — Tributes to Reuben A.
Guild, LL.D.
Lewis, CaLvin W., Bostori.—His ‘‘ John Chamberlain: Specimens of
the Alleged Evidence that he Slew the Pequaket Indian Chief.”
LipraRyY Suppty Company, London, G. B. — Numbers of “ The
Library World.”
LINCOLN, Mrs. ELizaBeTH TRUMBULL, Worcester. — ‘‘A Tribute to
Louisa C. Trumbull.”
LOWDERMILK, WILLIAM H., anp Company, Washington, D. C.—‘ The
Washington Book Chronicle,” as issued.
MACMILLAN AND Company, New York. — ‘‘ Book Reviews,” 48
issued.
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1899. ] Givers and Gifts. 171
Mash, CROWELL AND Kirkpatrick, Springfield, Woman's Home
Companion,” as issued.
MeeHAN, THOMAS AND Sons, Philadelphia, Pa. — Numbers of
Meehan’s Monthly.”
MESSENGER COMPANY, Worcester.—‘‘ The Messenger,” as issued.
MONTGOMERY PUBLISHING CoMmPpaNy, New York. — Numbers of
“Literary Life.”
Morse, G. WILLIS, Worcester.—‘‘ Entrevue de Paris, 6, Octobre 1896,”
a colored lithograph.
Morse, Ricnarp C., Secretary, New York.—‘‘Y. M.C. A. Year Book
of North America.”
Neate Company, Washington, D. C.—Numbers of the ‘‘ Conservative
Review.”
Netson, WILLIAM, Paterson, N. J.—His ‘‘Issues of the Press of New
Jersey, 1723, 1728, 1754-1800.”
New YorK EVENING Post PRINTING ComMpany.—‘‘The Nation,” as
issued.
New York INDEPENDENT CoMPpANY.—Numbers of *‘ The Independent.”
Noyes, JaMES A., Boston.—His ‘‘ Adams Pedigree.”
PeXa¥inL, ANTONIO, Director, Mexico, Mex.—The Annual Statistical
Report of the Republic of Mexico; and three pamphlets.
PeRLEY, SIDNEY, Salem.—Numbers of his ‘‘ Essex Antiquarian.”
Perry, ALFRED T., Hartford, Conn.—‘: The Pre-eminence of the
Bible as a book.”
Perers, WittiaM R., New York. — ‘‘Diary of David McClure,
1748-1820.”
Ponp, WILLARD F., Worcester.—One photograph.
Pratt, Miss Emma C., Worcester. — Fifty volumes of American
newspapers, 1871-1883.
Rankin, M. A., Denver, Colo.—Numbers of ‘‘ The Western Miner and
Financier.”
Reap, GeorGe B., Boston. — His additions to the “ Bibliography of
Vermont.”
RepicaN, Rev. Joun F., Leicester. —His Account of St. Joseph’s
Cemetery, Leicester, Mass.
Rick, Mrs. BensaMin T., Worcester.—Thirty-three numbers of The
Magazine of American History.
Rich, MarsuHaLyi N., Editor, Portland, Me.—‘‘ The Portland Board of
Trade Review,” as issued.
RiorDAN, Joun J., Supervisor, Worcester.—His “ Statistical Report of
the Evening Schools of Worcester, 1898-99.”
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172 American Antiquarian Society. [ Oct.,
Rospinson, Mrs. Cuaries, Lawrence, Kansas. — Her ‘ Kansas; its
Interior and Exterior Life.”
ROBINSON, JULIUS, West Boylston. — His article on the Robert B.
Thomas house.
Ropinson, Miss Mary, Worcester.— Five books; and one hundred and
twenty-three pamphlets.
ROCKWELL, ROBERT C., Pittsfield.—‘‘ Rev. Samuel Harrison: His Life
Story told by himself.”
ROGERS, CHARLES E., Barre.—The ‘‘ Barre Gazette,
”
as issued.
Russet, E. Hartow, Executor, Worcester. — Manuscript sermon by
Rev. Aaron Bancroft, D.D., in memory of Hon. Francis Blake.
SARGENT, Miss Mary F., Worcester.—Twenty-four books; and thirty-
three pamphlets.
SCOVILLE, WILLIAM H., Manager, Hampton, Va.—Numbers of “ The
Southern Workman and Hampton School Record.”
SEAVER, Rev. NATHANIEL, JR., Leicester.—The Manuscript records of
the Westminster Association—now the Worcester West Association,
1805-1886.
SELLERS, Epwin T., Philadelphia, Pa.—‘*‘ Genealogy of Dr. Francis J.
Pfeiffer and his Descendants.”
SENTINEL PRINTING CoMpaNny.—‘‘ The Fitchburg Weekly Sentinel.”
Suaw, Josern A., Head Master, Worcester. — Highland Military
Academy Register, 1898-99; and thirteen numbers of magazines.
SLAFTER, Rev. EpMuND F., D.D., Registrar, Boston. — His Sixteenth
Report on the Massachusetts Diocesan Library.
Soctety Times PUBLISHING CoMPpaNy, New York. — Numbers of
Society Times.”
SoLBERG, THORVALD, Register, Washington, D. C.— Three of his
reports.
NicHo.as E., Worcester.—Twelve historical pamphlets.
SpraGue, Henry H., Chairman, Boston.—The Fourth Annual Report
of the Metropolitan Water Board, 1899.
Sry Pususninc Company.—‘‘ The Worcester Daily Spy”; and The
Massachusetts Spy,” as issued.
STEVENSON, M., Allegheny, Pa.—His Carnegie and _ his
_Libraries.”’
Srone, Grorce E., Ph.D., Amherst.—His “Flora of Lake Quin-
sigamond.”
Tart, Henry G., Uxbridge.—An Early Map of the United States; and
Tallis’s Illustrated Plan of London.
TELEGRAM NEwspaPer Company, Worcester.—Volume thirteen of ‘The
Daily Telegram.”
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1899. ] Givers and Gifts, 1738
Taacner, JOHN B., Albany, N. Y.—His ** The Cabotian Discovery.”
Tuompson, R. A., San Francisco.—His ‘‘ Explorers and Explorations
of the Northwest Coast of America”; and three pamphlets.
WiLliaAM G., Cambridge.— Thirty-seven books; ninety-
three pamphlets; four bound volumes and eighty-four individual
photographs ; fourteen engravings; fifteen maps; sixty-six portraits ;
three broadsides ; and one scrap-book.
Trask, WittiaM B., Boston. — His ‘‘ Authors of the History of
Dorchester, Massachusetts.”
TUCKERMAN, FReEpERICK, Ph.D., Boston.—His ‘‘ Thomas Cooper and
his Descendants.”
TuRNER, GEORGE C., Norwell.—Numbers of his ‘* Historia.”
TurNnER, JOHN H., Ayer.—His ‘‘ Groton Landmark,” as issued.
TwIcHELL, Mrs. GinERyY, Boston.—One hundred Ginery Twichell book-
plates.
Vinton, Rev. ALEXANDER H., D.D., Worcester.—‘‘ The Parish,” as
issued.
WatkerR, Hon. Joseru H., Worcester.—Two hundred and ninety-five
books; and ninety pamphlets.
WarDWELL, Mrs. WILLIAM T., Worcester.—Twenty-nine books; eight
pamphlets; and one engraving.
Wessy, JOSEPH S. AND Sons, Worcester.—One hundred and forty-two
books; eight hundred and fifty-seven pamphlets; and twelve files of
bound and ten of unbound newspapers.
WHITTEN, Rev. WILLIAM W., Secretary. Chariton, lowa.—Report of the
Forty-seventh Annual Convention of the Diocese of Iowa.
Wuitcoms, Miss Mary G., Worcester.—‘‘ The Utah Herald,” in con-
tinuation.
Wuire, Mrs. Ricuarp P., Secretary, Philadelphia, Pa.—Publications
of the American Anti-Vivisection Society, as issued.
Witson, Louis N., Worcester.—Two of his book-plates.
Winturop, Roserr C. Jr., Boston.— An original letter of William
Bradford; two manuscript letters of Roger Williams; and a volume
marked ‘“‘ The Tale of Tantiusques, 1644-1776,” containing original
plans, agreements and letters relating thereto.
Wirt, GeorGe E., M.D., Worcester.—Four books; and one hundred
and sixty-one pamphlets.
Worcester County COMMISSIONERS.— Forty-five Directories.
Worcester PoLtyrecunic Instirute, CLass or "99. --“W. P.
Aftermath of ’99.”
Worcester Recorper Comrany.—‘* The Worcester Recorder,” as
issued.
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American Antiquarian Society. [ Oct.,
Wricut, W. H. R., Plymouth, Eng.—His ‘‘ Plymouth as a Tourist and
Health Resort.”
ZAREMBA, CHARLES W., Riverside Ill.—His ‘‘ The Place of Origin of
the Aztecs,” and list of Hieroglyphic records secured by him.
FROM SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. —Publications of the
Academy, as issued.
ACADEMY OF SCIENCE OF St. Lours.—Publications of the Academy, as
issued.
ALABAMA Historica. Socrety.—Transactions of the Society, as issued.
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND Scriences.—Publications of the
Academy, as issued.
AMERICAN Baptist MISSIONARY UNION.—‘‘ The Baptist Missionary
Magazine,” as issued.
AMERICAN CATHOLIC HistToricaL Sociery.—Publications of the Society,
as issued.
AMERICAN CONGREGATIONAL ASSOCIATION. — The Forty-sixth Annual
Report; and an Historical Sketch of the Association.
”
AMERICAN ForeEstTRY ASSOCIATION.—‘‘ The Forester,” as issued.
AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL Socrery. — Publications of the Society, as
issued.
AMERICAN NUMISMATIC AND ARCHZOLOGICAL Socirety.— Publications
of the Society, as issued.
AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL Socrerty.—Publications of the Society, as
issued.
AMERICAN SEAMEN’S FRIEND Socrety.—‘‘ The Sailor’s Magazine,” as
issued.
AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION.—Publications of the Association,
as issued.
ANCIENT AND HONORABLE ARTILLERY CoMPaNY. — The Two Hundred
and Fifty-ninth Annual Record.
AUSTRALIAN MuseumM.—Publications of the Museum, as issued.
Boston BoarD or HeattH.—Publications of the Board, as issued.
Boston, Ciry or.—Three volumes of City Documents, 1890.
Boston Ciry Hospitat Trustees.—The Thirty-fourth and Thirty-
fifth Annual Reports.
Boston Pustic Lisrary.—Publications of the Library, as issued.
BowpoINn CoLLeGe Lisrary.—Publications of the College, as issued.
BROOKLINE HistoricaL PUBLICATION Socrety.—Publications of the
Society, as issued.
BROOKLINE PuBLic Liprary.—Library publications, as issued.
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1899. ] Givers and Gifts. 175
BROOKLYN (N. Y.) Linrary.—The Forty-first Annual Report.
BurFaLo HistoricaL Sociery.—Publications of the Society, as issued.
BunkerR HILL MONUMENT AssocraTION.—-Proceedings, June 17, 1899.
BurEAU OF AMERICAN ReEPUBLICS.—Publications of the Bureau, as
issued.
CAMBRIDGE (ENGLAND) ANTIQUARIAN Socirery.—Publications of the
Society, as issued.
CANADIAN INSTITUTE.—Publications of the Institute, as issued.
CENTRAL NATIONAL LIBRARY, OF FLORENCE. — Publications of the
Library, as issued.
CHAUTAUQUA ASSEMBLY.—One pamphlet.
Crry LisraRy Association, Springfield.—The Library publications, as
issued.
Crakk UNIVERSITY, Worcester.—Summer School Announcement, 1899.
Cotpy COLLEGE Lisprary.—Ricker’s ‘‘ Personal Recollections of the
College.”
CotuMBIA UNIVERSITY.—‘‘ The Political Science Quarterly,” as issued.
Connecticut HisroricaL Socirery.—Publications of the Society, as
issued.
Connecticut Strate Liprary.—The State Register and Manual for
1899.
DepHaM HistoricaL Sociery.—Publications of the Society, as issued.
Eviot (Me.) HisroricaL Socrery.—‘‘ Old Eliot,” as issued.
Essex INsTiITUTE.—Publications of the Institute, as issued.
FircupurG, Ciry or.—The City Documents, 1898; and City Manual
of 1899.
Foce Lisrary, South Weymouth.—Account of the Dedication of the
Library, September 14, 1898.
Free MusEUM OF SCIENCE AND Art, Philadelphia, Pa. — The Museum
Bulletin, as issued.
HARTFORD THEOLOGICAL SeMINARY.—Publications of the Seminary, as
issued.
Hetena Linrary.—‘: The Library Bulletin,” as issued.
HistoricaL Society OF PENNSYLVANIA.—Publications of the Society,
as issued.
HISTORISCHER VEREIN DER OBERPFALZ UND REGENSBURG.—Publica-
tions of the Society, as issued.
lowa Historica DEPARTMENT.—‘‘ The Annals of Iowa,” as issued.
Ipswich Historica, Sociery.—* Sketch of the Life of John Winthrop
the Younger,” by Thomas F. Waters.
Jersey Ciry Free Pusiic Lisrary. Library publications, as issued.
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176 American Antiquarian Society. [ Oct.,
Joun CRERAR Liprary, Chicago, Ill.—The Fourth Annual Report.
Jouns Hopxtins Universiry.—Publications of the University, as issued.
Kansas City Pusiic Liprary.—The Seventeenth Annual Report.
Kansas State HisroricaLt Socrery.—Publications of the Society, as
issued.
LELAND STANFORD UNIVERSITY. — Publications of the University,
as issued.
LEXINGTON, Town or.—‘: Record of Lexington Births, Marriages and
Deaths, to January 1, 1898.”
Los ANGELES PuBLIC LIBRARY.—Report for 1898.
LOWELL City Liprary.—Publications of the Library, as issued.
LYNN HisroricaL Socitery.—The Register of the Society for 1898.
Marne HisroricaL Sociery.—Publications of the Society, as issued.
MASSACHUSETTS, COMMONWEALTH OF.—‘‘ The ‘98 Campaign of the 6th
Massachusetts U. S. V.,” by Frank E. Edwards; Massachusetts
Soldiers and Sailors in the Revolutionary War, vol. V.; and six State
documents.
MASSACHUSETTS FREE PuBLIC LIBRARY COMMISSION. — The Report of
1899.
MASSACHUSETTS GRAND LODGE OF ANCIENT FREE AND ACCEPTED
Masons.—Proceedings of the Grand Lodge, as issued.
MASSACHUSETTS HisroricaL Socitrery.—Publications of the Society, as
issued.
MASSACHUSETTS HospiraL TrusTEES.—The Eighty-fifth Annual Report.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY.— Annual Catalogue and
Reports, 1898-99.
MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL Sociery.—Publications of the Society, as
issued.
MASSACHUSETTS Society OF COLONIAL Wars.—The Year Book for 1899.
MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETY OF THE SONS OF THE REVOLUTION.—The
Society’s Register for 1899.
MASSACHUSETTS StTaTE Boarp Or HEALTH. — Publications of the
Board, as issued.
NATIONAL BoarRD OF TraDE.— Proceedings of the Twenty-ninth
Annual Meeting.
Newark (N. J.) Free Pusiic Linrary.—The Tenth Annual Report.
New ENGLAND Historic GENEALOGICAL Sociery.—Publications of the
Society, as issued.
New Jersey Historica, Soctery.—Publications of the Society, as
issued.
New York ACADEMY Or Science.—Publications of the Academy, as
issued.
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New YORK GENEALOGICAL AND BroGRaPHicaL Sociery.—Publications
of the Society, as issued.
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Traveter’s Insurance Company. — The Traveler’s Record,” as
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mission.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.—The Official Gazette
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THE AMERICAN JURISDICTION OF THE BISHOP OF
LONDON IN COLONIAL TIMES.
BY SIMEON E. BALDWIN.
No one can study the ecclesiastical history of the English
Colonies in America before the Revolution, without
observing indications from first to last of the influence of
the Bishop of London. Wherever the Church of England
took root, it was to him especially that its adherents looked
for countenance and direction, and for a century or more
he exercised over them something very closely approaching
episcopal authority.
In the Repertorium Ecclesiasticum Parochiale Londin-
ense (London, 1708), which gives a full description of
every parish in the diocese and a history of the see down
to 1700, no mention is made of any American church or
living. A few years later, Dr. Edmund Gibson, then
occupying the see, in an interview with a representative of
the parish of King’s Chapel in Boston, expressly disclaimed
any right of presentation to the rectorship which was then
vacant.' How was it then that the Bishop of London
could send commissaries to the colonies, and that the
clergymen of the Church of England who came to this
country were generally expected to produce a license to
officiate, from him ?
Bishop Perry, in his elaborate “ History of the American
Episcopal Church,”® follows Anderson in attributing the
origin of this jurisdiction to the fact that in the early days
of the colony of Virginia, Dr. King, who then held the see
of London, was a member of the Royal Council constituted
under the charter of the Virginia Company, and warmly
'Greenwood’s Hist. of King’s Chapel, 88. * I., 74.
1899.] The Jurisdiction of the Bishop of London. 17
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180 American Antiquarian Society.
interested in the missionary aims of the new plantation,!
The charter of 1606 provided for a Council of Thirteen,
with its seat in England, to have the general direction of
the aftairs of the colony. The charter of 1609 enlarged
the council to more than fifty members, one of whom was
“James, Lord Bishop of Bath and Wells.” That of
March, 1611-12, states that “ George, Lord Archbishop of
Canterbury,” had joined the “ Adventurers” or incorpora-
tors since the grant of the former charter, but does not
name him as a Councillor. In none of them do we find
any mention of Dr. King.? The Archbishop of Canter-
bury, Dr. George Abbot, had, however, been Bishop of
London during the year preceding the grant of the third
charter, and probably joined the Virginia company soon
after coming to London to assume that office.’ He wasa
strong though liberal Churchman, and published, a few
years later (1617), a “Brief Description of the whole
World, wherein is particularly described all the Monarchies,
Empires and Kingdoms of the same, with their Academies,
&c..” in which reference is made to what had then been
accomplished in American colonization. It is to him (as
Archbishop of Canterbury), that Smith’s * Advertisements
tor the Unexperienced Planters of New England,” Was
dedicated in 1651.
The first Church of England missionary sent to America,
Rev. Robert Hunt, who sailed in 1606, was selected by
Wingfield, the President of the Colony, with the approval
of Dr. Richard Bancroft, then the primate, and Abbot's
immediate predecessor, as such.4 On Wingfield’s return
' Anderson’s Hist. of the Colonial Church, I., 322. Both Perry and Anderson
probably found their opinion on the statements made by Bishop Sherlock in 1738,
in a memorial to the King in Council, printed in Documents relating to the Colonial
History of New York, VII., 360.
:2 Poore’s Charters and Constitutions, 1898-1904.
Anderson, II., 229, erroneously states that he was named as Bishop of London in
the charter of 1609. Apparently in making copies of that charter for American use,
the names of adventurers who joined the company after 1609 were incorporated.
—Neill’s Hist. of the Virginia Co., 24.
4 Perry’s Hist., I., 42.
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1899. ] The Jurisdiction of the Bishop of London. 18]
to England in disgrace, he wrote out a narrative of his
administration, and probably presented it to the Arech-
bishop, for the original manuscript is to be found in the
Lambeth Library.'
The next missionary to Virginia went in 1609, recom-
mended by Dr. Ravis, Abbot’s predecessor as Bishop of
London.2, When Dr. King succeeded to that see, he
therefore found it already sustaining certain relations to
the American plantations, assumed by Ravis and Abbot.
Abbot soon had quite enough to occupy his energies at
home, in his long struggle against Laud and the Roman-
izing tendencies tor which Laud stood. The Virginia
Company had its principal seat at London. The Bishop
of that diocese ranked next after the Archbishop in eccles-
iastical precedence. Upon King’s accession to the Council
for Virginia, he would naturally be looked to for advice,
by his associates, in all matters of an ecclesiastical nature.
Hence, it may fairly be assumed, he increased, though he
did not originate, the supervision of the Bishop of London
over the Virginia settlements, until it gradually came to be
recognized as authoritative on both sides of the Atlantic.
In 1616, we find Dr. King extending the hospitalities of
Fulham to Pocahontas,*® and at about the same time he was
especially active in promoting the contributions for estab-
lishing a college in Virginia for the education of Indian
children in the true faith; securing himself the greater
part of the funds raised for that purpose.4 Laud became
his successor in the see of London in 1628, and was
nota man to let slip any prerogatives which had been
enjoyed by his predecessor in office. Five years later,
on his becoming Archbishop of Canterbury, he pro-
cured the appointment of Dr. William Juxon as_ his
successor in the bishopric, and soon afterwards obtained
an order from the Privy Council that religious services set
'Winsor’s Narr. and Crit. Hist. of America, II., 155.
*Perry’s Hist.,1., 54. Jbid., 1.,62. Ibid., 1., 72, 70.
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up in foreign parts by any company of merchants, should
be according to the doctrine and discipline of the Chureh
of England, and that on notice of any breach of this
requirement given to the Bishop of London for the time
being, he should take order and give remedy accordingly.'
This was that dark period in English history which
Green has aptly styled the time of the tranny. For
eleven vears there were to be no parliaments, and the
same policy dictated the replacement of the existing
colonial governments by something more in accordance
with the principles of absolutism.
On April 28, 1654, the patent was issued which made
the two archbishops, with ten of the other principal officers
of State, a High Commission, with power to regulate the
affairs of every English colony in all matters, from the
greatest to the least, subject as to the former to the
approval of the crown.? England then had no colonies
except those in America, and the main objects of the
Commission undoubtedly were to extend the jurisdiction
of the established church, and strike down free govern-
ment in Massachusetts.
Karly in 1635, Laud took what he describes as his
greatest achievement yet in behalt of the Church of
England,® and secured the appointment of Juxon to the
great office of Lord High Treasurer. The Earl of
Portland, by whose death it had become vacant, had been
one of the High Commissioners named in the patent of
1634. A new patent, to the same effect, was next issued
on April 10, 1636, which, while revoking the old one,
gave the powers which it conferred to the same persons,
except that the name of the Earl was replaced by that of
' Anderson’s Hist., I1., 33, 34.
2 Patent Rolls No. 2650, 10 Charles I., Part No. 39; Calendar of State Papers:
Colonial, VIII., 1574-1660,177. An English translation of the Latin original is given
in Bradford’s History, Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., 4th series, III., 456, and was copied into
the records of the Plymouth Church. Another translation appears in Hutchinson’s
Hist. I1., 502, and Hubbard’s Hist., Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., 2d series, V. and VL., 264.
> Hallam’s Const. Hist. of Eng., I1., 46, note.
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1899. | The Jurisdiction of the Bishop of London. 183
Juxon, described both by his episcopal and civil dignities.!
These commissions excited general alarm in New
England, and well they might. The grant was one of
power to the twelve Commissioners or any five of them,
not only to order at pleasure the civil affairs of the
colonies, but to provide for the support of the clergy there
by tithes or otherwise, first advising with two or three
bishops whom they were to call in for counsel, and further
“Judicesque et magistratus politicos et civiles ad causas
civiles, et cum potestate et sub forma qua vob. quing. vel
pluribus vrm® videbitr expedire Ac judices magistratus et
dignitates ad Causas Eccticas et sub potestate et forma que®
vob. quing. vel pluribus vrm'* Epis Suffraganeis Archiepi
Cantuariens pro tempore existen consult videbitr expedire
constituere et ordinare. . . .”
For any such orders, however, as well as in the case of
the revocation of a colonial patent or removal of a
colonial governor, the royal assent was first to be obtained,
under the privy seal.®
The provision thus made in regard to suffragan bishops
isa peculiar one.
The clauses quoted are given as they appear in the
original enrolment of the patent in the Patent Rolls of 10
Charles I., a copy of which I append to this paper,® as it
has never, I believe, been put in print.
Those copies which have been published fill up the
abbreviations in the words referring to the Archbishop of
Canterbury, so as to make them read
Archiepiscopo Cantuariensi pro tem-
pore existenti consulto ).”
'Rymer’s Foedera, Lond. Ed., XX., 8; Pownal’s Administration of the British
Colonies, II., 155.
Vestrum.
* This word was probably so written by a slip of the enrolling clerk and should
read qua.
Vestrum.
‘See Appendix A, and the Patent of April 10, 1636,as given in Hazard’s Hist.
Coll., J., 344.
* Appendix A, p. 213.
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American Antiquarian Society.
Two dratts of this commission in English are on file in
the State Paper office, marked respectively No. 12 and
No. 13, which are indexed in the Calendar of State Papers
as copies of that document. A close examination of them
shows that No. 12,' at least, is a draft only, as will appear
by reference to the particular clause now under considera-
tion, as given in each. I present them, for convenience in
comparison, in parallel columns.
No. 13.
to constitute
No. 12.
to Constitute
Judges and Magistrates Judges and magis-
politicall and Civell trates politicall and
tor Civill Causes and civile for Civile
under the power & causes and under the
forme; which to yo" power & torme w" to
five or more of yo" you five or more ot
with the B® Vice- vou shall seeme ex-
gerentes (provided by pedient. And to or-
the Arch’? of Canter- daine Judges, Magis-
burie tor the time be- trates and dignities
inge) shall seeme ex- to causes Ecclesias-
pedient. And to ticall and under the
ordayne Courtes Pre- Power & torme w* to
torian and Tribunall you five or more ot
as well Eecticall as you w" the bishops
Civell of Judgmentes vicegerents (pvided
to determine of the by the Archbishop of
forme and manner of Canterbury for the |
proceeding in the same.” tvme being) shall
seeme expedient,
And to ordaine Courts .
Pretorian & Tribunall
as well Ecclesias- '
ticall as Civile of I
Judgmentes. To de-
termine of the formes
and manner of proceed-
ings in the same.” ‘
' A copy of No, 12 is annexed to this paper: Appendix B, p. 215,
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1899. ] The Jurisdiction of the Bishop of London. 185
Of the contemporary translations found in American
historians, Bradford’s makes the grant of establishing
Ecclesiastical tribunals run to ** five or more of you with
the advice of the bishops vicegerents (provided by y'
Archbishop of Counterbure for y* time being).”'! Hubbard,
who is followed by Hutchinson, reads it as to ‘five or
more of you with the advice of the bishops suffragan to
the Archbishop of Canterbury for the time being.” ®
It seems, however, difficult to read the Latin text other-
wise than as meaning “ suffragan bishops of the Archbishop
of Canterbury for the time being having been consulted.”
The official drafts show that suffraganei was understood
at the time as equivalent to “vicegerents.” A vicegerent
is one who acts as the deputy of another and in his place.
The commissary ot a bishop might, in a certain sense, be
styled his deputy, but the Latin commission excludes any
such meaning in this instance. An episcopal commissary
could never be styled an suffraganeus, The
reference evidently is to bishops who are suffragan to the
archbishop. Cowell, in his /nterprefer, published in 1637,
defines a suffraganeus as “a titular Bishop ordained and
assisted to aide the Bishop ot the Diocesse in his spiritual
function.” Spelman’s Glossary makes him a bishop who
is held to support (sufragar7) and assist the archbishop,
adding that rocatié enim sunt in partem sollicitudinis Archi-
episcopt, non in plenitudinem potestatis.
At the date of the commission now in question, it was
competent for any archbishop or bishop in the realm, to
procure the consecration of a suffragan bishop to execute
within his diocese such episcopal powers as he might com-
mitto him.* During the sixteenth century a considerable
number of such suffragans were commissioned, and one at
' Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., 4th Series, I11., 458. This is a translation of the first
patent of April 28, 1634
Id., 2d Series, Vol. V. and V1., 264 (Chap. 36.); Hutehinson’s Hist. L1., 504
Stat. 26 Henry VILL... Chap. XIV. (1534); 1 Eliz., Chap. L., See, 8 (1558
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186 American Antiquarian Society. [ Oct.,
least was appointed in the early years of the seventeenth,!
In the declaration of Charles II. concerning ecclesiastical
affairs, made immediately before his restoration, «he
promised to appoint “such number of suffragan bishops in
every diocese, as shall be sufficient for the due performance
of this work.” None, however, were so appointed, and
Burn, in the next century, treated this station in the church
as out of use,? though all bishops in the province of
Canterbury were popularly called suffragan to the areh-
bishop.*
I incline to think that the two provisions in the patent
as to taking episcopal advice must be construed in close
connection with each other, and so that no special creations
or appointments of suffragans for colonial purposes was
contemplated.
The first of these provisions in the Latin text declares
that the Commissioners are to designate the means for the
support of the colonial clergy, by tithes, oblations or
otherwise “ juxta sanas discreccoes vras in politicis et civili-
bus et hito Concilio duor vel triu Epor. quos ad vos
convocandos duxeritis.” 4
Here we have the number of bishops to be consulted
(habito concilio) fixed at two or three, and their selection
left to the Commissioners. Considerations of local econ-
venience as well as of propriety would make it almost
certain that the Bishop of London, whose see included the
capital, would always be one of those called on.
The later provision for ecclesiastical tribunals does not
specify how many bishops are to be consulted, or in what
way they are to be chosen, but does require them to be
suffragan to the Archbishop of Canterbury. To make the
patent definite and certain, therefore, it seems necessary to
take this as referring to the number previously designated
! Dr. Sterne, Bishop of Colchester, appointed in 1606.
Burn’s Ecclesiastical Law, 229.
Per Holt, C. J., in Bishop of St. Davids v. Lucy, 1 Lord Raymond’s Reports, &.
Appendix A, p, 214.
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1899. ] The Jurisdiction of the Bishop of London. 187
and the mode of selection before prescribed, adding simply
that they must belong to the province of Canterbury.
By reading “consu/t” as meant for, not consultis, but
consulto, the language used might also bear the construction
that, with the advice or by the order of the Archbishop,
the Commissioners were to constitute and ordain proper
magistracies and dignitates tor ecclesiastical causes by
means Of suffragan bishops; that is, by the appointment
of such dignitaries for the colonies. It may be that the
patent was advisedly drawn in this blind way, in order to
leave the door open for such an appointment, if it were
ever deemed expedient, and yet put the phraseology in a
form which would bear a very different interpretation,
should the people prove too restive under the rapid exten-
sion of royal prerogative.
Juxon retained the position of Lord High Treasurer
until driven out by parliamentary agitation in 1641.
Combining thus the highest of administrative civil offices
with one ot the highest spiritual offices, and also being :
member of the High Commission for the Colonies, he was
in a position to consolidate and confirm whatever of
authority over the American churches his predecessors in
the see of London had enjoyed. So far as Virginia was
concerned, the Bishop of London, as such, was henceforth
regarded as rightfully possessed of a certain episcopal
authority, and the exercise of a visitorial and ministerial
jurisdiction of this description, by him and _ his suecessors
in the see, was informally sanctioned, both by Charles I.
and Charles II.' The first step in the nature of any official
recognition was taken in the instructions issued in 1679
to Lord Culpepper, as Governor of the Colony, by which
he was directed to preter no minister to a benefice without
a certificate from the Lord Bishop of London of his con-
formity to the Chureh of England.?
Perry’s Hist., 1., 74, 154.
* Memorial of Bishop Sherlock in 1759. Documents relating to the Col. Hist. of
New York, VII., 360.
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Similar provisions occurred in the instructions to other
provincial governors far into the next century. In several
cases, as in those issued in 1685 to Governors in the West
Indies, and in 1758 to Governor Bernard, upon his going
to New York, we find an addition of this kind :
“And to the end that the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction’ of
the said Lord Bishop of London may take place in our
said Province so far as conveniently may be, We do think
fit that you give all Countenance & Encouragement to the
Exercise of the Same, Excepting only the Collating to
Benefices, Granting Licenses for marriages, and probate of
Wills, which we have reserved to you Our Governor and
the Commissioner in Chief of Our said province for the
time being.”!
Another article declared that no one was to come from
England and keep school in the province “ without the
licence of the said Bishop of London.” *
In the instructions given to the Governor of Jamaica, in
1681, we find the provision that any minister officiating
without due orders should be reported to the bishop. Bishop
Sherlock, in remarking upon this, in a memorial addressed
to the King in Council, in 1759, observes that it does not
appear to what such a report could lead, “the Plantations
heing no part of his Diocese, nor had he any authority to
act there.”
The Bishop of London never visited Virginia, but he
was represented in the Colony by a succession of commis-
saries, the most eminent of whom was James Blair, the
founder of William and Mary College (1693). The
hishop’s commissary for the time being was ex officio a
member of the Governor's Council, after the full estab-
lishment of royal power in 1683.°
1 Doe. rel. to Col. Hist. of N. ¥., VIIL., 363; Greene on the Provincial Governor,
App., XX., 230, 253.
2 [hid., Greene, 254.
Doc, rel. to Col. Hist. of N. Y., VIL., 362.
‘ Perry’s Hist. of the Am, Episcopal Church, II., 420
Fisher’s Colonial Era, 270.
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1899.] The Jurisdiction of the Bishop of London. 189
Not unnaturally, this jurisdiction gradually attached
itself to the Church of England in all the other American
colonies. The charter of 1681, granted to William Penn,
provides for Pennsylvania, that if any twenty inhabitants
in the province shall at any time apply to the Bishop of
London to send them a minister, the person so sent out may
reside in the province without molestation.' The com-
mission granted during the same year to the Governor
of Jamaica, Sir Thomas Lynch, authorized him to collate
to benefices ; but the accompanying instructions limited
his choice to such as should present a certificate of con-
formity to the Church of England, issued by the Bishop of
London.”
In 1685, James II. authorized Dr. Henry Compton, then
Bishop of London, to exercise ‘‘all ecclesiastical jurisdiction
in the plantations,” but by his opposition to the abrogation
of the Test Act he soon lost the royal favor, and in the
instructions sent out to Governor Dongan, of New York,
in 1686, he was commanded to prefer no minister to any
benefice without a certificate of his good standing and
character from the Archbishop of Canterbury.’ Upon the
accession of William and Mary, Bishop Compton was
reinstated in all his honors, and resumed the general
charge of church affairs in the American colonies, though
sill without any formal commission.4 He was, however,
placed upon the Committee of the Privy Council for Trade
and Foreign Plantations, in 1689.5 In 1710, we find Gov.
Spotswood, of Virginia, reporting to him in form as to the
religious state of the colony.® The Attorney-General and
Solicitor-General were subsequently consulted as to the
powers really vested in the bishop, as respected the
'2 Poore’s Charters and Const., 1515.
* Anderson’s Hist. of the Col. Church II., 482, 483.
Perry's Hist. I., 74, 154.
* See “An Account of the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts,” London,
14, reprinted in Anderson’s Hist. II., 761, 763.
' Doe. relating to the Col. Hist. of N. Y., UI., xiv
Winsor’s Hist. of America, 148.
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colonies, and in 1725 gave it as their opinion that a patent
under the great seal Was indispensable to any delegation by
the sovereign of his supreme ecclesiastical jurisdiction, '
Such a patent was first issued to the Bishop of London,
when the see was held by Dr. Edmund Gibson, on Feb. 9,
1727. This was during the closing months of the life of
George I., and being an act of personal confidence by the
supreme head of the church in a particular individual, it
died with the sovereign, on June 11, of the same year.
It was revoked in form by his successor, and a new one
of similar tenor granted in the first year of his reign
(April 29, 1728).
This patent is entitled :
‘*Commissio Regia pro Exercenda Jurisdictione Spirit-
uali et Eeclesiastica in Plantationibus Americanis,”
and recites that the dominions of the crown in America
had not yet been erected or divided into dioceses, or
annexed to any English see, but that spiritual jurisdiction
over them resides only in the crown (nobis ut supremo
Ecclesia in terris Capiti solummodo spectat). It runs to
Edmund, Bishop of London, not naming his successors,
and grants him: ** authoritatem per te vel per sufticientem
Commissarium tuum, vel commissarios tuos_ suflicientes
per te substituendos et nominandos Exercendi jurisdiec-
tionem Spritualem et ecclesiasticam in respectivis Coloniis,
Plantationibus, cxeterisque Dominiis nostris in America,
secundum leges et canones Anglican infra
Angliam legitime receptos et Sancitos, in specialibus causis
et materiis inferius in his presentibus expressis et
specificatis.”
These powers were to visit all churches in which divine
service shall have been celebrated according to the rites
and liturgy of the Church of England, and their incum-
bents and all priests and deacons of that church (** e¢ non
1 Doc, relating to Col. Hist. of N. Y¥., VII., 364.
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alios quascumque personas”). . . ‘cum omni et omni
modo jurisdictione potestate et coercione Ecclesiastica quoad
premissa requisita,” and to summon them to appear, and
to administer oaths to witnesses by himself or his Com-
missary, With power of censure, amotion, suspension, or
excommunication, and to appoint and remove commissaries
for this purpose in each of said Colonies, Plantations, and
Dominions. The term of the commission was during the
king’s good pleasure. An appeal from any sentence was
given to those who should hold at the time being the
offices of Archbishop of Canterbury, Lord Chancellor,
Archbishop of York, High Treasurer, President of the
Privy Council, Keeper of the Privy Seal, Steward of the
Palace, Chamberlain, Principal Secretary of State, Lord
High Admiral and first Lord Commissioner of the
Admiralty, Speaker of the House of Commons, Chancellor
of the Exchequer and First Lord of the Treasury, Chief
Justice, Master of the Rolls, and Chief Justice of the
Common Pleas; and they or any three or more of them,
being of the Privy Council, could confirm, change or
revoke the sentence.!
There was no appeal to the Bishop from a sentence
passed by his commissary; for the latter acted for the
bishop, and spoke with equal authority.”
Bishop Gibson acted under this commission for more
than twenty years, until his death in 1748. It was not
renewed in favor of his successor, and while, down to the
Revolution, the Bishop of London continued to be
regarded in America as having a certain jurisdiction over
the episcopal churches there, it was really dependent on
custom and acquiescence.? The rectors of the leading
churches here generally sought and received his ‘* license,”
though it was often approved at a vestry meeting,‘ and his
' Doe, relating to Col. Hist. of N. Y., V. R49. a
VIL, 364.
Id., V. 364, 412, 415
* Perry, I., 233, 375.
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pastoral letters sent to this country were considered
authoritative. !
The first episcopal commissary in America was the Rey,
William Morell, who came over to New England with
Captain Robert Gorges, in 1623, and took up his
residence at Wessagussett, afterwards called Weymouth,
for about a year. In Holmes’s ‘* American Annals,” his
commission is described as one coming ‘from the
ecclesiastical courts.”
that **he had, I know not what power and authority of
Gov. Bradford, in his history, says
superintendencie over the churches, granted him, and
sundrie instructions for that end.”* Bishop Perry states
that he was sent out by ‘the sagacious and far-seeing
Laud.” If so, Laud must have acted as Bishop of St.
David’s, to which see he was appointed in 1621, not being
translated to that of London until 1628. Be this as it
may, While Mr. Morell is said to have made journeys of
some length as a kind of superintendent of ecclesiastical
affairs in New England, he kept his official character to
himself, and did not make his commission known until he
was about to leave for England in 1624.° The next year
he published in London a Latin poem, entitled Nova
Anglia, which seems to have been the only substantial
fruit of his year in America.
' Perry, I., 642. Rev. Samuel Hart, D.D., of Middletown, Conn., Secretary to the
House of Bishops, has kindly called my attention toa paper read by Dr. Sinelair,
Archdeacon of London, at the English Church Corgress, held in October, 1899, ip
which the following statements occur:
*“*Every British subject in foreign parts was at one time, and is very likely now,
regarded in law as sailing from the parish of Stepney, and every child born on the
high seas is registered in that parish. This principle gave the Bishop of London
jurisdiction over every member of the Church of England outside the British
Islands. The diocese of London is the mother of the whole colonial church. From
the’ foundation of the American colonies in the reign of Queen Elizabeth until the
consecration of Bishop Seabury, little more than a century ago, the United States
of America were part of the diocese of London.”
I venture to think that this claim of jurisdiction is somewhat overstrained.
2 His residence is assigned to Plymouth by the older annalists, but Charles
Francis Adams in his “ Three Episodes of Massachusetts History,’ I., 142, 154, 155,
has put the facts in a clear light, showing that he only took ship at Plymouth for
his return voyage.
Tbhid., 1., 229.
* Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., 4th Series, III., 154.
Perry L., 81, 395; 600.
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1899. ] The Jurisdiction of the Bishop of London. 193
Gorges, no doubt, came over with the design of
establishing a Church of England settlement, but it is
probable that the two clergymen whom he brought with
him were far from being in accord in their political views.!
Morell must have been friendly to the extension of
episcopal power. William Blackstone, his colleague, or
co-voyager, on the other hand, if we may trust Mather,
left England because he ** did not like the Lord Bishops.”
In Virginia, the royal governors long exercised juris-
diction in ecclesiastical matters, even in many things
which would in England have been disposed of by the
bishop, or under his authority. Under Sir George
Yeardley’s administration, the first Assembly enacted that
sentences of excommunication were to be passed only by a
convocation of the clergy at the capital, and presented to
the Governor for ratification. Ministers not conforming to
the laws of the Church of England were to be dealt
with by the Governor and Council.? In 1660-61 the
Assembly sent in a petition to the King that he might
direct the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge ‘+ to
furnish the Church here with ministers for the present.”
The best source of supply, however, continued to be the
Bishop of London, and he it was who induced Dr. James
Blair to go over in 1685,4 whose letters to the Governor,
while seeking the charter for William and Mary College in
London a few years later, are still preserved in Fulham
Library. One of these, after referring to the institution
of such a college as belonging so entirely to this bishop's
province that it would be idle to press it at court, unless
he should give his cordial support, proceeds to state that
on account of his being somewhat out of favor then at
court, he had been prevailed on to turn the matter over to
the Archbishop of Canterbury, at the latter’s request.
‘See the account of the Gorges Company in Adams’s “ Three Episodes of Massa -
chusetts History,” I., Chapters IX., X VIII.
Perry’s Hist., I., 68. Ibid ., 1., WA. Thid., 1., 115.
Ibid., 116, 117.
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The patent of incorporation was obtained in 1693, and
named the Bishop of London as the first Chancellor,!
This office continued to be filled by him and his successors
in the see, with a single tnferregnum, until the Revolu-
tion.”
While Blair was conducting his negotiations at court,
Sir Edmund Andros received his commission as Governor
of the colony. His instructions made him also the
‘‘ordinary ” of the province, representing the crown in its
gatives. The Bishop of London, moved
ecclesiastical prero
probably by this encroachment on what had been
recognized as an appurtenance of his office, sent back
Blair armed with authority to act as his commissary for
Virginia, and he seems to have been the first to exercise
that office. The Governor and commissary soon came in
conflict. The latter preferred charges against Goy,
Andros before the Archbishop of Canterbury, and a trial
resulted in the Governor’s recall. Two of his successors,
Gov. Nicholson and Gov. Spotswood, afterwards fell intoa
similar controversy with Dr. Blair, who was in each case
successful in deposing his rival in ecclesiastical authority?
Blair was the first President of William and Mary
College, and his suecessors until the independence of the
Colonies were all, like him, commissaries of the Bishop of
London.* In no other colony was the bishop's influence
as strong, because in no other was the Church of England
established on so firm a footing. As late as 1759 he inter-
fered, at the solicitation of the clergy there to protect
their livings, to defeat a law passed by the Assembly that
tithes payable in tobacco might be discharged in money at
two pence the pound, and procured its disapproval by the
King in Council.®
The episcopal clergy residing in Maryland, shortly after
the accession of William and Mary, addressing the Bishop
' Perry’s Hist., I., 122. * The College Book, 57. Perry’s Hist., I., 121.
+The College Book, 57. 5 Bancroft’s Hist. of the U. S., III., 405.
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of London as their “ Diocesan,” requested him to send
some one to that province “invested with such ample
power and authority from your lerdship as may capacitate
him to redress what is amiss and supply what is wanting to
the church.” This was followed by a petition from the
Governor and Assembly that he would provide for the
appointment and support of a °
superintendent, commissary
or suffragan.”? If a suffragan were appointed it was
proposed to give him a seat in the upper House of
the Assembly.* The Bishop responded by naming Rev.
Thomas Bray as his commissary for the Province, who
thereupon took the degrees of Bachelor and Doctor of
Divinity at Oxford, the better to support the dignity of
the office. He arrived in 1700, made an inspection of all
the parishes, and procured the enactment of a statute that
the prayer book of the Church of England should be read
in every place of public worship in the province. This
was going too far, and was met by a royal veto. A few
years later he came in collision with the Governor, Sir
Francis Nicholson, the same whom Dr. Blair afterwards
succeeded in driving out of Virginia, over which Colony
he was put (for the second time) in 1699. Sir Francis,
in defending himself on this last occasion, quite lost his
temper, and complained of his hard usage “by a parcel of
Black-coats,” referring to the two commissaries as men
whose names are “monosyllables and begin with B.®
Dr. Bray was one of the most public spirited and enter-
prising men of his day in the Church of England. He was
active in the establishment of parochial libraries on both
sides of the Atlantic, and initiated a movement in that
direction which resulted during his life in setting up about
'Perry’s Hist., I., 137.
* Ibid., 1., 138, The Governor had, up to this time, been invested with the judi-
cial powers incident to such an office. Anderson’s Hist., LII., 202.
*Neill’s English Colonization in America, 337. Dr. Bray disapproved of this part
of the plan. Jbid., 340, note.
‘Am. Hist. Review, I1., 61.
Perry’s Hist., 1., 140. © Zbid., L., 121.
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196 American Antiquarian Society. Oct.,
forty in this country, and twice as many in England. Tn
1701 he obtained a charter from the crown under whieh
i was organized the Society for the Propagation of the
Gospel in Foreign Parts." At his request, his plans for
ii more libraries and also for schools for negro children in
the Colonies, were taken up after his death by a society
? whose first members he named, afterwards chartered by
Ft the name of the “Associates of Dr. Bray,” and still in
i existence. Achdeacon Huetson of Armagh succeeded him
| as Commissary for Maryland, but never visited the
I Colony.? Bray sought to provide for his establishment
i there by making him ex officio a judge in testamentary
causes, With the jurisdiction, previously vested in a civil
magistrate, who had a salary of £300 a year. This scheme
was opposed and defeated by the Governor.? In 1716
|
[ ; Huetson’s place was taken by two commissaries—one for
the Eastern shore and one for the Western—but in 1729,
the bishop consolidated the two offices in the hands of
| Rey. Jacob Henderson. The Governor of Maryland,
however, under its peculiar form of proprietary govern-
ment, had practically the episcopal power. He appointed
At | the clergy in each of the parishes, of which, at the close
il of the colonial era, there had come to be nearly fifty.
By a statute passed in 1771, every priest, on complaint of
| his church wardens and vestry, endorsed by the grand
jury, was subject for cause to admonition and deposition
from office by a court of seven, embracing three clergymen
and three laymen, appointed by the Governor with the
advice of the Council, and headed by the Governor himself,
if he were a member of the established church, otherwise
by the senior member of the Council who might be such.*
A somewhat similar law was passed in South Carolina in
1704, for the special purpose of getting rid of a Jacobite
Perry, I., 142. * Anderson’s Hist., 11., 639, /bid., III., 282, 289.
Thid., 1., 309.
> Steiner’s Life and Administration of Sir Robert Eden, 22, 33.
6 Jhid., 51.
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1899. ] The Jurisdiction of the Bishop of London. 197
priest whom the Bishop of London had sent over a few
years before, as rector of St. Philip’s Church in Charleston,
in response to a request made to him by the Governor and
Council. The tribunal, in his case, was composed wholly
of laymen, a majority of whom, it was said, had never
been known to partake of the sacrament of the Lord’s
Supper, and after his deprivation, on complaint from the
House of Lords, the Queen in Council annulled the Act.!
Soon afterwards the Bishop of London sent over Rey.
Gideon Johnson as his commissary for the Colony, but
his authority as to the regulation of the clergy remained
uncertain or disputed.?
Sir Francis Nicholson, the first royal governor, in 1720,
came with instructions that the jurisdiction of the Bishop
of London should be maintained, “except only the collat-
ing to Benefices, granting licenses for marriages, and
probates of wills.”* ‘Twenty years later this jurisdiction
was exercised by his commissary in arraigning Rev.
George Whitef.eld, the great “revivalist” of the 18th
century, before an ecclesiastical court at Charleston, and
sentencing him to suspension from the priestly office for
praying and preaching at various “meeting houses” there,
without using the Book of Common Prayer.‘
Georgia, founded in the interest of Christian charity in
its widest sense, and making liberty of conscience one of
its fundamental principles, seems never to have been the
seat of any episcopal commissary. John Wesley, while
there, in 1737, styled himself the “Ordinary of Savannah,”
but was called to account for it by the grand jury.®
The licenses of the earlier clergymen in Pennsylvania
came from the Bishop of London.® Two of the rectors of
Christ Church in Philadelphia—Rev. Archibald Cummings
and Rev. Richard Peters—successively received from him
the appointment of commissary during the 18th century.’
‘Perry, I., 376, 377. 2 Jbid., 378, 382. Ibid., 1., 384. 4 Jbid., 1., 386, 388.
Ibid., 1., 342, 344. Ibid., 1., 232, 234, 240. 7 Ibid., 1., 237, 243.
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198 American Antiquarian Society. [ Oct.,
In New York, we find the Bishop of London recognized
as the Diocesan in 1690, and early in the next century he
made Rev. William Vesey, a graduate of Harvard of the
Class of 1693, his commissary for the province,' an office
which he filled until his death in 1746. The charter of
Trinity Church, granted by the royal governor in 1697,
made the Bishop the rector, and directed that £100 a year
be paid for the salary of the officiating minister. The
“patronage and advowson” of the living, after the death
or retirement of the first incumbent of the parish was,
however, secured to the wardens and vestry.?
We hear nothing, after 1624, of episcopal supervision in
New England until 1682, when Edward Randolph, the
royal Collector of Customs, writes from Boston to the
Bishop of London, urging him to send over suitable
ministers, and referring to Massachusetts as being imme-
diately under his (the bishop’s) care. It is significant that
he adds a suggestion that great help towards their mainte-
nance can be secured by the prohibition of any marriages
not celebrated by a clergyman of the Church of England.’
The Bishop responded by recommending Rev. Robert
Ratcliffe as a proper person to organize a church at
Boston, and in 1686 he arrived. The Archbishop of Can-
terbury, at a meeting of the Lords of the Committee for
Trade and Foreign Plantations, had moved, though
unsuccessfully, that one of the then Congregational
meeting-houses in Boston should be appropriated for
this purpose, and Randolph writes him, soon after Mr.
Ratcliffe came, suggesting that each of them might be
taxed twenty shillings a week for his support, and also
that resort might be had to the funds previously con-
tributed for the conversion of the Indians.‘ During the
following year, under Goy. Andros, the “Old South” was,
! Perry’s Hist., 1., 164. Doc. relating to Col. Hist. of N. Y., 1V., 535; V., 420, 464.
[bid., 1., 162, 171.
' Greenwood’s Hist. of King’s Chapel, 17, 19.
* Ibid., 29.
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1899. | The Jurisdiction of the Bishop of London. 1
odd in fact, occupied for the services of the Church of England,
he much against the will of the society to which it belonged,
he and a kind of joint possession continued until after the
ce accession Of William and Mary.'
of The successors of Mr. Ratcliffe over what soon came to
1, be known as King’s Chapel were either named or approved
ar by the Bishop of London down to 1746, and he also
he claimed, and on one occasion exercised the right of
th removal.” Down to 1729 he seems to have been conceded
As, what was equivalent to a right of presentation, but after
that the congregation presented, and he granted, the
in license.*
he During the next year, the second episcopal commissary
he in New England was appointed—Rev. Roger Price. His
ble functions seem to have been expressly confined to “ in-
1e- specting the lives and manners of the clergy.”4 In 1741,
hat Gov. Shirley of Massachusetts, was furnished with a copy
te- of Bishop Gibson’s commission for record “in the Publick
res Records of the said Province,” and instructed to “ give all
d.3 Countenance and due Encouragement to the said Bishop
vert of London or his Commissaries in the legal exercise of
at such ecclesiastical jurisdiction according to the Laws of the
‘an- Province under your Government, and to the Tenour of
for the said Commission.” >
ugh Mr. Price at this time was also the rector of King’s
mal Chapel, and upon resigning that office, in 1746, the
for congregation took the revolutionary step of choosing his
Mr. successor, themselves, without any reference of the matter
be to the Bishop of London.® The commissary made no
also objection, sailing for England soon after the installation,
“on- and I find few later traces of British episcopal supervision
the over New England. One such is a letter of congratulation
vas, from the minister, wardens and vestry of King’s Chapel,
64. 'Greenwood’s Hist. of King’s Chapel, 38 “. 2 Jhid., 5A. 62, 66, 70, 105.
Thid., 88, 98, 165, 166, 173, 177. Ibid., 89, 94.
* Mass. Archives, vol. 49, No. 52, eft seqy., 42d Article of Instructions (Appendix
C.) °Greenwood’s Hist. of King’s Chapel, 105.
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200 American Antiquarian Society. Oct.
written two years later, on the translation of Dr. Thomas
Sherlock to the see of London, in which it is stated that
they have the honor to be esteemed a part of his diocese!
That there were some in Boston who cherished these
sentiments to the very end of the colonial era may be
inferred from the mysterious disappearance of the Bradford
manuscript from the “New England library” of Thomas
Prince, and its equally mysterious appearance as a
possession of the Fulham library, from which, through the
efforts of this Society, it was, after a hundred years or
more in the “ Muniment Room over the Gateway of Fulham
Palace,” so graciously restored in 1897. Indeed, in the
decree of the Consistorial and Episcopal Court of London,
by which the return was authorized, it is stated that down
to 1776 the Colony of Massachusetts “was by custom
within the diocese of London for purposes Keclesiastical,
and the Registry of said Consistorial Court was a legiti-
mate Registry for the Custody of Registers of Marriages,
Births and Deaths within the said Colony.”
That there were those in Connecticut who acknowledged,
as late as 1747, the episcopal authority of the see of
London, is shown by the records of the first ecclesiastical
society in New Cambridge, afterwards known as Bristol.
At a meeting held in July of that year a call was extended
to a Calvinistic minister, much against the will of an
Armenian minority, whereupon, reads the entry, “ here it
must be noted that at the same meeting Caleb mathews,
John hikox, Caleb Abernathy, Abner mathews, Abel
Royce, danell Roe & simon tuttel publikly declard them-
selvs of the Church of England and under the bishop of
London.” The first name on this list was that of the
chairman of the society’s committee, and the malcontents
shortly afterwards formed an episcopal church, which
' Greenwood’s Hist. of King’s Chapel, 179.
* Account of the Part taken by the American Antiquarian Society in the Return
of the Bradford Manuscript, 80.
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1899. ] The Jurisdiction of the Bishop of London. 201
maintained a feeble existence until 1792, and numbered
among its adherents Moses Dunbar, the only Tory in the
State who was ever executed for treason, !
The appointment of a Commissary for Connecticut was
discussed in 1760, and a prominent clergyman of that
colony was named by President Johnson, of King’s
College, to the Archbishop of Canterbury, as a proper
person tor the position, whenever such action was taken,
but nothing came of it.*
General directions were drawn up by Bishop Gibson, in
the early part of the 18th century for all the commissaries
inthe American colonies.? Dr. Douglas, a very intelligent
as well as plain spoken annalist, writing a few years later,
tells us that, while the Bishop of London is the Diocesan
of America,* his commissaries hold ** only a nominal
office.” * They had to meet not only the natural jealousy of
Christians of other denominations, but the apprehension of
those in civil authority that they might encroach on their
official jurisdiction. The crown officers also were always
watchful to prevent anything to the prejudice of the
ecclesiastical prerogatives of the sovereign. The Massa-
chusetts Congregationalists were made to feel this in 1725,
when the colony had convoked a synod of their churches,
and the Lords Justices interposed an emphatic veto.?
From an early period in colonial history, there had been
a feeling among many in the Church of England in favor
of appointing American bishops. In 1661 it was urged as
a necessity in Virginia, in a pamphlet entitled ** Virginia’s
Cure,” addressed to the Bishop of London.® Sheldon at
' Addresses at the 150th Anniversary of the First Congregational Church, Bristol,
Conn., October 12th, 1897, pp. 25, 39.
* Doc, relating to Col. Hist. of N. Y., VII., 439.
* Greenwood’s Hist. of King’s Chapel, 4.
* Douglas’s Summary, I., 228.
5 Ibid., 230, 11., 119, note, 145.
® See Steiner’s Life and Administration of Sir Robert Eden, 35.
Douglas’s Summary, 337.
Anderson’s Hist., I1., 562, 566,
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this time filled the see, and the application fell on dull
ears. Burnet has described him thus: ** He seemed not to
have a deep sense of religion, if any at all; and spoke of
it most commonly as of an engine of government, and a
matter of policy. By this means the King came to look on
him as a wise and honest clergyman.”! In 1664, in the
set of private instructions issued to the Commissioners for
New England, they were especially cautioned not to foment
any sentiment on the part of those adhering there to the
3 | Church of England in favor of an American Episcopate,
| as it must be opposed to the general views of a people who
had so recently ‘* separated themselves from their owne
. countrey and the religion established, principally (if not
only) that they might enjoy another way of worship.”?
i A few years later, under the influence of different
; counsels, a patent was actually made out to constitute Rey,
|
Dr. Alexander Murray, Bishop of Virginia, with a general
charge over all the American provinces ; but it was never
executed.? In 1695, an army chaplain, licensed by the
Bishop of London, who had been stationed at New York,
in a report to him, urged that New York, New Jersey,
Connecticut and Rhode Island should be made a single
province, which should also be an episcopal diocese, with
New York as the cathedral city. The Bishop was to be
ex officio Governor of the province, which was to be aug-
the French.4 In 1700, the Lords of Trade made formal
application to the Bishop of London to ‘* obtain for the
5
Hi mented by adding Canada, if that could be secured from
colonists the advantage of ecclesiastical supervision.”
i The American clergy were warmly in favor of some
measure towards setting up American bishoprics, and
|
He) ' Hist. of his own Time, I., 177.
* Doc, relating to Col. Hist. of N. Y., IIL., 59.
' Perry’s Hist., 1., 396.
Hildreth’s Hist. of the U.S., 192; Doe. relating to Col, Hist. of N. Y., IV.
182, note.
’ Palfrey’s Hist. of New England, IV., 189.
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1899.] The Jurisdiction of the Bishop of London. 203
became more active after the Act of Union between
England and Scotland of 1707, which, in declaring the
Church of England to be the established religion in her
“territories,” was claimed by some to make it such in
every colony.’ Dean Swift had hopes during the next
year of securing an appointment as Bishop of Virginia,
and we have several letters which passed between him and
his friend, Gov. Hunter of New York and New Jersey,
and previously of Virginia, in reference to the subject.®
The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign
Parts, which had been chartered in 1701, presented a
memorial to Queen Anne in 1713, asking for the founda-
tion of two dioceses on the American continent, one
having its seat at Burlington, New Jersey, and the other at
Williamsburg, Virginia.* For this purpose, the society
had bought, the year before, through Gov. Hunter, a
handsome residence at Burlington, as the bishop's seat,
and given him directions to prepare it for immediate
occupancy. The sickness of Queen Anne, followed by
her death in 1714, was all, probably, that prevented the
consummation of this scheme. Ten years later Dr.
Richard Welton, who had been secretly and_ irregularly
consecrated to the episcopate by Dr. Ralph Taylor, one of
the Jacobite, non-juring bishops of the day, came over to
Philadelphia, and took charge of Christ’s Church. It is
probable that he had previously in his assumed capacity of
bishop assisted Dr. Taylor in endeavoring to elevate
another American clergyman, Rev. Dr. John Talbot, of
New Jersey, to the same position.® Neither ever openly
discharged episcopal functions, but there is much to
' Douglas’s Summary, I., 226; II., 336. Beardsley’s History of the Episcopal
Church in Connecticut, I., 50. Beardsley’s Life of Bishop Seabury, 86, 464. Doc.
relating to Col. Hist. of N. Y., VII., 373.
* Swift’s Works, Nichol’s Ed., X., 79, 91, 295.
* Greenwood’s Hist. of King’s Chapel, 80.
‘ Swift’s Works, X., 295; Perry’s Hist., I., 602.
* Anderson’s Hist. of the Colonial Church, III., 351.
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i 204 American Antiquarian Society. [ Oct
indicate that both occasionally, while in America, assumed
them in secret.
i Talbot had long before been urgent for the appointment
of a suffragan bishop, to act under the Bishop of London?
No appointment of that character had been made jn
England since that of Dr. Sterne, as suffragan bishop of
Colchester, in 1606, and none was made again until 1869,
7 when a suffragan bishop was consecrated for Nottingham,
; in the see of Lincoln. The clergy of Maryland went so
far as actually to elect one of their number, Rey. Mr,
Colebatch, to that position for their colony, and the Bishop
requested him to repair to London for consecration.? — The
nominee was about to sail, when the legislature prohibited
it, and the courts granted a writ of ne exeat to prevent his
departure.‘
Bishop Compton’s views on this subject are given in a
paper found in the archives of Lambeth, and_ probably
presented by him to the Archbishop of Canterbury. It is
dated in 1707, and he begins by saying that it would be
impolitic to create an absolute American bishop, as “it
will give as great alarm to the several colonies, as it did in
K. Charles y® 2% time, when there came over Petitions and
addresses with ali violence imaginable.” ‘+ Now,” he
continues, ‘‘a Suffragan would come among them with all
necessary power to restrain vice and keep good order,
without any noise or clamour,” adding that ‘* they having
been already used to a Commissary, a Bishop will come in
upon them more insensibly, if he comes over by the same
Authority, and under y*® same Jurisdiction as the other
did.”
In 1715, we find Gov. Thomas Dudley, of Masse
! See a labored argument against the probability of Dr. Talbot’s consecration, @
Perry's Hist., I., 541-560.
2 Doc. relating to Col. Hist. of N. Y., V.,473
Perry’s Hist., 1., 397, 404.
Jhid., 1., 406. Anderson’s Hist., 295.
Doc. relating to Col, Hist. of N. Y., V., 29
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1899.] The Jurisdiction of the Bishop of London. 205
chusetts, signing a petition for the appointment of an
American bishop, but there were few in New England who
looked upon such a measure otherwise than with strong
aversion.' It was the same in Pennsylvania. Nor did
George I. look on the extension of the power of the estab-
lishment with the interest of Queen Anne. Bred a
Lutheran, his natural sympathies were rather against than
for the spread of episcopacy. The English dissenters
found him their friend, and in 1718, were encouraged to
expect his assistance in promoting the repeal of the Test
Act.”
It was a period also of depression for Protestantism
generally. The enthusiasm of the days of the Reformers
had passed away. Methodism had not yet come to wake
the Church of England to better things. Too many of
the clergy and missionaries whom it had sent to the
colonies were place hunters who had little zeal for any-
thing but their salaries. They needed, no doubt, the regu-
lating care of bishops, but there were few of them who
desired it. Dr. Edmund Gibson became Bishop of
London in 1720. He found himself in a position of
responsibility without power, with reference to American
affairs. Religion was at a low ebb in the colonies as well
asat home. The morals of the people were correspond-
ingly sunk. He preferred a petition to the King that in
the instructions that might be issued to the Governors of
the American plantations they might be especially enjoined
to use vigor in executing the laws ‘against blasphemy,
adultery, fornication, polygamy, incest, profanation of the
Lord’s day, swearing and drunkenness.” In this he was
successful, and we find his recommendations bearing fruit
under the succeeding sovereign.‘
' Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., 5th series, VII., 62.
* Mahon’s Hist. of England, I., 240.
Ibid., 1., 457.
* Greene on the Provincial Governor, App., 254. Mass. Archives, Vol. 49, No. 52,
et seq. Instructions to Gov. Shirley, Sept. 10,1741 (Appendix ©). These instructions
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206 American Antiquarian Society. [ Oct.,
On Gibson’s death in 1748, the modus vivendi created by
the commission in his favor being at an end, the (question
of an American episcopate was again agitated. A scheme
for such an establishment in the colonies or some of them
south of New England, was formulated by Bishop Butler
in 1750. They were to have no civil functions, no
coercive powers over the laity, and were not to be a charge
on the colonial governments.' Mild as this was, it found
no favor, its supporters being met by the argument that if
one Act of Parliament went thus far the colonists had no
security that another would not go farther. Butler died
two years later, and in 1758, we find his old friend and
fellow student (at a time when both were dissenters),
Archbishop Secker, in a letter to President Johnson, of
King’s College, in New York, regarding the creation of
American Bishoprics, saying that it was useless to push
the matter at that time, and that it had received some
years before ‘*a most mortifying check, by means of an
unseasonable step, which a worthy and able prelate took to
promote it and of which its opposers made their
advantage.” ?
The next year, however, an important memorial was
addressed to the King in Council, by Dr. Sherlock,
Gibson's successor in the see of London, reviving the plan
for one or more suffragan bishops, but advocating their
appointment only for the American provinces in which the
Church of England was established by law. He referred
particularly to the two Carolinas, Virginia, Maryland,
Jamaica, Barbadoes, Antigua, Nevis and the Leeward
Islands, and expressly excluded New England and Penn-
sylvania.%
(43) are, inter alia, that he shall enforce the existing laws of the Province against
these offences, “ by Presentment upon Oath to be made to the Temporal Courts of
the Church Wardens of the several Parishes, or other proper officers to be
appointed for that purpose.”’
I am indebted for this reference to the courtesy of our associate, Andrew
McFarland Davis, Esq.
1 Annual Register for 1765, 108. * Doc. relating to Col. Hist. of N. Y., VIL, 346, 48.
> Doc. relating to the Col. Hist. of N. Y., VII., 360, 365, 366.
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1899.] The Jurisdiction of the Bishop of London. 207
The correspondence of Archbishop Secker with President
Johnson shows that at least one of the ministry (Lord
Halifax) looked with favor on these plans.! Dr. Johnson
was urgent for immediate action. He was not unreasona-
bly indignant at American opposition to the appointment
of bishops to exercise a simply spiritual jurisdiction over
adherents to their own church, and was ready to sacrifice
the colonial charters which had made their governments
strong enough to resist the movement so long and so
successfully. In 1763, he urges upon Secker that some-
thing be done “ either for obtaining Bishops or demolishing
these pernicious charter Governments and reducing them
all to one form of immediate dependence on the King.” ®
Such letters, and another, in which Johnson refers to his
“in effect
be called a Commonwealth of hypocrites,”4 sufficiently
native colony of Connecticut as one that might
explain why there was never a colonial bishop before the
Revolution. There were too strong political reasons
against it. It would diminish the importance of the
colonial governors, by trenching upon what had been their
prerogatives in affairs of an ecclesiastical character.‘ It
would also tend to abridge the jurisdiction of the colonial
assemblies; for if the crown should appoint bishops for
America, not only might it naturally proceed to impose a
religious establishment, but the very assertion of authority
insuch matters, as John Adams pointed out in 1774 to
the people of Boston in the letters of Novanglus,’ implied
authority to legislate or govern in all matters, so far as
parliament might think proper to go. In his old age,
Adams wrote in the same spirit to an historical scholar,
that, during the years immediately preceding the Revolu-
tion, the apprehension of an American Episcopacy
' Doc. relating to the Col. Hist. of N. Y., VII., 439, 446, 448, 449, 566. See Annual
Register for 1765, 108.
* Ibid., VIL., 592. Ihid., VIL., 440.
‘See Town of Pawlet v. Clark, 3 Cranch’s Reports, 292; Anderson’s Hist., I1I., 566,
* Life and Works, IV., 66.
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208 American Antiquarian Society. [ Oct.,
contributed as much as any other cause to urge the
common people “to close thinking on the constitutional
authority of Parliament over the Colonies.” !
Rev. Jonathan Boucher, formerly of Virginia, in his
View of the Causes and Consequences of the Americap
Revolution, published in London in 1799, declared that
the feeling against bishops was .“ one great cause.”? If
was especially strong throughout New England. All her
traditions were against the institutions of episcopacy. In
an early election sermon in Massachusetts, quoted by
Cotton Mather,® the preacher, in stating the reasons for
the settlement of the colony, named first the desire to
“worship God without that Episcopacy, that common
prayer, and those unwarrantable ceremonies with which
the land of our forefathers’ sepulchres has been defiled.”
The founders of New England had also, from bitter
personal experience, a dread of Bishop's courts, and a fear
that some degree of civil power would attend the advent
of any American episcopate. The colonial jurisdiction of
the Bishop of London was wholly confined to matters
affecting the regulation of the American churches whieh
were under his supervision. Only an Act of Parliament
could extend the arm of a spiritual court into the colonies.‘
Only an Act of Parliament could set up an American
Bishopric. Such an Act was as much dreaded by the mass
of the community as it was desired by the adherents of the
Church of England. About the middle of the eighteenth
century a war of pamphlets and newspaper letters on this
subject began to rage, the storm centre starting in Boston,
and the matter soon began to assume a political character.
Among other aspirants to an American see was Dr.
' Life and Works of John Adams, X., 185.
2 See a discussion of this point in Chamberlain’s John Adams and other Essays,
Magnatlia, 219.
* Stephen’s Commentaries on the Laws of England, I., 102.
5 Winsor’s Hist., VI., 70, 243; VIII., 498; Perry’s Hist., 1., 412, ef seq.; Life of Peter
Van Schaack, 10.
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1899. | The Jurisdiction of the Bishop of London, 209
George Berkeley, a son of the Bishop of Cloyne, who
wrote to a friend in Connecticut, in 1772, to ask if some
Colonial assembly might not be willing to establish one,
under a law by which the bishop should be incapable of
translation to any English or Irish diocese.!
One result of the newspaper controversy was to further a
movement for drawing together the New England Congre-
gationalists and the Presbyterians of the Middle States.
A plan of union was proposed, though never consummated.
During the negotiations, a letter was drafted and filed
with the records of the New Haven East Association in
Connecticut, setting forth in warm colors the dangers to
be apprehended from any Act of Parliament to create an
American bishop, and written as if it were intended for
some friend or agent of the colonies in the mother country.
It is to be found in the “ Minutes of the Convention of
Delegates from the Synod of New York and Philadelphia
and from the Associations of Connecticut, held annually
from 1766 to 1775 inclusive,” and is there? headed thus:
"Suppose a gentleman in the Colonies should write to his
correspondent in London as follows.” No address or
signature is given. Among the papers left by Roger
Sherman was found a copy (or the original) of this paper,
in his handwriting. It is inserted in full in his biography
by Boutell,? who hazards the conjecture that Sherman
wrote it, in 1768, to send to William Samuel Johnson,
who was at that time representing the Colony of Con-
necticut at London, in the defence of the “Mohegan
case,” then pending on appeal before the King in Council.
I think it probable that the letter came from Sherman’s
pen, but not that it was written to Johnson, who was a
warm friend of episcopacy, in close relations with the
Bishop of London, and at that very time was using his
influence to promote the scheme for the creation of
'Beardsley’s Life of Wm. Samuel Johnson, 96.
*P.13, 3 Tbid., 65,
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210 American Antiquarian Society. [ Oct,
American bishopries.' It is more probable that it was
designed for Richard Jackson, of the Inner Temple, who
had been since 1760 the efficient agent of the Colony at
Court,? and to whom Gov. Trumbull wrote on this subject
in 1769.% He received the degree of Doctor of Laws,
from Yale, a few years later, of which institution Shermay
was the Treasurer from 1765 to 1776, and when Jackson
retired trom the Colony agency in 1771, and the Assembly
suitably inscribed,
at an expense of not exceeding £150, as a mark of their
appreciation, Sherman and Johnson were on the committee
appointed to select and present it.* It is not improbable,
therefore, that Sherman and Jackson had been in corres.
pondence, and the letter in question is not only too formal
voted him ‘+a piece or pieces of plate,
and impersonal to have been meant for Johnson, but
would certainly have been thought by him highly over.
strained. It may have been intended for the Chairman of
the London ** Committee for managing the civil affairs of
the Dissenters,” with whom the New England Congrega-
tional bodies were in active communication at this time.’
The movement for the creation of American bishopries
by British authority, however, was destined to die in the
house of its friends. In 1771, a convocation of the clergy
of Virginia, where the Church of England was still
established, assembled at the call of Dr. Camm, the com-
missary of the Bishop of London, for that colony,
declined an overture from some of their clerical brethren
in New York and New Jersey for an address to the King
on this subject, and the House of Burgesses denounced it
as a ** pernicious project.”® The shadow of the Revoli-
! Beardsley’s Life of Wm. Samuel Johnson, 37, 38, 51, 52, 76, 96, 98. See his
guarded letter of Feb. 26, 1770, to Gov. Trumbull, in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., 5th
Series, [X., 412.
2 Col. Rec. of Conn., XI., 358; XII., 255; XIIL., 518.
' Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., 5th Series, IX., 390, 434.
4 Col. Rec. of Conn., XIII., 518.
' Minutes of the Convention of Delegates, efc., 14, 22, 65.
® Anderson’s Hist., LII., 252, 253.
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1899. ] The Jurisdiction of the Bishop of London. 211
tion was already cast over the American churches, and
they were in no temper to invite a new tie between them
and the mother country.
Shortly after the recognition by Great Britain of the
independence of the United States, an Act of Parliament
was passed giving the Bishop of London power to ordain
priests and deacons who might come to him for that
purpose from foreign countries, without requiring from
them the customary oaths of conformity and allegiance.
This was intended for the benefit of American Episco-
palians. Pitt, who had recently taken his place as prime
minister, was strongly urged to go farther, and allow the
consecration of foreign bishops under similar conditions,
but declined, believing that it might be regarded as an
unfriendly act by the United States. !
Dr. Samuel Seabury, who went to London in 1783, with
the recommendation of the Episcopal clergy of Connecticut
for his consecration, sought an early interview with the
Bishop of London. Dr. Lowth, who then occupied that
see, had, a few years before, while holding that of Oxford,
spoken strongly in favor of the appointment of American
bishops.
He was now, however, in declining health, and
indisposed to take any active part in endeavoring to
secure the necessary changes in legislation.® The Arch-
bishops received Dr. Seabury with even greater coolness,
and he contented himself with obtaining consecration at
the hands of the non-juring Jacobite bishops of Scotland.
One of them, Dr. Skinner, preached a sermon on the
occasion, in which he said that the successors of the
Apostles were bound by their commission, to contribute to
the spread of the Church, without restraint from fear
of worldly censure or dependence on any government
whatever, adding that as for the Scottish clergy, they
‘ Beardsley’s Life of Wm. Samuel Johnson, 99; Beardsley’s Life of Bishop
Seabury, 133, 173, 229.
* Anderson’s Hist., [II., 257, note.
* Beardsley’s Life of Seabury, 120.
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212 American A ntiquarian Societ “. A det
7
had been accustomed to show more regard to the Acts of
the Apostles than to the Acts of the British Parliament,!
The discourse was published, though without the author's
name, and elicited an anonymous letter, signed ‘‘a dignified
clergyman of the Church of England,” addressed in 1785
to the primus of the Scottish episcopate, Dr. Kilgour,
which justly and temperately criticised the covert fling at
the English bishops for having held aloof from Dr,
Seabury. It is attributed by high authority to Bishop
Lowth, and, if written by him, was the last important aet
of the Bishop of London, with reference to what had been
the principal part of his American charge. A year or two
later, he joined, with the Archbishop of Canterbury, in a
memorial to the King, which led to the creation of the first
Anglican bishopric in America, or indeed any British
colony, that of Nova Scotia, in 1787.?
1 Beardsley’s Life of Seabury, 182, 186.
2 American Hist. Review, I., 312.
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1899. ] The Jurisdiction of the Bishop of London.
213
APPENDIX A.
Copy of the original Patent of April 28, 1634, made in 1899 by Arthur
F. Heintz of St. Agnes, Fengate’s Road, Redhill, Surrey.
PATENT ROLL, No. 2650,
10 Parr 9.
No. 3 back of the Roll.
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American An tiqua rian Society. r( et
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215
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1899. ] The Jurisdiction of the Bishop of London.
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American Antiquarian Society. [ Oct.,
APPENDIX B.
Draft in English of Patent of April, 28, 1634 (calendared aS & Copy
of the Patent,) preserved in the ‘* State Papers, Colonial.”
Transcribed in 1899, by Arthur F. Heintz, of St. Agnes, Fengate’s
Road, Redhill, Surrey.
State Papers.
Commission for
of English Colonies planted in Forraigne parts.
Dated xxviii Aprilis An® Caroli Regis, x"° Aflog. 1634.
Colonial, 1574-1660. Vol. viii. No. 12
makeinge Lawes & orderes for Government
Charles by the Grace of God King of England Scotland France and
Ireland Defender of the Faith &c To the most reverend Father in God
our welbeloved
and
most faithfull Councellor William by Divine
Providence Archbrr of Canterburie of all England Primate and Metro-
politan, our welbeloved and most faithfull Councello" Thomas Lord
Coventry Lord Keeper of the greate Seale of England The most
reverend Father in
Richard by Divine Providence Archbrr of Yorke Primate and Metro-
politan, our welbeloved
Richard Earle of Portland o' high Trer of England, Henry Earle of
Manchester,
Lord
Chri
Keepe
st our welbeloved and faithfull Councello
& most faithfull Cozens and Conuncello”
r of our Privie Seale Thomas Earle of
Arundell and Surrey Earle Marshall of England, Edward Earle of
Dorsett, Chamberlaine to o' most deare Consort the Queene, And our
welbeloved and faithfull Councello"™ Fraunces Lord Cottington Chan-
cello" and Under Treasuro’ of our Exchequer, S°' Thomas Edmonds
knight Treasurer of o" Howshold, 8° Henry Fane Knight Comptroller
of the same Howshold, S' John Coke Knight one of our Privie Secre-
taries and S° Frauncis Windebancke Knight one of our Privie Secre-
taries Greeting.
Fathers of
blessed
mem
Whereas very manie of our Subjects and of our late
orie our Soveraigne Lord James King of
England by meanes of Lycence Royall, not onlie with desire of enlarg-
inge y* Territories
religious affection and desire of propagatinge the Ghospell of our Lord
& Saviour Jesus Christ, have planted large Colonies of the English
Nation in divers parts of the world altogether unmanured and voyde of
Inhabitants, or occupied of the barbarous people that have noe know-
of o'
ledge of Divine worrr.
remedie for the tranquillitie and quietnes of those people and being
very Confident of your faith Wisdome Justice and provident Circum-
spection have constituted you the aforesaid Archrr of Canterbury Lord
Keeper of the greate Seale of England The Archbrr of Yorke, The
Lord Treasuro’ of England Lord Keeper of the Privie Seale, The
Earle Marshall of England, Edward Earle of Dorsett, Frauncis Lord
Cottington S° Thomas Edmonds Knight S*Henry Fane Knight §
John Coke Knight and S° Frauncis Windebancke Knight or any five or
more of yo" o' Commissioners And to you five or more of yo" We
doe give and committ Power for the Government and safetie of the said
Colonies drawne, or
Empire but cheifely out of a pious and
Wee being willing graciouslie to provide 4
out of the English Nation into those partes
shalbe drawne, to make Lawes Constitutions & Ordinances pertayning
in)
tot
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1899.] The Jurisdiction of the Bishop of London. 219
either to the publique State of those Colonies or the private proffit of
them and concerning the lands Goods debtes and Succession in those
partes and how they shall demeane themselves towards forraigne
Princes and their people, or how they shall beare themselves towardes
ys and our Subjectes aswell in any forraigne Partes whatsoever, or on
y¢ Seas in those partes or in their returne saylinge home, or which may
appertaine to y® maintenance of the Clergie Government, or to the cure
of Soules amonge the people living and exercising Trade in those
partes by designing out congruent portions arising in Tithes oblations
and other thinges there accordinge to your sound discretions in
politicall and Civill Causes, and by having the advise of twooe or three
pres for the setlinge, makeing and ordering of the business for design-
ing necessarie Ecclicall and Clergie portions, which yo" shall cause to
be called and taken to yo", and to make provision against the Violators
of those Lawes Constitutions and Ordinances by imposinge penalties &
mulctes imprisonm' (if there be cause and that the qualitie of the
offence doe require it by deprivation of member or life to be inflicted)
with power also (our assent being had) to remove and displace y*
Governo™ or Rulers of those Colonies for causes which to yo" shall
seeme lawfull, and others in their stead to Constitute, and to require an
Accompt of their Rule and Government. And whome yo" shall finde
culpable, either by deprivation from the Place or by Imposition of a
mulet upon the Goods of them in those Partes to be levied or banish-
ment from the Provinces in which they have been Governo™, or
otherwise to Chastice according to the qualitie of the fault. And to
Constitute Judges & Magistrates politicall and civell for Civill Causes
and under the power & forme; which to yo" five or more of yo" with
the Brr* Vicegerentes (provided by the Archrr of Canterburie for the
time beinge) shall seeme expedient. And to ordayne Courtes Pretorian
and Tribunall as well Ecclicall as Civell of Judgmentes to determine of
the forme and manner of proceeding in the same. And of appealing
from them in matters and causes aswell Cryminall as Civill, Personall
realland mixt. And to y* Seates of Justice what may be equally and
well ordered and what crymes, faultes or excesse of Contractes or
injuries ought to belonge to y* Ecclicall Courte and Seate of Justice.
Provided Neverthelesse That the Lawes Ordinances and Constitutions
of this kind shall not be put in Execution before o' assent be had
thereunto in writing under o' Signet signed at least. And this Assent
being had thereunto and the same publiquely proclaymed in y* Provinces
in which they are to be executed. Wee will and Command that those
Lawes Ordinances and Constitutions more fully tq obtayne strength
and be confirmed shalbe invoilablie observed of all men whome they
shalleoncerne. Notwithstanding it shalbe lawfull for yo" five or more
of yo" as is aforesaid (although those Lawes Constitutions and Ordi-
nances shalbe proclaymed with o' Royall Assent) to change revoke
and abrogate them and other new ones in forme aforesaid from time
to time to frame and make as is aforesaid and to new evills arisinge or
daungers to applie new remedies as is fitting soe often as to yo" shall
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220 American Antiquarian Society. [ Oct.,
seeme expedient. Furthermore yo" shall understand that wee have Cop.
stituted yo" or every five of yo" the aforesaid Archbrr of Canterbury
Thomas Lord Coventrie, Lord Keeper of the greate Seale of England,
Richard Archbrr of Yorke, Richard Earle of Portland Henry Earle of
Manchester, Thomas Earle of Arundell & Surrey Edward Earle of
Dorsett, Frauncis Lord Cottington S' Thomas Edmondes knight §
Henry Fane knight, S'John Coke knight and S'Fraunces Windebancke
knight o' Commissioners tq heare and determine accordinge to yo
sound discretions all manner of Complaintes either against those
Colonies or the Rulers & Governo™ at the instance of the parties
greived or at the Accusation brought from hence or from thence
betweene them and their members to be moved, and to call y* parties
before yo", and to the Parties and their Procurators from hence or
from thence being heard, the fullcomplement of justice to be exhibited.
Giving unto yo" or any five or more of yo" Power that if yo" shall finde
any of the Colonies aforesaid or any of the Cheife Rulers upon the
jurisdiction of others by unjust Possession or Usurpation or one
against another makeing greivance, or in Rebellion against us, or with-
drawing from o' Allegeance or o' Mandates not obeying (consultation
first with us in that case had) to cause those Colonies or the Rulers of
them for the Causes aforesaid either to return to England or to Comand
them to other Places designed even as according to your sound discre-
tions it shall seeme to stand with equitie justice and necessitie.
Moreover Wee doe give unto yo" or any five or more of yo" power
and especiall comand over all the Charters & Leters Patentes and
Rescriptes Royall of the Regions Provinces Islandes or Lands in other
Partes graunted raising Colonies to cause them to be brought before yo"
and the same being reviewed if any surreptiously or unduely hath bine
obtayned, or that by y® same Priviledges, Liberties or Prerogatives
hurtfall to us or o' Crowne or to forraigne Princes have bene, pre-
judically suffered & graunted, the same being better made Knowne unto
yo" five or more of yo" to commaund them according to the Lawes and
Customes of England to bee revoked, and to doe such other thinges
which to y’ Goverment profitt and safeguard of the aforesaid Colonies
and of o° Subjectes resident in the same shalbe necessarie.
And therefore wee doe Commaund yo" that about the premises at
dayes and times which for theis thinges yo" shall make provision that
yo" be diligent in accordance as it becometh yo" Giving in Precept also
and firmely enjoyninge Wee doe give Comand to all & singuler Cheife
Rulers of Provinces into which the Colonies aforesaid have bine
drawen, or shalbe drawne and concerning y*® Colonies themselves &
concerning others that have any interest therein that they give attend-
ance upon yo" aud be observant & obedient to yo" warrantes in those
Affaires as often as need shall require and even as in o' name.
In testimonie whereof wee have caused these o' Letters to be made
Patentes Wittnesse o selfe at Westminster the 28th day of Aprill in
y* 10th yeare of o° Raigne.
By Writt from the Privy Seale.
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APPENDIX C.
Extract from the Instructions to Gov. Shirley, in 1741.
Mass. Archives Vol. 49. Numbers 52 e¢ seg. (42°' Instruction and
part of 43"),
“ By the Lords Justices.
Instructions to William Shirley, Esq’. His Majesty’s Captain General
and Governor in Chief in and over the Province and Territory of the
Massachusetts Bay in New England, in America, Given at Whitehall
the Tenth day of September, 1741, in the fifteenth year of His Majesty's
Reign.
* * * * * * * * *
42. His Majesty having been graciously pleased to grant unto the
Right Reverend Father in God, Lord Bishop of London, a Commission
under the Great Seal of Great Britain, whereby he is impowered to
execute Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction by himself, or by such Commissaries
as he shall appoint in the sev’ Plantations in America. It is His
Majesty's Will & Pleasure that you give all Countenance and due
Encouragement to the said Bishop of London or his Commissaries in
the legal exercise of such Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction, according to the
Laws of the Province under your Government, and to the tenour of the
said Commission, a Copy whereof is hereunto annexed; and that you
do cause the said Commission to be forthwith registred in the publick
Records of the said Province.
48. The said Lord Bishop of London having presented a Petition to
His late Majesty, humbly beseeching him to send Instructions to the
Gov" of all the several Plantations in America, That they cause all the
Laws already made against Blasphemy, Prophaneness, Adultery, Forni-
cation, Polygamy, Incest, Prophanation of the Lord’s Day, swearing
and Drunkenness in their respective Governments, to be vigorously
executed ; and His Majesty thinking it highly Just, that all Persons who
shall offend in any of the Particulars aforesaid, should be prosecuted &
punished for their s* offences, It is therefore His Will and Pleasure,
that you take due Care for the Punishment of the aforementioned
Vices and that you earnestly recommend to the Council & House of
Representatives of the Massachusetts Bay to provide effectual Laws
for the Restraint and Punishment of all such of the aforementioned
Vices against which no Laws are as yet Provided, and also you are to
use your Endeavours to render the Laws in being more effectual, by
providing for the Punishment of the aforementioned Vices by
Presentment upon Oath to be made to the Temporal Courts of the
Church Wardens of the several Parishes, or other proper Officers to be
appointed for that Purpose and for the further Discouragement of Vice
and Encouragement of Virtue and good living (that by such example
the Infidels may be invited and persuaded to embrace the Christian
Religion). * * *
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SEVERAL GREAT LIBRARIES.
BY JAMES FROTHINGHAM HUNNEWELL.
Note.—Descriptions of these eighteen libraries, except Althorp, are from notes
made by the writer during his visits to them; and several of them he hag
more than once visited.
A visit, either with bodily or mental eve, to a dozen
and a half notable libraries, gives us not only pleasure
when we go or when we remember, but also, while all but
one of them are foreign, great comfort and satisfaction
when we reach, or think of, the last, which is American.
The installation of these libraries, quite as well as their
character and history, is of marked interest in the survey.
It is just there, indeed, that we find not a little of our final
satisfaction. How a library is installed, or housed, affeets
a great deal our estimate of the consideration in which it
is held, as well as our enjoyment of beauty and fitness,
If fine feathers make fine birds, fine buildings or rooms at
least help to make fine libraries.
As it was with many a modern state, so it was with the
modern notable libraries. Far back in the Middle Ages
grew the rudiments. Royal and noble collectors, not
many, there were, but it was in the repose, the beauty, or
the grandeur of the monasteries—the nurseries or shelters
of civilization—that they chiefly originated and developed.
It was there also early and late shown that the value of
preservation is no lesg than the value of gathering.
In a way natural to us, we begin our observations in the
home-land of our race. There, three centuries and a half
have passed since the Dissolution, when by scores, serip-
torium and bibliotheca, along with church and _ cloister,
were given over to ruin or transformation, so that now we
American Antiquarian Society. [ Oct.,
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must almost search for examples that seem still to preserve
their old life and character.
A great majority of the English Monasteries now present
only ruins, often, even yet, stately or beautiful. Of some,
the churches have become cathedrals, and a few of these
retain portions of the edifices attached, and a lesser number
have libraries. Lincoln has one side of the cloisters re-
placed by an incongruous, ugly Italianish structure, built
by Sir Christopher Wren for a library, for notes on which
one can consult Dr. Dibdin. Chester has its Early English
chapter house well placed beside its cloisters, in shape
almost a double square, and now the library, charmingly
picturesque and remarkably comfortable. Still, it is a
modern adaptation.
At Durham, however, is a noble library in the old
monastic buildings themselves. To be sure it is developed
from the dormitory and another hall, but, as already
said, it is a part, and a noble part, of the ancient structure,
and it has several thousand printed books and as many
hundred manuscripts “descended from the monastery to
the chapter.
to any ecclesiastical library in the country,” and Mr. King
Mr. Billings says it is “certainly superior
considers it “one of the most interesting and important.”
The whole great group of Cathedral, Monastic buildings,
and Castle at Durham, enthroned upon their high, bold
hill, is one of the glories of the Middle Ages, and their
preservation and superb enrichment are among the glories
hoth of England and of modern piety and civilization.
The representative library with old religious associations
that is mentioned here, is, however, one on a much smaller
scale, but that yet seems to be in its primeval home. It is
said to date, as a collection, only from 1686, but it is
uncommonly old in effect, it is thoroughly old English,
and much pleased the writer’s fancy.
In eastern Dorsetshire, some half-a-dozen miles from
the Channel Coast, is a long, straggling town, Wimborne,
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seat of an ancient monastic institution now represented by
the Minster. Among the thatched or red brick houses it
still rises prominent, although it is not high, surrounded
by verdant grounds, cruciform, built of irregular brownish
or grayish stones, with a square tower at the centre and
another at the west end. Within, are Norman and Early
Pointed work covered by dark timber roofs. At the south
side of the choir there is a vestry resembling a chapter
house, and adjoining is a small turnpike stair that leads to
a library overhead. It is a moderate-sized, quaint room,
with little windows and a nearly flat-beamed ceiling. On
all sides of it are shelves with books, most of them large,
and secured to the shelves by long chains, in an old style
scarcely shown elsewhere. In monastic style, also, the
backs are usually turned inward. Here the writer found a
man worthy of the place, and of cordial regard by all
lovers of books. He was a little gray-haired sexton, half
a century in office, who had found the books—long ago
left to be a parish library—dusty, dirty, torn, and dis-
ordered ; not the only library of the sort that has fared in
this way. He had mended them, arranged them, and kept
them clean—peace to his good old soul! Here, in a quiet
English country town was a survival, suggestive, at least,
of an old monastic library in a quaint, harmonious medie-
val room, still kept with loving care. The literature was
old, dry, perhaps, as were the volumes, but yet worth
saving, and in a way worth imitation in greater places.
When nearly all the monastic libraries had been dispersed
from their ancient homes, other collections were formed,
like many of them, in retired and beautiful rural places.
The Country Seat succeeded the Monastery as the home of
libraries, and of those that were still larger and more
valuable. Of varied size, or interest, or importance they
were scattered in great number throughout the land, and
now, in turn, they are in our time, to a large extent,
becoming also dispersed,
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One of the grandest and most precious of all of them,
lodged in the stateliest style, was the Sunderland at Blen-
heim. This seat, as is well known, one of the most
magnificent in England, is about eight miles from Oxford,
and was built between 1705 and 1715 as a national tribute
and memorial to the great Duke of Marlborough for his
immense services to his country, services that not only
gave it great victories and increased power, but that saved
Europe from French despotism. In this edifice, 850 feet
long and covering seven acres, Was an apartment intended
fora picture gallery, 183 feet long, besides projections,
finished in Doric style. This made the library, and was
lined by cases with latticed fronts. In these were placed
the wonderful collection made by Charles, third Earl of
Sunderland, in the course of a dozen years, during the
reigns of George I. and II., and sold between December,
1881, and March, 1883. There were some 17,000 volumes,
that brought £56,581 6s. The number of early printed
Bibles, classics, works of great Italian authors, and books
on vellum was amazing. Nor were these all. Americana,
Law, English County Histories, Poets, and Historical
Pamphlets were represented in profusion, as were also
historic bindings. It was a library worthy of a great
lord, of a great palace, of even a nation. Seen as it was
in its grand home, it was a noble sight, such as we can
hardly view again.
Another notable departure of a great family library—
perhaps the most precious of the sort in the world—was
that from Althorp Park, Northamptonshire, for over three
centuries the residence of the family of George John, Earl
Spencer. It was chiefly formed by him in the course of
twenty-four years following 1784, and contained nearly
50,000 volumes, all of great rarity and value, and com-
prising examples of early printing amazing in number.
This, perhaps unique collection, although transferred, has
been kept intact. Whether its preservation will be as
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secure in the future as in the past, remains to be proved,
While a majority of the great family libraries in England
have, during recent years, been dispersed, there are,
happily, others that remain in their home quarters.
At Eaton Hall, near Chester, seat of the Duke of West.
minster, is a magnificent example. This residence through
most of the present century was a large and stately edifice,
in English pointed style, but in recent years it has been
almost rebuilt with even greater magnificence. The library
is a very large and noble room, elaborately finished, the
wood-work American black walnut, the cases open and
containing an extensive collection of fine books on a great
variety of subjects.
At Alnwick Castle, seat of the Duke of Northumberland,
is an even richer example. The huge brown castle is
feudal in history as well as style, with apartments
superbly refitted since 1854. The library, T-shaped, is
72 feet long, finished with light oak inlaid with a lighter,
covered with fine scroll-work and highly polished through-
out. There are three white marble fireplaces. In the
cases are 16,000 volumes, useful, valuable and handsomely
bound. Conspicuously placed among them, I saw the
Massachusetts Records, New York State Reports, and the
-acific Rail Road Survey.
An example of not only a family library, but also of
creation and use by a great author, is that of Sir Walter
Scott at Abbotsford—perhaps it is safe to say, the most
magnificent of its sort in the world. Its formation was the
work of his lifetime, from youth to close. Not only is ita
monument of his amazing literary activity, knowledge and
power; it is as well a monument of the honor of a gentle-
man, for when that had inspired him to gigantic struggle
to protect his commercial credit after a failure not caused
by him, his creditors freed it and restored it to him as “ the
best means ” they had “ of expressing their very high sense
of his most honorable conduct.” Few groups of creditors
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ever had opportunity to honor themselves as they did by
that act.
As pretty much all the world knows, Sir Walter created
Abbotsford between 1812 and 1824. The house left by
him measures about 150 by 50 feet, and on a side over-
looking the Tweed is the library, 40 feet long, 19 wide,
and about 15 high. Its ceiling is divided into squares by
crossed beams that at the sides spring from decorated
corbels. At the intersections are pendants with “Stars of
Bethlehem,” copied from originals at Rosslyn. All parts
are in stucco, painted to imitate oak, perhaps the only
material practicable there. The upper portion of the wall
is painted in imitation of green drapery. Around the
room are twenty-five high oak cases, having doors latticed
with brass wire. On the shelves are several thousand
volumes, arranged by subjects. The collection of early
prose fiction and poetry, and that relating to the insurrec-
tions of 1715 and 1745, are remarkable; that on Magic
and Witchcraft has been thought to be the most wonderful
ever formed. Hardly less so, is the array of presentation
copies ; few authors in Scott’s time are unrepresented, and
probably not a dialect in Europe. More precious yet, are
the profuse notes that Scott himself wrote in a very great
number of volumes, so that perusal of them would be like
conversation with him on an immense variety of sub-
jects.
It was a desire of Scott, with the instincts of his race
and country, to found a family with a family seat, and part
of the heirloom was this library, one such as hardly an
author has ever created, and, furthermore, a memorial of
the author, who, of our tongue, followed closest after
Shakespeare. Vicissitudes of family libraries are some-
times strange or painful. Of the founder of this, children,
including heir of his title, passed away, sore commercial
peril was early encountered, and risks of mortal affairs
ensued, but still in the cherished home of its illustrious
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creator it remains safe and treasured with the Honorable
Mary Monica Maxwell-Scott.
Another library once private remains famous, especially
in our day; not one of an author great in literature, but
great in historic events shaped by him.
The Columbina at Seville has less of personal or of
architectural interest, for it shows less art than is usual jn
Spain. Time and contingencies have affected it; pests of
entomology and of anthropology have beset it. The
original, say 20,000 volumes, are reduced, it is said, to
10,000.
The Church, through its many officers and organizations,
formed and controlled on the Continent of Europe a great
number of libraries, many of which have been dispersed,
others of which remain. Among these, we turn to the one
preéminent.
The Vatican Library may be said to date from Nicholas
V., in 1447, when, of course, it was manuscript. Devel-
oped after 1480, it was lodged as at present about 1588,
and from that time attained its still existing celebrity as
one of the most precious ever in the world. Through the
past three centuries this richness has constantly increased,
chiefly in manuscripts, of which there are probably 24,000,
a collection surpassing all others. The number of printed
books, though large, is far less than in the great National
Libraries.
The installation is worthy of the treasures. In a square
vestibule with marble walls, a coved ceiling and cases of
fine cabinet work, visitors are at the end of galleries—
halls with arched ceilings, comparatively narrow—extend-
ing over a thousand feet, enriched with frescos and
porphyry or other superb columns, and lined by closed
cases—for the priceless contents are for preservation and
judicious use, and not for show.
At the left is the Grand Hall, 220 feet long. Through
its centre is a row of square piers, bearing two ranges of
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1899. |
low-curved arches. All surfaces are finely painted ; on the
walls are shown historical subjects, on the piers full-length
figures, on the vaults ornament on light grounds. Here,
also, and about five feet high, are closed wooden cases, on
which are painted flowers. Throughout the hall is a great
array of presents, gorgeous vases of porcelain, porphyry,
or malachite, statuary, and other art-works. In horizontal
glazed cases are shown some of the marvels of the Vatican—
and of the world. There is the Codex Vaticanus, clear,
in fine order, its exposed leaves covered with celluloid.
Elsewhere are autograph texts by Dante, Petrarch, Tasso,
Henry VIII., and others, and volumes with 4,000,000
signatures, from all over the world, sent to Pius IX. Still
further is an amazing display of elaborate sixteenth century
bindings. All ways considered, the Vatican Library is
now, and probably always will be, without a like else-
where.
The beauty and magnificence of other Italian libraries
helonging to the Church or State, tempt to mention and
description of several. But passing the glory of the Bene-
dictines at Monte Cassano, and the Magliabecci at Florence,
we turn briefly to the superb Sala Piccolominea at Sienna.
It is a spacious oblong hall, bright and elegant, as well as
cheerful, built in 1495. Around the upper part of the walls
are large pilasters, bearing lofty arches, from which springs
acoved ceiling. Framed by pilasters and arches, and added
between 1502 and 1506, are ten very large and remarkably
well preserved historical frescos, light in tone, by Pin-
turicchio, who is said to have been assisted by Raphael.
All other upper parts are covered with elaborate decoration,
also painted. Displayed in dark carved wood cases along
the hall, the writer counted sixty-six choir books, on
vellum, superbly illuminated. In delicacy of designs,
the great diffusion of color, and artistic merit, this hall
is one of revelations of the Renaissance. In it, books that
are works of art are quite at home.
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In what may be called the National or the State Libraries,
Italy, as do other countries, shows its grandest examples
of the installation of books. Distinguished among these jg
the Hall of the Great Council, built between 1310 and
1334, by the most enduring of all Republics, and now the
library in the Ducal Palace at Venice. After a fire in
1577, it was restored and finished much as we now find
it. 1754 feet long and 844 feet wide, its ceiling, 514 feet
above the floor, is throughout of enormous carved and
gilded scrolls, framing paintings, some huge, and all
precious. Around the lower part of the walls is a high
wainscot of carved walnut, above which is a continuous
range of large pictures, and over these, in a gilded brack-
eted cornice, are the portraits of 72 Doges since the year
809. Bassano, Palma, two sons of Paolo Veronese,
Tintoretto, and others have, on walls or ceiling, left
masterpieces. Facing all the others, is a painting said to
be the largest ever on canvas, 844 feet long and 34 feet
high, the “Glory of Paradise,” by Tintoretto, fitting, in
subject and in art to crown this majestic hall. Here the
venerable Republic fairly enthroned the best work that, at
the time, it could obtain from its best masters of art, and
here, after the vicissitudes of centuries and the changing
agencies of man, that work remains, ennobling the stately
home of the books owned by the Mistress of the Adriatic,
Within the last and the present century, especially in
the latter, National Libraries have been much developed,
and their installation made upon a grand scale.
In what might be called the Germanic group, two of the
older collections are of especial importance. For the
Imperial Library at Vienna an edifice was built in 1722.
Here are about 350,000 volumes, including 12,000 of the
fifteenth century. Most of them are in a spacious and
imposing hall, Roman in style, with a domed centre, and
elsewhere a semicircular vault, panelled and _frescoed.
There are imitation red marble pillars and entablatures, and
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1899. ] Several Great Libraries. 231
gilt decoration. Cases are of dark wood. It is more
®. imposing than the King’s Library in the British Museum,
‘is but it is not as well constructed, and the exhibit of early |
nd printed books is hardly as remarkable.
he The great library of Bavaria, at Munich, with over
in 850,000 volumes, thought to be the continental collection
nd next in size to that at Paris, occupies a vast edifice, built
ret between 1852 and 1842, in Florentine style. It has, or
nd had, a yellowish red exterior, and a very white interior,
all except the Grand Staircase, which is very imposing, and
gh the Hall of the Dukes and Kings of Bavaria, where there
yus are, or were, intensely red walls. Wooden floors abound,
ke and wooden cases and shelves hold the books. The
var Incunabule are fine, but here again the British Museum is
$e, not equalled.
eft The National Library of France, at Paris, originated
to in small collections of books made by the sovereigns during
eet the latter part of the fifteenth century. Great additions
in were made, chiefly by Louis XIV., and at the suppression
rhe of the monasteries in 1789. Like the government, the
at name has been often changed. Until the overthrow of the
nd monarchy, and again, 1815 to 1848, it was Bibliotheque du
ing Roi; after 1789 it was .Vationale, a term resumed 1848 to
ely 1852; to 1815 it was Jimpériale, and again that from 1852
c, to 1870, since which last date it has been, for the third
in time, Nationale. About the year 1721, it was installed in
od, the Hotel de Mazarin, near the centre of the city, where it
remains. This structure, too large, good and interesting
the to he destroyed, even in Paris, has, in time, been altered
the and enlarged to make it more fitted for its uses, so that it
2, is, or lately was, 540 feet long by 130 feet wide, enclosing
the acourt 300 by 90. Hence, there are both old and curious
nd rooms or parts, and also others new, in modern French
nd style. Among the latter is the Reading Room, large and
ed. handsome, but not nearly as imposing as the Rotunda in
the British Museum. In combined number and value of
ay
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232 American Antiquarian Society. [ Oct.,
its books, this collection is thought to be, at least, second
now, or ever, existing. At a time when its present and
prospective need of space was evident, an edifice, not sur.
passed, if equalled, throughout France in historic interest,
in art, in site and possibilities of adaptation was ruthlessly
destroyed. There is no prophet to forecast the future;
there are persons who do not like to see great treasures
very near a dormant volcano.
England’s great collection in London has not had to
change its name on an average of every dozen years for
the last hundred; it stays the British Museum. It may
be said to date from large government purchases in 1754,
and an important gift by George II., in 1757, but its age
is really much greater. “The history of its component
parts extends over three centuries,” says Mr. Edwards,
Indeed, as he continues, “every part and almost every
age of the world has contributed something ”—very large
somethings in many cases, we may add. Since its origin
and its opening, January 15, 1759, it has by national
grants, and even more by private gifts, grown to im-
mensity, so that one of its marked characteristics is its
universality, and, at the same time, its nationality; in
these ‘it is preéminent.
For the installation very great space is required. Even
the present edifice, built between 1823 and 1854, huge as
it is—covering seven acres—has proved inadequate, and
sundry parts, Natural History and others, have been
removed to South Kensington.
Among the many halls, the largest and most imposing
for books alone, is the King’s Library, 300 feet long and
65 feet wide at the centre. It is in simple, but rich Roman
style, lined by Corinthian pillars of marble, except near
the centre, where they are of red Peterhead granite, with
‘apitals of Derbyshire alabaster. All are polished, as are
the oak cases between them. The books, mostly in fine
bindings, are covered by glazed steel doors with gilded
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id brass sashes. In horizontal cases along the floor, is a
ad probably matchless array of precious volumes, showing the
r art of book-making from early illuminated manuscripts,
t, block-books, and the first printed by movable types.
ly Following are the first in many a country, city, town ; first
e; editions of works by the great English authors, and their
es autographs—forms in which the greatest of the world’s
literatures came into being. Further, are the handwritings
to of the many who have shaped the history of the Island-
or home and the world-wide Empire of the British race.
ay Large and costly as was the original edifice, it was not
4, planned with enough foresight of growth, though this has
wre proved surprising, we may well say. Additions have been
nt made on all sides, the chief of them the Reading Room,
ls. occupying an extensive courtyard. It is a domed hall,
ry about 150 feet in diameter, said to be the largest in the
re world, opened in 1857. All around it and in it are cases
rin filled with books, most of them richly bound. The color-
ral ing has been changed from time to time. When the writer
m- first saw it (1860) there were gilded ribs on a blue ground ;
its four years later he saw light buff with blue in panels, and
in gilded mouldings—the iron frame showing through with
rather ill effect.
en The library of the British Museum, with its immense
as accumulation of rare and precious books, and its full
nd special collections, is such an one as can only be made by
ell generations of enlightened, devoted, and also wealthy
collectors, and that can hardly, or never, again be dupli-
ing cated. A younger nation can, however, aided by like
nd collectors, make fair progress on the same lines, and at the
lan same time form an institution that will, in its way, have
ear corresponding value.
ith The United States of America has, through several
are generations been gathering a library that has grown to be
ine national. Its lodgings had become utterly insufficient and
overcrowded, and in the latter part of the nineteenth cen-
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234 American Antiquarian Society. [ Oct.,
tury the required new installation was provided. At what
some persons think is the climax of human civilization,
and with all the example and teaching that might then be
had, the work was performed. Viewing suggestive,
astonishing, or we may say awful, evidence of what has
been and might be in governmental art, we might naturally
have misgivings about what we would find in the edifice
provided for our national library, and that must long remain
as monumental evidence of our degree of civilization. We
can have sensations or form opinions without seeing the
world, or knowing what mankind has elsewhere done, but
we can feel and think better if we have seen and known
all we can of the world and its works.
I wish that every American could feel the thrill of
surprise and delight, yes and of exaltation as an American,
that I felt when I first saw and examined our New National
Library in Washington, and that I also felt the wide world
gave me reason to feel. Positively and comparatively,
here is a triumph. Here is true American Imperialism;
not the bedlam of Jingoes, but the work of a great people
gathering from all time and all lands, and from their wide-
spread homes the records and the appliances of civilization,
all to be saved, and held and used for human good in these
throne-rooms of the Republic.
For form and style, the Italian Renaissance has been
adopted, the most sumptuous creation of the great Ages of
the Revival of Learning, of its diffusion by printing, and
of discovery in geography and science. Here is a palace
that in extent and richness might, if he could see it, cause
-alladio to sigh that he had no United States to make real,
designs in the style he loved and developed.
For site, wide, open grounds were taken, with abundant
light, sunshine, good air, shrubbery, and security. The
edifice measures 470 feet from north to south, by 340 feet
from east to west, and, including four courts, covers three
and three-quarters acres, or an area more than half that of
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1899. | Several Great Libraries. 235
the British Museum. It is to be remembered, however,
that this edifice is only for books, safe and good accommo-
dation for 4,500,000 of which is provided on forty miles
of metal shelving. For the various practical purposes of a
great library, the structure with its details is a worthy
monument of American intelligence. Equally worthy it is
also as a Monument of the national abilities in art, indeed
of the harmony and possible union of the practical and the
artistic. It is another evidence of American genius in
combining beauty with use, shown, for example, a genera-
tion ago in the clipper-ship, with its remarkable sailing
qualities and gracefulness of outlines ; shown here in adapt-
ing sumptuous Renaissance and all the Fine Arts, and
making them give due richness and dignity to a great
engine for daily use and service.
The Entrance Hall, the Great Staircase and Corridors,
with their complexity and their profusion, not waste of
appropriate decoration, suggest the exuberant fancy and
the mastery of Piranesi the elder. The Dome at the
centre is worthy of Imperial Rome; the many halls and
cabinets of the lordliest ecclesiastic or civilian of the six-
teenth century.
Color has been added to fineness of material and charm
of form. There was a time in our land when a cold gray,
in dreary monotone, was thought to be the supreme
correctness of taste and fashion. But the Lord never
made His fair earth beneath us or His glorious heavens
above us that way, and let us be further thankful, He did
not make us or the ladies that way.
Whether we consider American current affairs, or Art,
or History, this edifice is prominent, and especially in the
latter, where it has, and will have, a marked place.
Examine the great libraries, past and existing, and also
many that are minor, and we find that, in most cases, care
for their preservation, also thought for their due installa-
tion, were good as circumstances permitted. We find that
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236 American Antiquarian Society. [ Oct.,
not only have they been cherished, but that interest, often
great personal interest, has become an important part of
them. They are monuments both of the civilization and
the art of their times, and also of the life itself of eminent
men,
Some of the best spirit of the later Middle Ages lingers
still in the monastic repose and beauty of Chester and of
Durham; at Alnwick and at Blenheim are the lordliness
and stateliness of the great seats, hardly less impressive and
important in their time—at the latter and at Althorp the
homes of two of the world’s chief collectors and preservers ;
at Abbotsford is the world’s almost unique creation, solace,
arsenal, of one of its noblest men of genius; at Rome and
at Sienna are glories of the Church enshrined in Italian
art; at Venice, with like sumptuous installation, the life
of the oldest of Republics seems yet prolonged; at the
great capitals are triumphs of Peace achieved by nations,
And now, at the Capital of our own land, is a worthy
edifice to combine all these ; here is no vanity of boast, but
substance of fact in glory of achievement; well as can be,
means for preservation and for use are provided ; here the
simply practical and the treasures of human labor and
thought are enshrined in majesty and beauty.
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Andros Records.
1899. |
ANDROS RECORDS.
BY ROBERT N. TOPPAN.
AmonG the historical papers of value in possession of the
American Antiquarian Society are the Andros Records.
They are the original minutes, in manuscript, of the early
meetings of the Council during the administration of Sir
Edmund Andros, who, as royal Governor, succeeded
Joseph Dudley, appointed by the King temporary Presi-
dent of Massachusetts after the annulling of the Charter of
the Colony by legal process. They cover a period of
about four months, beginning with the first meeting, on
December 20th, 1686, and ending on April 25th, 1687,
when a new system of government was being, as was sup-
posed, firmly and permanently established, the executive,
law-making and judicial powers being conferred upon a
Governor and Council, by the authority of the King, in
place of a Governor, Council and House of Deputies
selected by the freemen of the Colony—a _ viceroyalty,
instead of a self-governing democracy.
Although these minutes were undoubtedly used in the
preparation of the official records, covering the same period,
sent to the authorities in England, a transcript of which is
inthe Department of Archives at the State House, the
differences! are such as to make it desirable to publish the
full text of the original manuscript.
Nearly forty years ago, Mr. Samuel F. Haven, the ac-
complished librarian, called the attention of the Society to
the existence of the minutes in an interesting report,? in
‘See Edward Randolph, Vol. U1., pp. 8, 9. Publications of the Prince Society,
1898,
*See Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, 24 April, 1861, p. 31.
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American Antiquarian Society,
which he says, “ While the learned American annalist, Rey,
Dr. Holmes, was an officer of this Society, he received ay
anonymous letter from Newburyport, accompanying
parcel of ancient manuscripts for the Society, which the
donor said he had rescued from the flames, and which, if
useful for nothing else, he thought, might serve to light
some antiquarian pipe; to which purpose they came very
near being devoted by himself.”
* Among these were several papers which are included
in Hutchinson’s collection; and a copy of the commission
to Andros, as Governor of New England, which had then
never been printed. It has since been published by the
Massachusetts Historical Society, in the seventh volume of
their third series of Collections. Another document, which
appears not to have attracted particular attention, as it is
not distinguished by a special entry upon our records,
perhaps came with the same parcel. It proves to be the
original minutes of proceedings at the meetings of Andros
and his Council during the first four months of his admin-
istration,—the period of the organization and establishment
of the new Government. It is in the handwriting of
Randolph’s clerk, with interlineations and additions by the
Secretary himself. It commences with what may be
regarded as an official list of the Council, and records the
names of those present at each meeting. It shows that the
records obtained from England by Mr. Felt are only an
abstract of the doings of the Government, furnished in
compliance with an order from the authorities at home.
In that abstract, the votes and discussions are greatly
abridged, some of them wholly omitted; while many
meetings are passed by without a notice. These original
minutes, as far as they go, were apparently used in the
preparation of the abstract; for the word ste¢ was written
against many of the passages by the hand of the Secretary,
implying a compilation from the contents of the man
script.”
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1899. ]
In addition to these minutes, it is probable that the
records of the Council meetings under President Dudley,
the temporary predecessor of Andros, will be published
in the near future by the Massachusetts Historical Society,
and it is hoped that these, in turn, will be followed by the
publication of the remaining meetings, under Andros, as
faras their records have been preserved, subsequent to
April 25th, 1687. ‘Transcripts of these records, sent
fom England, are at the State House, while drafts, in
manuscript, of various meetings are found scattered in
different parts of the Massachusetts Archives.!
The names of his Matys Councill in his Territory and Dominion of
New England.
His Excellence Edmond Andros Kn‘ Govern’.
Joseph Dudley William Stoughton
Robert Mason Thomas Hinckley Ply.
Walter Clarke John Fitz-Winthrope
John Pinchon Peter Buckley
Wait Winthrope Richard Wharton
John Usher Bartholomew Gedney
Jonathan Tyng John Hincks >» Esqrs
Edward Tyng Barnaby Lathrop Ply.
John Sandford William Bradford Ply.
Daniel Smith John Walley Ply.
Nathaniel Clarke Ply John Coggshall
Walter Newberry John Green |
Richard Arnold John Alborough J
Edward Randolph Seery
'Mr. Samuel F. Haven has placed a memorandum, in his handwriting, with the
original minutes, as follows: ‘** Mem. of differences between the Andros Records at
the State House and the original minutes in the library of the Am. Antiquarian
Society.”
“1. The list of Council is wanting at the State House.
“2. The record jumps from Jan’y 28 to Feb. 23. There were meetings Feb. 4 &
Feb, 15.
“3. The whole record of Feb. 23 is in two lines, whereas, in the minutes it oecu-
pies four full pages.
“4. The record has no meetings of Feb. 24, Feb. 26, Feb. 28, Mar. 2, Mar. 5, Mar.
1,and none from Mar. 17 to May 4, whereas, in the minutes, besides the dates above
mentioned, there are those of Mar. 19, Apl. 2, Apl. 6, Apl.13, Apl. 20, Apl. 25.
“Some of the orders passed at those meetings are, however, given under other
dates,
“5. Ina vol. labelled ‘ Usurpation Papers,’ are fragments of records or copies of
records containing some of the same matter that is in the minutes, and in the same
handwriting. . . . These fragments, on loose sheets, appear to be copies of
orders passed, made for some distinct object. Some of these are attested by Ran-
dolph, They are evidently transcribed from the minutes in the A. A. S. Library.
Some of them are printed in His. Soc. Coll. . . . . From these minutes the
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240 American Antiquarian Society. Oct
At a Councill held in Boston in his Matys Territory and Dominion of
New England on Monday December the 20th 1686.
Present
His Exce St Edmond Andros Kt Governour
Joseph Dudley Richard Wharton )
William Stoughton John Usher ops
Peter Buckley Bartholomew Gedney f Esqrs
Wait Winthrope and J
Edward Randolph Seery
His Matys Commission for Government directed to his Excell: §r
Edmond Andros Knight was published and the Oath of Allegiance was
administered to his Exce by Joseph Dudley and the members they
present together with the Oath for the due execution of Justice by his
Matys said Commission enjoyned to be taken.
His Exce gave the Oath of allegiance and the Oath for the due admin.
istration of Justice above mentioned to the Members of his Matys
Councill then present.
His Exce produced his Matys Warrant bearing date at Winsor the
26th of Septemr 1686 appointing & authorizing a Great Seal for the use
of this his matys Government with the Seal it Self.
Upon Mr Stoughton’s Informing his Exce the Court was the nezt dayto
be holden at Charles towne being Tuesday the one and twentyeth
Instant was Ordered to be adjourned till Tuesday the fourth of January
next ensueing.
It being moved That ’twas necessary to pass a Temporary Order for
confirming all officers etc. in their places It was accordingly Ordered
that the follewing Declaration be forthwith passed and Published in
these words
By his Exce the Governour and Councill,
these are to declare and Publish That all Officers Civill and Military and
the Officers of his Matys Revenues togeather wt! all Dutyes and Imposts
as now Setled in this Town of Boston, and other parts of this Govern-
ment are hereby Continued till further Order and all persons are
required to Conform thereto accordingly
Upon Mr Stoughton’s saying that Road Island was not mentioned in his
Matys Commission to his Exce, his Exce produced an Order under his
Matys Sign Manual upon the Surrender of the Charter to take the Colony
of R. Island under his Government, and it being the Opinion of the
Councill that Thursday the 30th of this Instant December would be the
Soonest day for a Generall Councill to meet at Boston his Ex®
resolved to write to the Members of Road Island and New Plymouth,
and that the Secry should write to the absent members of the Couneill
of this Government that they might all meet accordingly. Adjourned
Record now in England (of which a copy was obtained by Mr. Felt for the State)
was made up by Randolph with such alterations and omissions as he thought propet,
or as suited his purposes.”
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till Tuesday the 21st of this Instant at One of the Clock in the
afternoon.'
Ata Councill held at Boston New England on Tuesday the 21st of
Decembr 1686.
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros Knight Gove
Joseph Dudley Richard Wharton }
William Stoughton John Usher { Esars
Peter Buckley Barth Gedney
Wait Winthrop Jonathan Tyng
Edward Randolph.
Jonathan Tyng one of the Members of his Matys Councill was Sworn
and tooke his place.
Ordered that Copies of the Declaration made by his Exce and Councill
on ye 20th Instant, be Sent to the Severall Clerks of the County Courts
in this Governint for their Direction.
Ordered that the Castle on Castle Island be Speedily repaired,
and that M’ Gibbs’ house at Fort hill, be made fit for the accomoda-
’ tionof the ffoot Companyes of Souldiers, and that Mt Treasurer Usher
take Care and see it done accordingly.
Ordered that Joseph Cowell or Some other fit person be sent wth his
Exce’s Letter to the Govt and Company of Connecticot, his Maty haveing
likewise authorized and Impowered his Exce upon Submission and Sur-
render of their Charter to take that Colony under his Care and Govern-
ment.
mt Treasurer Usher is directed to make ready and present to the
Auditor his accounts of what mony hath been received and payd for
the Support of this his Matys Government.
Adjourned till Thursday the 30th Instant.”
'In the Council Records of Massachusetts, Vol. U1., is contained a transcript of
the Records from the 20th of December, 1686, to the 29th of December, 1687, pre-
served in England, attested by Robert Lemon, chief clerk in Her Majesty’s State
Paper Office in London on 16th of September, 1846.
The record of 20th December, 1686, does not contain the name of Wait Winthrop
as being present at the meeting, but contains the following not found in the origi-
nal minutes: ‘“ His Exee St Edmond Andros Knt Governour being landed repaired
forthwith to the Towne house attended thither by a great number of Merchants
and others with all the Militia of Horse and Foot.” “ His Exce in a short speech
acquainted the Council! that his Majtie by his letters Patents dated the third day of
June in the second year of his Majtys Reigne appointed him to be Captaine Gen-
érall Governour in Chief ete. of New England which was then published in a full
Assembly.’ The rest of the record is not as full as the original minutes.
See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVL., p. 164, in the handwriting of Edward
“Randolph.
*The record of this meeting in the Council Records of Massachusetts, vol.
IL, does not contain the names of those present, but only the orders about the
Castle and Mr. Gibbs’s house.
In Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVL., p. 176, under date of December 22d,
which is evidently a clerical error, for December 21st is a draft, most of which is in
the handwriting of Edward Randolph, giving the names of those present, and
adding, “ that summons be issued to the Members of the Councill in Rood Island
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242 American Antiquarian Society. [ Oct.,
December 1686.
Present: his Exce St Edmond Andros Knight Governt
Joseph Dudley Barnaby Lathrop )
William Stoughton William Bradford
Thomas Hinckley Daniell Smith
Walter Clarke John Walley
Peter Buckley Nathaniel Clarke
Wait Winthrop John Coggshall Esqrs
Richard Wharton Walter Newberry
John Usher Richard Arnold
Bartho. Gedney John Arborough
Jonathan Tyng Edw Randolph Jj
Upon opening of the Councill His Excellence tooke the oath for
observing y® acts of trade & navigation, Commanded the Members
thereof to be called over by their Names and take their places accord-
ingly.
The Members of the Councill being Seated the Commission to his
Exce for Government of this his Matys Territory and Dominion was
read, and also the Instructions Given his Exce under his Matys Signet
Impowering his Exce to receive the Surrender of Road Islands Charter.
His Exce demanded of Walter Clark and other Members of the
Councill for Road Island the delivery of their Charter, they made
answer "I'was at their Governours house in Newport and That it should
be forth Comeing when Sent for, but in regard to the teadiousnes &
bad weather It could not then be brought; his Excellence then ordered
it to be brought & that the Secry take charge of it accordingly.
His Exe proceeded to administer the oath of Allegiance and the oath
also for the due Execution of their trust as Councellours to the Members
of his Matys Councill, not formerly Sworn, and being desired to stand
up and Answer to their Names Thomas Hinckley, Walter Clark,
Barnaby Lathrop, William Bradford, Daniel Smith, John Walley,
Nathaniel Clark, John Coggshall, Walter Newberry, Richard Arnold and
John Alborough were Sworn accordingly.
"Twas moved That a Proclamation Should be made to Confirm Officers
both Civill and Military in the late Colonyes of New Plymouth & Road
Island in their plans till further order and thereupon
Ordered Proclamation should be drawn to that end and that Commis-
sions for appointing Civill and Military officers to forth with be
prepared for his Excellency.
Ordered that the names of fitt persons be returned and
Ordered by his Excellency That new Commissions for Civill &
& New plymouth to be present on Wednesday ye 29th of this present December.” . .
‘* A letter sent to Major Pincheon to attend.” “ A Councill to meet on thursday y
30th of the last instant Decembr and yt all ye members of ye Councill be sumoned to
be prsent.”’
See also Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVL., pp. 205.
At a Councill held in Boston New England on Thursday the 30th of
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1899. ]
Military officers throw the whole Dominion be forth with prepared &
Sent to the Severall Colonyes & provinces accordingly :'
At a Councill held in Boston N. England on Fryday the 31st of
December 1686.
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros Knt Governor .
Joseph Dudley John Hinks
William Stoughton Barnaby Lathrop
Thomas Hinckly William Bradford
Walter Clarke Daniel Smith
John Fitz-Winthrop John Waliey
Peter Buckley Nathaniel Clarke } Esqrs
Wait Winthrop John Coggshall
Richard Wharton Walter Newberry
John Usher Richard Arnold
Bartho. Gedney John Alborough
Jonathan Tyng & tdward Randolph }
Major John Winthrope and Mr John Hincks both members of the
Councill were admitted and having taken the Oathes did accordingly
take their places.
1 The record in the Council Records of Massachusetts, vol. 11., is substantially the
same, but not so full as in the original minutes.
See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVI., p. 186. In this draft the name of
«John Alborough”’ is given correctly. In the original minutes it is written “John
Arbrough.”” The word “Seery”’ is added to “ Edward Randolph.”” The sentence in
the original minutes “‘and also the Instructions Given his Exee under his Matys
Signet Impowering his Exee to receive the Surrender of Road Islands Charter”
reads as follows, “‘and also the Instructions under his Matys Signe Manuall Im-
powering his Exce to receive the Charter of Road Island and Providence plantation
was likewise read.”’ Inthe original minutes it is stated that all the Members of the
Council, who had not previously taken the oaths, “‘were sworn,” but in the draft it
is said, “who (allof them) Walter Clark and Walter Newberry excepted, did take
y Oath & showed assent thereto by holding up their right hands.”
“Walter Clark & Walter Newberry gave also their express Consent to ye s¢ Oath
of Alleg. and ye Oath for ye Admd., of Justice in yeGovernmt according as directed
in his Matys late Comission to ye President and Councill, professing themselves
obliged in all good conscience before God so to do, and yt under the utmost
penaltyes of perjury in all respects the members of the Councill being severally
asked their opinion did allow of their protestation.”
“His Exce in a short discourse’ encouraged the members to freedom in debate.
Walter Clark & Walter Newberry acknowledge the Surrender of ye Charter made to
his May at Windsor but fearing yt surrender was not effectual for avoiding all
mistakes they had prsented another humble address to his Maty under the publique
Seal of their Colonyes and had sent over agents to pray his Mays favour towards
them and W. Clarke further added that ye Charter of R. I. was in his custody at
Newport.”
“It was moved That a Proclamacon should be made through all ye Colonyes and
provinces of this Gvt. That all officers both civill and military should be con-
tinued in their places of trust and yt ye lawes not repugnant to ye lawes of England
in ye severall Colonyes should be observed during his Exee pleasure.”
“Ordered that the Proclamacon be drawn up & prsented to his Exee in Councill
to morrow by nine of ye Clock in ye morning.”
“ Adjo, till fryday next ye 3its of Dec. at 9 in ye morning.”
See also Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVL., p. 208. In this draft the name of
Walter Newberry is omitted, but that of Edward Tyng is added,
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244 American Antiquarian Society. [ Oct.,
A Comtee appointed Joseph Dudley, William Stoughton, Richard
Wharton, Thomas Hinckley, John Walley, Walter Clarke and John
Coggshall Esqrs to Consider and Report to the next meeting of the
Governour and Councill as follows the methods of Administring
Justice Courts, times and places of Courts, their Jurisdictions, formes
and fees, and also whatsoever is at present necessary to be done. They
or the Major part whereof one Member of every Colony to be a
Quorum.
The Committee to begin and Set p'sently to Consider also of what
standing Revenues are raised in each Colony for the Support of the
Government, and what is at present necessary for that end.
Adjourned till two of the Clock in the afternoon on monday next
3¢ of January.'
At a Councill held in Boston New Engl¢ January the 3¢ 1686.
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros Knt Governor
William Stoughton Jonathan Tyng
Thomas Hinckley John Hincks
Walter Clarke Barnaby Lathrop
John Fitz-Winthrop William Bradford
Peter Bulkely Daniel Smith
Wait Winthrop John Walley
Richard Wharton Nathaniel Clark
John Usher John Coggshall
Barth® Gedney Richard Arnold
John Alborough & Edward Randolph
Ordered that the Selectmen, Constables, Overseers of the poor and
all other Town officers for manageing the Prudentiall Affaires thereof
be Continued and elected and are to act in all Town Affaires in their
Severall bounds as formerly.
' In the Council Records of Massachusetts, vol. I1., is found the fellowing order,
“The Records to be forthwith removed from Mr Rawson [former Secretary]
to be delivered to Mr Randolph, present Secretary.’ The clause about John
Winthrop and John Hincks taking the oath as Councillors is omitted.
In Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVL., p. 190, is an order for a Council #f war
to try and punish soldiers charged with theft.
See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXNXVI., pp. 208, 210.
In Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVL., p. 177, is the following draft in the
handwriting of Edward Randolph, Times and Places for Courts. “ That is to say
for ye County of Suffolk at Boston on ye last Tuesdays in July Oct. Janry & Aprill;
for the County of Middlesex at Cambridge the third tuesday in August; at Charles
Town the third tuesday in December & May; ffor ye County of Plymouth & Barn-
stable the last wednesdayes in Sept. & March; ffor the County of Bristoll at
Bristoll the first tuesdays in Octbr & April]; ffor Road Island Kings province &
Providence plantation at Newport the second tuesdays in Oct. & Aprill; ffor y¢
County of Essex at Salem the second wednesday in May & November at Ipswich
the first wednesday in Sept. & March; ffor the province of New Hampshire & ys
western part of ye province of Main including ye town of Wells: at Portsmouth the
mundayes ffollowing each of the Courts of Ipswich; ffor ye eastern part of y*
province of Main at ffalmouth the fryday following the Sept. Court at Portsmouth;
ffor ye County of Hampshire at Northhampton the third tuesday in October & at
Springtield the third tuesday in Aprill ffollowing.”
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The report of the Comtee to consider the methods of Administration
of Justice, Courts, and places of Courts &c. was read in Councill and
after debate upon the Severall Articles it was Ordered,
That Mt Wharton & the Secry draw up the Sundry heads then agreed
upon and present them to the Councill next morning.
An act for Raiseing a Revenue for Support of the Government by
. Impost upon Rumm, Wine, Brandy &c. was read and
Ordered to be further Considered.
Ordered that the late Dutyes and Imposts of twenty shillings per
hoggshead upon Wine Rumm &c. now Payed in the Colony of the
Massachusetts, be likewise Collected and paid in the Severall Late
* Governments of New Plymouth, Road Island and Providence Plantation,
and also Kings Province upon every hoggshead of Wine Rumm &c.
Imported and Consumed there which Dutyes and Imposts are to com-
mence from and after the Publication of this Order, and to be paid to
Such officers as by his Exce the Governour shall be thereunto appointed.
Ordered that a Standing Committee be appointed to revise the Lawes
"of the Several late Governments of the Massathusetts Bay, New
Plymouth, Road Island &c. and to make a Collection of Such as are fit
and necessary for the use of this Government.
Adjourned till nine tomorrow morning.'
Ata Councill held in Boston, New England on Thursday the 4th of
January 1686.
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros, Knight, Governour.
William Stoughton Jonathan Tyng
Thomas Hinckley John Hinks
Walter Clarke Barnaby Lathrop
John Fitz-Winthrop William Bradford
Peter Buckley John Walley
Wait Winthrope Nathaniel Clark
Richard Wharton John Coggshall
John Usher Richard Arnold
Gedney John Alborough
& Edward Randolph.
In Pursuance of an Order of Governour and Councill made yesterday
appointing a Standing Comtee to revise the Lawes of the Severall late
Governments etc.
' The Council Records of Massachusetts, vol. 11., does not contain the order in
regard to the election of Selectmen, Constables, etc. or the order of appointing Mr.
Wharton and Secretary Randolph a committee to draw up sundry heads for
administering justice. The clause relating to revenue in the original minutes
which reads “ to be paid to such officers as by his Exee the Governour shall be there-
unto appointed” is changed to “ to be paid to such persons as the Treasurer shall
appoint to collect the same.”’ To the order in the minutes appointing a standing
Committee to revise the laws is added “ the Secretary to nominate a clerk to attend
them.” Thursday is a clerical error for Tuesday.
See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVI1., p. 210, this draft is like the original
minutes, except that the name of Edward Tyng is in the list of councillors present.
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It is Ordered that Mt Dudley, Mt Stoughton, Mr Hinckley, Mr Win-
throp, Mr Clarke, Mr Coggshall and Major Walley be a Standing
Comtee whereof the Major part to be a Quorum, and immediately to
attend that Service, That Major Buckley & Mt Wharton be present as
often as may be,
That the Secretary do attend and provide a fitt Clerke.
Upon reading the Papers presented by Mt Wharton and the Secretary
relating to an Impost and Dutyes to be Laid on Rumm, Tobacco &c.,
It was Ordered. That they should be further considered.
Ordered that the Treasurer pay the arrears and Publick charges of
the Forts and Castles.
That the usuall times and places for holding Courts in the Col-
onyes of New Plymouth and Road Island be as formerly and That all
Marriages be Solemnized in this Governmt as of Late accustomed untill
further Order,
Ordered, That a single Country Rate of one Penny in the Pound
be Levyed and Collected in all the Late Colonyes and Provinces towards
defraying the Publick charge of this Governmt according to former
usage.
Adj. till the last Wednesday in February next.’
At a meeting of the Councill In Boston New England on Thursday
the 12th of Janry 1686.
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros Knt Governt
Joseph Dudley Richard Wharton }
William Stoughton John Usher + Esqrs
Wait Winthrop Edward Tyng J
Edward Randolph.
Edward Tyng Esqt one of the Members of the Councill tooke the
Oaths enjoyned by his Matys Commission, and took his place in Councill.
A Letter received from Robert Treat Esqr Governour of the Colony of
Connecticot dated the 6th of January Instant in answer to his Exces
Leter of the 224 of Decembr last Signifying to him his Matys pleasure,
& Impowering his Exce to receive the Surrender of the Charter of that
Colony &e.
Ordered That the Comtee for reviseing the Lawes of the Severall
Colonyes do Instantly meet and attend that business, and that the Sec-
retary write to the Recorder of Road Island to send to the Comtee a
Copie of their Lawes.
M' Isaac Addington of Boston to be Clerke to the Comtee.
1 In Council Records of Massachusetts, vol. I1., the names of the Council present
are not given. The names of the Committee to revise the laws are also omitted.
The rest of the record is not as full as the original minutes.
In Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVL., p. 212, the day of the week is given cor-
rectly as “ Tuesday.”” Edward Tyng is mentioned in the list of councillors present.
An order is added “That the Treasurer pay the arrears and Publick Charges of the
Forts and Castels.”’
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Ordered, that the Secretary pursuant to an Order of Councill made
: on the 4th of this Instant January do Send an Order to the Treas-
urer for collecting a Single Country rate to his Maty, And that the
) Treasure’ do issue out his Warrants for collecting the Same accord-
ingly.
Adjourned Sine die.'
At a meeting of the Councill at Boston in New England on Saturday
the 22th of January 1686.
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros Knt Governour
Joseph Dudley Wait Winthrop
William Stoughton Richard Wharton } Esqrs
John Winthrop John Usher
and Edward Randolph.
His Exce the Governour acquainted the Councill of the arrivall of Ship
Samuell and Thomas of Boston John Tebbet Master who had brought
his Exce from Whitehall a pacquett containeing Severall Letters of
publick concern, which his Exce Intended to Communicate, and assem-
bled the Councill to that purpose.
A Letter from his Most Exnt Maty dated at Whitehall the 9th of
October 1686 in the Second year of his Matys Reigne countersigned by
his matys Command Rochester directed to Our Trusty and well beloved
St Edmond Andros Knight Our Capt Generall and Governourin Chief of
Our Territory and Dominion of New Engld in America &c. at Boston,
requireing a strict Inspection of his Matys Revenue there, was read in
Councill and Ordered to be Entred in the Councill booke. A Letter from
his most Sacred Maty dated at Whitehall the 31th of October 1686 in the
Second Year of his Matys Reigne relating to the value and prices of
pieces of eight and regulateing forraigne Coyn in New England
directed to Our Trusty and well beloved St Edmond Andros Knight Our
Capt Generall and Governour in Cheife of Our Territory and Dominion
of New England in America, was likewise read and Ordered to be entred
&e.
A Letter from the Right Honble the Lords of the Comtee for Trade
and forreign Plantations from the Councill Chamber at Whitehall bearing
date the 24th day of October 1686 directed to Our very loveing friend
St Edmond Andros Knt Capt Generall and Govr in Cheife of his Matys
Territory and Dominion of New England in America, and to his Matys
Councill there. Signifying his Matys Royall Pleasure that a Quarterly
account of all matters of Importance whether Civill, Ecclesiasticall or
Military be transmitted to their Lordships at four Severall times in the
year, was read, and Ordered to be entred.
A Paper dated the 23¢ of October 1686 conteining an Answer of the
'The Council Records of Massachusetts, vol. 11., do not give the names of the
Council present. The order that the Committee for revising the laws “ do
instantly meet and attend that business” is omitted, as well as the appointment of
Isaac Addington to be clerk of that Committee.
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officers of the Mint to the Reasons for a Mint in New England was also
read.
And in regard the Matters conteined in the Severall Letters above
mentioned were of high Import It was
Ordered that the Consideration thereof be refer’d unto the next Gep-
erall meeting of the Councill.
A Petition of Peter Reverdee to his Maty for a Grant of fourteen
years for makeing Saltin New England was read, and the methods
therein layd down judged impracticable and also detrimentall to the
fishery and Navigation of this place.
A Petition of the Inhabitants of Pullen Point shewing the great
inconvenience of their being Seaven or Eight miles distant from a meeting
house and praying liberty to assemble together in some convenient house
for the Service of God was read and Ordered to be considered, the next
meeting of the Councill.
Upon reading the Petition of Daniel Mackarty Setting forth that he
has been a prisoner in his matys Goal in Boston and haveing been
charged wth felony and Burglary was tryed and acquitted by his Jury,
but kept still in prison for his fees ‘twas
Ordered that upon payment of his fees he be forthwith discharged
according to Law.
Adjourned till the 24th Instant.'
January the 24th fella great Storm and prevented the meeting of the
Councill.?
At a meeting of the Councill in Boston on Thursday the 28th of
January 1686.
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros Knt Goyr
Joseph Dudley Wait Winthrop
William Stoughton Richard Wharton } Esq's
John Winthrope Edward Randolph
Upon debate about foreign Coyne and the mony of this Countrey his
Exe proposed two Questions.
1In the Council Records of Massachusetts, vol. I1., the names of the Council
present are not given. The date of the King’s letter in regard to the value of the
pieces of eight is given as ‘“ October 21st’? instead of ‘31st of October.” The
reading of the paper relating to a Mint in Boston, containing an answer from the
officers of the Mint in London, is not mentioned. The petition of Peter Reverdee
is not given. The petition of the inhabitants of Pullen Point is omitted, as well as
the petition of Daniel Mackarty. The following is found which is not contained in
the original minutes: ‘“* Upon Mr. Randolph’s proposeing it very necessary for his
Majties service that Ports be appointed for loading and unlivering shipps and
Vessells in this Dominion; it was Ordered That the severall Towns of Boston,
Salem, Piscataqua, New Bristoll &c. Newport in Road Island be the only allowed
Ports in this Dominion.”
See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVIL., p. 220, in Randolph’s handwriting.
The date of the King’s letter requiring a strict inspection of the revenues is given
as October 19 instead of October 9.
See also ihid., p. 223.
2In Council Records of Massachusetts, vol. U., there is no mention of a storm
preventing the meeting.
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First, Whether it was in the power of the Councill to stopp the
Shipping off mony from hence to England &c.
Secondly What prejudice the Shipping of mony will bring to this
Country, both which Questions after some discourse were Referred till
another meeting of the Councill.
His Exce takeing notice of the great danger wch might ensue by
permitting the use of Printing presses in Boston and the Town of
Cambridge unless speedily taken care of and thereupon
Ordered that no Papers, books, or Pamphlets be henceforth printed
either in Boston or Cambridge untill Licensed according to Law
and that no Printer be admitted of and Licensed to Print untill he hath
given five hundred pound bond to his Maty in the Secretary's office
not to print any unlicensed papers, books or Pamphlets.
That Copies of Books &c. to be printed be first perused by Mr Dudley
late Presidt and upon his allowance of them for the Press, that one
Copie thereof so allowed and attested by him be brought to the Secys
Office to be left on Record, and receive from him an Imprimatur.
Adj. till Thursday next in the afternoon.'
At a meeting of the Councill on Thursday the 4th of February 1686.
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros Knt Governour.
Joseph Dudley Richard Wharton
William Stoughton John Usher | Esqrs
Walter Clarke John Walley { .
Waite Winthrop Edw Randolph J
His Exce then took the Oath for executing and performing all mat-
ters and things weh by the Statute made in the 12th year of his Late
Matys Reigne Intituled an Act for the Encourageing and Increaseing of
Shipping and Navigacon and also by the Act made in the 15th year of
his Said Matys reigne Intituled an Act for the Encouragemt of trade
required to be taken by all Governors and Comanders in Chief of his
Matys fforeign Plantacons.
In answer to the Petition of the Inhabitants of Rumney Marsh and
Pullen Point read In Councill the 22th of January last, It is
Ordered that the Petitioners bring in the names of those who within
their own bounds contribute to the maintenance of a minister and the
Subscriptions of such persons or other means of maintenance proposed,
and also return the name of the Minister they intend to call to their
assistance.
His Exce Seeing the great necessities of haveing the Records of the
Country removed from the dwelling house of Mt Rawson late Secry
It was Ordered that the persons Impowered by an order of the late
President and Councill of the 8th of December last doe effectually
'In the Council Records of Massachusetts, vol. 11., the names of the members of
Council present are not given. The clause relating to foreign coin is omitted;
that in regard to the licensing of books, etc. is much condensed. The following is
not in the original minutes, *‘ Adjourned till the 23d of Febry next.”
See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXNXVL., p. 224.
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250 American Antiquarian Society. [ Oct.,
persue the same and that the Office in the Court House in Boston be
forthwith enlarged and prepared to receive them accordingly.
It was also further Ordered that the Court where Civill and Criminal]
Causes are tryed be altered and made more Convenient for that
purpose.
Adjourned till Thursday the 10th of this Instant.'
Thursday ye 10th by extreame bad weather No Councill.?
At a meeting of the Councill Febry the 15th 1687.
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros Knt Governor.
Joseph Dudley Wait Winthrop
William Stoughton Richard Wharton
Walter Clarke John Usher Esq's
John Winthrope John Coggshall
& Edward Randolph
His Exce acquainted the Councill that he had received a Letter from
the Governor and Company of Connecticot dated at Hartford the 26th
January in answer to his Exces Letter to them from Boston dated the
of
The letter was read in Councill and debated whether fitting to write
to them any more about the Surrender of their Charter,
His Exce concluded to write more at large.
A Commission for Justices of the peace in Road Island was read.
Upon the question whether the membrs of Councill ought to be
Inserted in it, It was resolved in the Negative.
His Exce desired the Members of the Councill to nominate fit persons
to be in the Commission of the peace in Road Island and Kings-
province; and accordingly they nominated for Newport on Road Island
Peleg Sandford
and ffrancis Brinley
John Coggshall &
for Portsmouth ; Thomas Townsend
Canonicot Caleb Carr ye elder
' In the Council Records of Massachusetts, vol. I1., there is no mention of this
meeting.
See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXNXVL., p. 225, for a draft of a portion of the
minutes. “Whereas by an Order of the late President and Councill dated the 8th
day of December last It was ordered that Wait Winthrop, Simon Lynds, Esqrs Ben-
jamin Bullivent Isaac Addington & Mt Daniel Allin be a Comtee with the Secretary
to receive, sort and form the Records of the Country (now in the hands of mr Raw-
son, late Secretary) that they may be ready for service, Enjoyning the sd Comtee to
be sworn for the faithfull discharge of their trust, impowering, & ordering
mr Lynd & mr Bullivent to take the same from mr Rawson, the next day follow-
ing, & to remove the same (in the posture they find them ) into the Library Chamber.
In pursuance whereof it is hereby Ordered That the s¢ Comtee do forthwith enter
upon the effectual execution thereof bringing them to ye Office provided for them
& Mr Rawson late Secry to be assisting in sorting & disposing them accordingly.”
2 In Council Records of Massachusetts, vol. U1., there is no mention of the
weather preventing a meeting of the Council.
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for Block Island Symon Ray
Major Smith
for Kings province John ffones
James Pendleton
for Providence Arthur ffenner
for Warwick Randall Holden
Military Officers.
Newport Isaac Bliss, Capt Edward Pelham, Lt
Jon Stanton, Lieut Henry Tu:
Ist Company Jas. ffones, Ensigne John Pebody
Portm? Isaac Layton, Capt
The Cornell, Lieut
Jon Cone, Ensigne.
Conenicot. Josiah Arnold. Capt he to return ye names of his
Lieutenant and Ensigne.
Block Island. Capt Jn® Sandys, Peleg Sandford to be majr of the
Regiment.
Kings province ) John ffones, Capt
Rochester j Lodwick Updike, Let
Henry Bull, Ens.
Feversham John Davitt, Captain
Peter Crandell, Lieutenant
Joseph Pendleton, Ens.
Deptford Clement Weaver, Capt
Samuel Bennet, Lieut.
Thomas ffry, Ensigne.
Providence W™ Hopkins, Capt
Warwick Benj*® Groton, Capt
Jon Lo, Lieutenant
Richard Smith, Esqre Major of the Regiment.
Adj. till ye 234 instant to nine in the morning.'
Ata meeting of the Generall Councill by adjournment from ye
day of Janry to this Instant 23¢ February.
Present: His Ex** the Governour.
Joseph Dudley )
W™ Stoughton John Hinks |
Th° Hinckley Barnaby Lathrop
Walter Clarke W™ Bradford |
Jn° ffitz-Winthrop Daniel Smith
John Pincheon John Walley | Esqrs
Wait Winthrop Nat. Clarke |
Richd Wharton Walter Newberry |
John Usher Richard Arnold |
Barthe Gedney John Alborough
Edward Randolph |
Major Pincheon Sworn and tooke his place in Councill.
His Exce in a short Speech to the Councill acquainted them of Letters
received from his most Sacred Matie and from the Right Honble the
‘In the Council Records of Massachusetts, vol. 11., there is no mention of this
meeting.
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252 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct
Lords of the Councill, directing sending home quarterly accounts of
their proceedings.
His Exce caused the letters from ye Govern' and Company of Connee.
ticot Colony of the 26 of January, to be read in Councill, His Mj
Letter to his Exce and Councill of ye 31st of October relateing to the
raiseing of peices of Eight and ye Councill entred into a Debate about
it.
A paper was prsented by Mt Wharton for an accomodcon of the
Country and Supply of mony to carry on trade.
Great Complaints were made that unless both the Coyne of New
England and pieces of Eight were raised all the money would go ont of
the Country.
His Exce wholy declared against Setting any value upon the New
England mony further then the Intrinsick Value upon the New
Engl and So used in trade and accounted as Bullion.
Mr Whartons paper ordered to be read and after a long debate
about raiseing monys two Gold Smiths were sent for to give their
opinion in the matter they Came to the Councill Chamber and haveing
heard Mr Whartons paper read they pray’d further time to give in their
opinion of the p'posall, and Ordered to be Considered. Many of the
Councill were very zealous for raiseing the Value of mony Saying
twould make mony plenty in the Country and quicken Trade.
Twas objected it would bring in Light mony only from the West
Indies which would wholy at once destroy the Nav igacon of this Country
for the Lumber Trade and bring in return nothing but light pieces of
Eight and So no Sugar Mellasses Rhum &c. would be Imported this
Governmt and consequently no returns to be made from hence to
England.
Twas further argued that the Raiseing mony would help only the
Merchants and the Country Inhabitants, not be the better for they
would not advance upon their goods and So would be a great Inequality
in Trade and Suddainly the Country would be ruined.
His Exce shewed his readyness to p'mote the Interest of his Maytie and
the benefit of the Country in getting mony to be raised, but the whole
morning was spent and nothing Concluded and that matter was reserved
to another time.
The lawes titled actions pa: c: was read and disproved by his Ext
from the unreasonableness and also because it seemed very Impracti-
cable thing to carry a man by a Writt taken from ye Clerke of one
County to bring a Debtor to any remote place of ye Government into 4
foreign County.
The law titled agt Vexatious Suites ete : Appearance, Non Appearance
& Attorneys were allowed—but in regard they did relate to the practice
and rules of courts his Exce was unwilling they should be drawn up into
bills to be passed in Councill.
The law about Town Contracts for Ministers maintendance was read
& pressed very hard to have it passed.
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A paper produced and read offering many reasons against it, a Copie
of a paper from the Attourney Gen!! was read in which was contained
his Maties pleasure that no Q: [Quaker] in New Eng¢ should be kept in
prison for not comeing to hear divine service &c. the debate was
adjourned till another day.
Adj. till ye afternoon.'
Thursday feb. 24. at four in ye afternoon :
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros Knt Governour.
Joseph Dudley Barth. Gedney
W™ Stoughton John Hinks
Tho. Hinckley Barnaby Lathrop
Walter Clarke Daniel Smith
John flitz-Winthrop John Walley
John Pincheon Nat. Clarke
Wait Winthrop Walter Newberry
Richard Wharton Richard Arnold
John Usher John Alborough
Ed: Randolph
A Law for Establishing Courts and the times for holding them was
readand debated, his Exce declared his dissent, that any tryalls upon
the title of Lands should be had in ye Kings province untill his
Maties pleasure and determinacon thereupon be first had and received.
A long debate about Keeping Courts at Newport and Rochester at
last concluded that one Court be kept at Newport & another at
Rochester.
The bill for a Court to try any cause under 40 shill before any
Justice of the peace passed and Ordered to be Ingrossed.
The Bill for Establishing Courts of Judicature and publick Justice
agreed and Committed
Adjourned till next morning at nine of y* clock.®
Ata meeting of the Councill at Boston in N. Eng! febry 25, 1686.
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros Knt Governour.
Joseph Dudley
W™ Stoughton John Hincks
Thomas Hinckley Barnaby Lathrop
Walter Clarke W™ Bradford
John flitz-Winthrop Daniel Smith
John Pincheon John Walley
Wait Winthrop Nat. Clarke
Richard Wharton Walter Newberry
Jo: Usher Richard Arnold
Barth’ Gedney John Alborough
Edward Randolph
The petition of Robert Earle prison keeper for payment of his Salary
was read and referred to the Treasurer.
'In the Council Records of Massachusetts, vol. I1., the following entries only
are found: “The Councill being met the raiseing of Spanish Coyne was debated
but referred.” “ Adjourned till the 25th of this Inst: Febry.”’
*In the Council Records of Massachusetts, vol. U., there is no mention of this
meeting.
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254 American Antiquarian Society.
The Goldsmiths attend the Councill and report upon Mt Whartons
paper that the raiseing pieces of Eight would bring them in plentifully
but at the Same time occasion ye Shipping off New England mony.
It was demanded of them what advantage would be to raise pieces of
Eight to 7s & 6 they answer that unless N. Engld mony pass at the Same
Value, twould be all gone out of ye Country before any mony would be
brought in to supply the p'sent occasions in trade.
Twas p'posed that all whole pieces of Eight (peru excepted) 15 penny
and upwards should pass currant at 6° all other Bullion and plate of
sterling alloy should pass currant at six & eight pence p’ ounce.
All other pieces 15 penny weight at 6°.
Ordered That the four first tuesdays in March, June, Septembr and
Decembr be the times of holding Quarterly Courts thro’ the whole
Territory.
Upon his Exce motion that all Writts should pass in his Maties name
etc :
It was Ordered that all Writts should issue out of ye Clerks Office in
y® Severall Courts wthin this Dom. in his Maties Name and under the
Seal of the Office and Signed by the Clerke.
Adj. till ye afternoon at two a clock.'
At a meeting of the Councill at Boston in New England feb. 25th 1686,
at twoin ye afternoon.
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros Knt Governr
Joseph Dudley
W™ Stoughton
Tho. Hinckley
Walter Clarke
Jno. ffitz-Winthrop
John Pincheon
Wait Winthrop
Richard Wharton
John Usher
Bartho. Gedney
John Hincks
Barnaby Lathrop
W™ Bradford
Daniel Smith
John Walley
Nathaniel Clarke
Walter Newberry
Richard Arnold
John Alborough
Edward Randolph
A very long debate about Keeping of Courts of Assizes managed
betwixt Road Island & Kings province his Exce declared it an unreason-
able thing that Major Smith should beare the whole charge of that
Court, besides that twas no place proper in regard there was not
accommodacon for such a Number of people as must necessarily attend,
'The Council Records of Massachusetts, vol. U., do not contain the petition of
Robert Earle or the report of the goldsmiths. The following, however, is found:
‘* A Bill for continueing severall Rates, duties and Imposts was read & ordered to be
committed.” “A Bill for Impowring Justices of the Peace to decide differances
not exceeding forty shillings was likewise read and Committed.” “A Bill for
establishing Courts of Judicature and publick Justice was likewise read and Com-
mitted with this proviso, that all Writts shall issue out of the Clerks Office of the
severall County Courts within this Dominion in his Maties name and under the Seal
of the Office.” The order for holding courts on the first Tuesdays in March, June,
September, and December is omitted, The afternoon session is also omitted.
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and therefore Newport the most convenient place untill Rochester was
settled & built.
The bill for holding Courts of Assizes was read a second time and
Ordered to be Engrossed.
Ordered that a bill for the Imposts be p'pared & brought in tomorrow
morning.
Adj. till tomorrow morning at 9 of ye Clock.
At a Councill held at Boston in New England Feb. ye 26, 1686.
Present: His Exce Sr Edmond Andrs Knt Governour
Joseph Dudley John Hincks
W™ Stoughton Barnaby Lathrop
Thos Hinckley W™ Bradford
Walter Clarke John Walley
John ffitz-Winthrop Nathaniel Clarke
Richard Wharton Walter Newberry
John Usher Richard Arnold
Bartho Gedney John Alborough
Edward Randolph
A bill of Impost on Merchants goods &c. was read but in regard it
was deficient It was Ordered That a new bill be prepared and that the
Excise upon Wine Strong Waters, &c. be putin yt bill and brought in
to be Ordered. :
Ordered That a bill appointing lawfull ports times and places for
loading and unlivery of shipps and Vessells be prepared and brought in
to be Read and brought in before the Councill adjourns.
Upon a question whether goods Landed and paying the Imposts in
one port shall upon being removed pay dutyes in another port
Ordered that all masters producing a Certificate from the officers of
the Customes That the dutyes were paid at ye port of unlivery such
goods shall pay no other dutyes and that care be taken for Masters to
know their duty therein.
A long debate betwixt the proprietors of the Narraganset County
and ye Inhabitants of Rhoad Island about the place for holding Courts
either party being unwilling to go from their own towns.
It was Ordered that in the first place Court houses and Goals be first
built in Convenient places for holding Courts of Assizes otherwise it
would be in the choice of ye Judges to remove ye Assizes.
Ordered that the bill for Erecting Courts of Judicature be Engrossed.
Adj. till Monday next at 9 in ye morning.'
At a meeting of the Councill at Boston in New England feb: 28th 1686.
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros Knight Governor
Joseph Dudley John Usher
Thos Hinckley Barnaby Lathrop
Walter Clarke Daniel Smith
John ffitz-Winthrop John Walley
John Pincheon Nat. Clarke
Wait Winthrope Richard Arnold
Richard Wharton John Alborough
Edward Randolph
The Council Records of Massachusetts, vol. U1., do not mention this meeting.
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His Exces Letter to the Governour of Connecticot read in Coungijj
ordered to be sent.
The bill for continueing and Setling the Revenue brought in but ip
regard Sev'll of ye Members were absent twas Ordered to be Read
tomorrow morning the first of the Councill.
nothing done then.
Adj. till tomorrow morning 9 a Clock.’
At a Councill held in Boston, N: England March the 1st 1686,
Present: His Exce Sr Edmond Andros Knight Governour
Joseph Dudley Bartho Gedney
W™ Stoughton John Hincks
Walter Clarke Barnaby Lathrop
John ffitz-Winthrop W™ Bradford
John Pincheon Daniel Smith
Peter Bulkeley John Walley
Wait Winthrop Nat. Clarke
Richard Wharton Richard Arnold
John Usher John Alborough
Edward Randolph
The bill for Continueing the dutyes of Impost and Excise read, a long
discourse about the Rates set downe urged to be too high upon horses
and Oxen answered twas according to the printed Law title publick
Charges.
Twas alledged that the Rates for Land be ascertained an half penny ap
Acre on pasture Land but in regard it did not appear to be in the Law
book twas not assented unto, however if there was any materiall Canse
relateing to defraying publick charges omitted it should be added to the
bill ef the Revenue.
Mr Stoughton, Mr Hinckley, Mt Wharton and Mr Whalley under Some
pretence of haveing Some amendments made in the bill Were for
delaying the passing the bill that morning, others objected it had not
been read twice Since it was passed into a Bill.
Ordered That the bill for the Revenue be read a Second time.
The bill for the Revenue was read a Second time and then Ordered to
be Engrossed with the addicon of the following proviso, (viz) That
this Act of the Revenue and the Severall parts and branches thereof to
Continue untill the Governour by and with the Advice and Consent of y®
Councill agree on and Settle Such other Rates, Taxes and Impositions,
us shall be Sufficient for his Maties Governmt here.
Upon his Exces insisting upon the whole Beaver trade to belong to his
Matie It was Ordered
That Major Pincheon, Major Bulkeley, Mr Jonathan Tyng and the
Treasurer be a Comtee for setling and Ordering the methods of the
beaver trade wt) the Indians, that they nominate fit places for tradeing
houses &c. and that a Bill be prpared and brought in for that purpose.
1In Council Records of Massachusetts, vol. UL, there is no mention of this
meeting.
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Upon one of y® judges adviseing that a County Court was that day to
be holden at Boston for ye County of Suffolk, It was Ordered That the
following Order be forthwith published weh was accordingly done and
affixed up in the Exchange in Boston and sent to all the Clerks of ye
County Courts in ye Whole Governmt
All persons concerned in any Action depending from the late Inferiour
Courts of this Countey or other Countyes wthin this his Maties
Dominion, and appointed to be heard by the Grand Assize the first day
of March at Boston, or other Inferiour Court in any part of this
Territory are to take notice that the Said Causes as also all Originall
processes that have been out to any further Courts wherein any freehold
is Concerned or other accon above the Vallue of twenty pounds in the
County of Suffolk or ten pounds in any other County or province are
Continued to be heard by the Superiour Court of Judicature at their first
Sessions in the Severall Countyes and p'cints, as the same are now
limitted and appointed in an Act passed by the Govenor and,Councill for
that end.
God save the King.’
At a Councill held in Boston on Tharsday morning being the 2¢ of
March 1686.
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros Knt Governour.
Joseph Dudley Barth®o Gedney
William Stoughton John Hincks
Thomas Hinckley Barnaby Lathrop
Waiter Clarke William Bradford
John ffiitz-Winthrop Daniel Smith
John Pincheon John Whalley
Wait Winthrop Nathaniel Clarke
Richard Wharton Richard Arnold
John Usher John Alborough
& Edward Randolph
The booke of the lawes of the late Government revised and amended
bya Comtee of the Counci!l was called for and ordered to be read the
lawes was read as Set downe alphabetically beginning at title Actions
pa: 1.
Upon reading the clause in the law title bounds and power of Towns,
ordering all Contracts and agreements made for ministers and Schoole
mast’s maintenance to remaine and be good for the whole time they are
or may be made for &c. «Whereupon Walter Clarke desired to be heard
to that Clause and objected against it in regard the Ministers of New
England are as much dissenters from the Church of England as the
Quakers and therefore ought to be left to the Voluntary Contribution of
their hearers Mr Hinkley, Mt Whalley and others strongly opposed
‘In Council Records of Massachusetts, vol. I1., the names of those present are
hot mentioned; instead is given “Present as yesterday.” The entries are substan-
tially the same but not so full as those in the original minutes. After the words
“God save the King’ is added “ Ordered That copies of the Proclamation be sent
to the severall Clerks of the County Courts for their direction.” “That a Bill
against Pirates and for prevention of Piracy be prepared and brought in.”
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alledging their Townshipps when first granted amongst other things
were Enjoined the maintenance of a Settled Minister and that to be the
first and principal Condicon &c.
His Exce at last desired the discourse to wate till another time.
In law title Brewers p: 15: where itis ordered that all Conners to
be chosen by the ffreemen, to be altered and chosen by the Justices and
at there Court of Sessions.
Law titled Conveyances p: 35: to be considered as also law title
possession p: 87: Debts by book p: 45: to be considered, fferryes p:
47: to be Setled by the Justices of the peace of the County where Such
fferryes are.
Adj: till ye afternoon.'
March: 2d post meridiem.
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros Knt Governt
Joseph Dudley John Hincks
William Stoughton Barnaby Lathrop
Tho. Hinckley. William Bradford
Walter Clarke Daniel Smith
John Pincheon John Walley
Wait Winthrop Nathaniel Clarke
Richard Wharton Richard Arnold
John Usher John Alborough
Bartho. Gedney & Edward Randolph.
The lawes were read over, a long discourse about fish and fowling
grounds.
Adj: till tomorrow morning.°*
At a Councill held at Boston N. Engl¢ March ye 34 1686.
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros Kt Governor
Joseph Dudley Bartho Gedney
Tho: Hinckley John Hincks
Walter Clarke W™ Bradford
John Pincheon John Walley
Peter Bulkeley Nath: Clarke
Wait Winthrop Richard Arnold
Jonath: Tyng John Alborough
John Usher & Edward Randolph
The Act for trying Small Causes under forty Shillings by Justices of
y® peace was pass’d by his Exce and Signed by the Secry.
An Act for Continueing and Establishing Several! Rates, Dutyes and
Imposts passed (nemine contradicente) by his Exce.*
An Act for Establishing Courts of Judicature and publick Justice
passed by his Exce.*
1In Council Records of Massachusetts, vol 11., there is no mention of this
meeting.
2In Council Records of Massachusetts, vol. U., there is no mention of this
meeting.
‘See Massachusetts Archives, CXXVL., p. 270.
‘See Massachusetts Archives, CXXV1., p. 245, printed in Colonial Records of
Connecticut, vol. p. 411
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A Bill agst pirates and piracy haveing been read twice was ordered to
be Ingrossed.'
Ordered That a bill for setling the Trade of ffurs with the Indians be
ppared, and that ye Members of the Councill do propose methods for
increaseing his Majties Revenue by additional! Imposts Excise or other-
wise as may raise a Sufficient and Speedy Supply to defray the charge
of the Government.
Adj: till next morning nine a clock.*
At a Councill held in Boston in New Engl¢ March 4th 1686.
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros Knight Governor
William Stoughton Jonathan Tyng
Thomas Hinckley W™ Bradford
Walter Clarke John Walley
John Pincheon Nathan! Clarke
Peter Bulkeley John Alborough
Barth®? Gedney & Edward Randolph.
An Act against pirates and for the prevencon passed by his Exce.*
Order That the Order about Marriage be passed into a bill.
The former Law titled Cornfields, fences &c. to be drawn up into a Bill
in Order to be passed. Mr Hinckley late Governourt of New plym® pro-
duced a paper and read it in Councill, his Exce being dissatisfled at
y? Contents of it demanded it and Mr Clarke late Governour of Road
Island finding that paper to promote the ministers maintenance he
moved that all p’sons, who had not actually obliged themselves in the
Severall Townships of this Governmt to maintain the Minister should
be left at their Liberty and not be p'ssed to pay against their Wills.
Upon the question how a rate for the support of yv* Government
should be made up in the Towne where by death loss or removal of par-
ties it falls short of ye selectmens returne the Constables in Such Towne
So circumstanced are to be Very circumspect in their duty who are to
have perticular regard to it and rep'sent the whole matter to y’ next
County Courts who are to direct therein according to the matter
required.
Severall Laws drawn up by the Comtee read over and referr'd to
further Consideracon.
Adj: till to morrow morning at nine of the Clock.‘
'See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVL., p. 271, printed in Colonial Records of
Connecticut, vol. L11., p. 415.
*In Council Records of Massachusetts, vol. I1., the names of those present are
hot given. The order for preparing a bill to settle the fur trade with the Indians.
48 well as the order to propose methods to increase the revenue, is omitted.
‘See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVL., p. 232.
‘In Council Records of Massachusetts, vol. U1., the names of those present are
hot given. The only entry is The Bill against Piracy & Pirates passed,”
See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVI1., p. 271.
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At a Councill held in Boston March 5th 1686. Saturday morning.
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros Knt Governor
Joseph Dudley John Usher
Tho. Hinckley John Walley
John Pincheon W™ Bradford
Peter Bulkeley Nat. Clarke
Wait Winthrop John Alborough
Richard Wharton & Ed Randolph
The Secry p'sented a bill to be passed for a Genl! Registry as in
Jamaica and read his Majties Commission appointeing him Secry and
Sole Regt of this his Majties Territory and Dom. etc.
It was p'posed that the Clerks of the Severall County Courts should
Register all Deeds Mortgages etc. and be accountable to the Seery but
his Exce say’d that was makeing the Secry and Reg? an inferior officer to
y® Clerks of a County Courts and was besides the end of his Majties
Grant to the Secry.
It was Ordered and Assented to That the Secry’ is the Register of the
Government, and do appoint his Deputies and to have fees according to
his Commission.
That the bills for ordering ffences, pipe-staves and catle be p'pared.
Adj: till tuesday morning next.'
At a Councill held in Boston March ye 8th
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros Knt Governor
Joseph Dudley Richard Wharton
William Stoughton John Usher
Tho. Hinckley Joseph Tyng
John Pincheon John Walley
Wait Winthrop John Alborough
and Edward Randolph
Ordered That a bill Intituled an Act to revise and continue the
Severall orders in ye returne of ye Comtee be p'pared and under Con-
sideracon untill the next Setting of the Councill, and that Mt Addington
do in the mean time prepare the bill for the following orders,
Cask Gager and packer
Cattle, Cornffields & fences.
Constables, Conveyances and possessions Saveing to his Majtie his
Rights whatsoever.
ffences, firing and Burning of Woods.
fish and fishermen, fornicacon, Galloping in ye Streets, Houses and
New buildings in Boston, Indians and Nigroes.
A clause to be added in ye order about Indians not to trust an Indian
above ten shillings till he hath paid that Money.
Jurors, Marratime Laws. In ye addition to Marratime Lawes the two
last Clauses of halfe pay to Sailersin ports and bearing up in bad
Weather for the West Indies to be Considered.
‘In Couneil Records of Massachusetts, vol. IL.. there is no mention of this
meeting.
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Estates of Intestates to be Considered before an Order made therein.
Marriage, pipe hheads and barrell Staves, porters, pounds, pedlars
and petty chapmen, Records, Saboth, Saylers, Servants, Shipps, Shipp
Carpenters, Strangers, Tyles, Bricks, Tolling of Cattle, Townshipps,
Weights and Measures, Wharfage, Wolves, Witnesses, Wood, and to
the End there may be no failure in ye Administracon of Justice the
following order was Ordered to be published viz:
At a Councill held at Boston in New England on Tuesday the Eight of
March 1686.
Present: His Exce the Governor etc.
Whereas there are the Severall Locall Laws and Orders not yet revised
for weh bills are Order'd to be p'pared aguinst the next Session of ye
Councill and that there be no defect for want thereof in ye mean time,
It is Ordered and Directed that the Severall Justices, Town officers
and others p'ons coucerned do p'ceed in their Severall places and trusts
according to former usage and direccons given by the late President and
Councill and Such other Locall Lawes in the Severall parts of this
Dominion as are not repugnant to the Laws of England, his Majties
Commission for Governmt and Indulgence in matters of Religion nor
any law or order made or passed by the Governour and Councill untill
further order, Saveing to his Majtie his Rights whatsoever.
Upon reading the humble petition of Benj*: Church, John Rogers and
Thomas Walker Selectmen of the Town of Bristoll in behalf of them-
selves and the purchasers of Mount hope neck upon which is now built
the Town of Bristoll Setting forth that they purchased yt land at a very
dear Rate of the late Governor and Company of New plymouth, and to
be free from all rates, taxes, and Impositions whatsoever for seaven
years and praying the benefit thereof till the Expiracon of that term,
It's Ordered
That they should be exempted from paying the Rate now to be Col-
lected for Support of the Government, being the Condiccon of their
purchase and Settlement.
Ordered upon the Treasurers motion that Mt Monk bring in his bill
and be paid by the Treasurer.
Ordered that the Generall Councill be adjourned to the first Wed-
nesday in May next.
Ordered That a Commission of Oyre and Terminer be passed for a
Goal delivery in Boston
Ordered That Copies of ye orders of Councill made this meeting be
sent to ye Severall Clerks of ye County Courts in this Government.
That Mt Addington prepare bills agt next meeting of ye Councill, &
that he be paid for attending ye Comtee
Ordered ' That the Towns hereafter mentioned be the only allowed
' Given in Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXNXVL., p. 242, under date of March 10,
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26 Imerican Antiquarian Society. [ Oct.,
ports of Entry and Clearing of Vessells Tradeing in this his Majties
Territory and Dom. of new England in America, vizt: Boston,
Salem, portsmouth, pemaquid, Bristoll & Newport, and no others in this
Dom: be allowed for Masters of Vessells to unliver and Load.
Adj: tiil afternoon.'
At a Councill held in Boston March ye 10th 1686.
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros Knight Governour.
Joseph Dudley Richard Wharton
W™ Stoughton Jonathan Tyng
Tho. Hinckley John Usher
John ffitz-Winthrop John Walley
John Pincheon Nathaniel Clarke
Wait Winthrop and Edward Randolph.
It being represented by Some Members of ye Councill that twas very
necessary for the Town of Boston and ye Country in Generall that the
Orders lately made relating to Butchers, Slaughter houses, pedlers, and
petty chapmen be Declared before the next Generall meeting of the
Councill.
Twas Ordered that the said Orders be made Temporary and pass and
be published accordingly.
Upon shewing the Inconvenience which would ensue upon delaying
the time of holding ye County Courts in Boston and Charlestowne till
the times directed in the Act for Establishing Courts of Judicature Its
Ordered
That the word July shall be altered to Aprill for Boston Court, and at
Charlestowne May for December and was accordingly alter’d nemine
contradicente.
His Majties gracious Letter of the 318t of October directed to his Exce
was againe Communicated to the Councill and it was Order’d that the
principall Merchants in Boston and Salem be Consulted wt) about the
Raiseing peeces of Eight?
The Merchants are called into the Councill house and discoursed
withall, and pray short time to give their opinion in Writing we they
do accordingly and is as follows,
Ist. That the New England money Continue still at same rate as now
it is, and that all possible restriction be made that none may be trans-
1 In Council Records of Massachusetts, vol. IL., the names of those present are
not given. The entry in regard to the laws is not as full as in the original minutes.
The orders relating to Mr. Monk, to the adjournment of the General Council, to
Goal delivery and to ports are omitted. The following, however, is given, ‘Ordered
That all peeces of Eight Civill {Seville} Piller and Mexico at due weight shall pass
in payment at six shillings per peece, that half peeces of Eight, Quarter peeces &
Realls do pass pro rato, & that an order be prepared and passed accordingly.” In
this order there is no mention of the New England money already coined, Compare
order of March 10% given in the original minutes.
See Massachusetts Archives, yol. CXXVL., p. 240, in handwriting of Edward
Randolph. See also ibid., p. 271.
* See Mussachusetts Archives, Vol. CXXVI1. p. 272.
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ported or melted downe upon penalty of forfeiture of the Same to the
Informer and Such further Severe penalty as the Governour and
Councill Shall See meet and that all Commanders of shipps, Merchants,
factors & others as any doubt or Suspition may be had of be examined |
upon Oath touching the Same.
24. That all Spanish money of Mexico, Civill and piller may pass at a
6s 10¢ vunce Troy. \
8. That all Quarter peeces and reals, Mexico, Civill and piller may \
pass at 5s 4¢ piece.
4. That all former Contracts may be paid in the currant New-England
mony or in Spanish mony of Mexico, Civill or pillar at 68 10¢ p’ oz.
Troy.
The paper was p'sented to his Exce by Mt Symon Lynds, and after |
further discourse about money—adjourned till ye afternoon.’
Thursday in the afternoon :
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros Knight Governour.
Joseph Dudley Richard Wharton
William Stoughton John Usher |
Thos. Hinckley Jonathan Tyng Esqrs
John Pincheon Nathan. Clarke | '
Wait Winthrop & Edward Randolph } }
The Merchants and Goldsmiths attend, his Exce demanded of the ;
Goldsmiths of what Standard a good piece of Eight ought to be, i
they agreed that a good peece of Eight should [have?] seaventeen ‘
penny half-penny the peice.
The Merchants and Goldsmiths are ordered to withdraw, and after a
long debate about mony his Exce found out the designe of the Mer-
chants to [consider?} mony a Commodity, and not to make it Currant
mony ata price, It was ordered
That all peices of Eight of Civill Piller and Mexico of 1744 weight
shall pass in payment at Six shillings a peice and that the p’sent New
Engl¢ mony do passe for value as formerly, the half peeces of Eight
quarters Royalls and half Royalls do pass pro rato (is meant in Coyn
and Value) Spanish pistolls at 4 penny 6 grains at 22¢ N. E. money.
Adj: till Saturday morning next.”
At a Councill held in Boston New England March 12th 1686. Saturday
morning.
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros Knight Governor
Joseph Dudley Richard Wharton
William Stoughton John Usher
John Pincheon Barnaby Lathrop
John flitz-Winthrop and Edward Randolph
Wait Winthrop
‘In Council Records of Massachusetts, Vol. U., there is no mention of this
meeting.
See Massachusetts Archives, Vol. CXXVL., p. 242, in the handwriting of Edward
Randolph.
*In Council Records of Massachusetts there is no mention of this meeting
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The Acts made this session were this day ordered to be published
vizt the Act for Justices trying Small Causes vizt 408 the Act for Estab.
lishing Courts of Judicature etc. the Act for the Revenue, the Act
against pirates and the proclamacon for peeces of eight, and were
accordingly published by beat of drum and Sound of trumpett, His Exce
the Governour and Severall of the Members of ye Council] wth a great
Number of people being present.’
Memd to in cert.
At a Councill held at Boston ye 17th March 1686.
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros Knight Governour
Joseph Dudley Richard Wharton
William Stoughton John Usher
John ffitz-Winthrop Barnaby Lathrop
Edward Randolph
Upon the Treasurers informing That charges have arisen etc.
Ordered That the Treasurer bring in his accounts of the Incident
charges ariseing upon the repair of the Castle and Mt Gibbs house and
other things towards Supply of ye Souldiers and be accordingly allowed
for it.
Upon reading the petition of Joseph Knight and Roger Courter
relateing to Slate Island
Ordered That a copie of ye petition be sent to the Selectmen of Hall,
and that they give their answer in Writeing.
A Church agreed upon in Boston for Such as hear divine service.*
At a Councill held at Boston in New England March 19th 1686.
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros Knt Governor
Joseph Dudley Richard Wharton
William Stoughton John Usher
Wait Winthrop Waiter Newberry
& Edward Randolph
Ordered that the Treasurers account of Incident charges amounting
to above 140 £ be Examined by the Depty Auditor of his Mats Revenues
in order for their allowance and Warrant for pay™t
Ordered That the Treasurer issue out a Warrant to have all the Small
‘In Council Records of Massachusetts, vol. IL., the names of those present are
not given. After the words “Sound of trumpett” is added * published in the
open street nere the Towne House at the hour of twelve in the morning.”
See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXNXVL., p. 273.
The laws enacted by Andros and his Council are found in Connecticut Colonial
Records, vol. IL., pp. 402—436,
2In the Council Records of Massachusetts, vol. IL., the names of those present
are not given. After the order that the Treasurer’s account be brought in is
added “ and that the Deputy Auditor of his Majties Revenues do examine and Report
the same.”” The petition of Joseph Knight is omitted as well as the clause relating
to the church in Boston. At the end is added * The foregoing are true copies.
Attested this 25 day of March 1687
Ed: Randolph Sery.”
See Mussachusetts Archives, vol. CXAXVL., p. 273,
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1899. |
armes, ammunicon etc. wherever found to be brought to the Treasurer.
Marshall Winchcombs Peticon read and agreed by Capt White to
retarne the goods to sayd Winchcomb we) was accordingly done.
Giles Dyer Peticon read and ordered accordingly.
At a Councill held at Boston in New England Aprill 241687. Satur-
day afternoon.
Present: His Exce St Edmund Andros Knt Governour.
Joseph Dudley Richard Wharton
W® Stoughton John Usher
Wait Winthrop Barnaby Lathrop
Edward Randolph
His Exce acquainted the Councill of ye necessity of setling Officers
and their ffees and appointed Wednesday at nine of ye Clock to meet at
the Councill and agree upon the ffees.
His Exce sent for Capt ffairweather, Atkins the Carpenter and other
Carpenters, who had been appointed to survey the Dock at Charles
towne and make the report of ye Charge to fitt that Dock to receive the
King fisher, his Exce would have Ballard one of the owners of the Dock
under take that Work at a price, he refuseing the Same was offered to
Atkins who said would not cost above Eighty pound, but would not under
take it at that rate, but assured his utmost dilligence to compleat it
against the next high Spring Tyde, about the End of Aprill and not
Sooner, If it was concluded that the Shipp should be dockt His Exce
directed that Collonel Shrimpton and Major Lidget should be present to
give their advice where needfull Mr Grimsditch Lieut of ye King flisher
was present, and after his Exce had asked all the Carpenters their
opinion of ye best and Safest way to repair that Shipp they all agreed
that docking her was the only way, to have her best repaired and
p’serve the Shipp from being ‘straigned, Atkins the Carpenter p'mised
to procure plank and timber, and Adams the Shipp Carpenter being
appointed by Capt Hambleton to repair the Shipp, p'mised to gett his
Tymber ready by that time the Dock was made fit, his Exce promised
Atkins a reward for his dilligence and encouraged him wth assurance
that neither men nor materialls should be wanting upon the least notice
given, Elliot the Carpenter was appointed by his Exce to enter upon the
Worke under Atkins.
Capt Sprague and Capt ffairweather persons well acquainted wth that
worke were appointed to be over Seer’s. The Treasurer directed to
provide twelve Wheele Burroughs Spades & Mattocks etc.
Ordered That the Order against Butchers killing meat in the Cheif
parts of ye Towns be Considered at the next meeting.
Adj: till Wednesday the 6th Instant at 9 in the morning.
9
‘In Council Records of Massachusetts, vol. IL., there is no mention of this
meeting.
*In Council Records of Massachusetts, Vol. U., there is no mention of this
meeting.
~
going.
266 American lafiquarian Society, [Oct
Aprill 6. 87.
Present: William Stoughton
Wait Winthrop John Usher
Richard Wharton
& Edward Randolph
No Councill.
The marshalls fees examined and a paper of ffees p'pared by Wm
Stoughton, Esqre a Coppie whereof follows: viz:
For Serveing a Writt in Boston or Charlestown if within one mile
or [ £ 1
Every miles Travell out 3! and home
Levying ffines and execucons not exceeding
£20 12" p" pound
For all Sums above 20 £ and under 100 £
9" pound «a
All sums above 100 £ 24 p" pound ££ «
Every miles Travell above 20 miles out 2°
and home
Executing Writts of possession, Escheat, Assignment
of Dower and of possession
Attendance on a prison p’ diem
Every bond wth Suretyes for appear
Serveing a Sumons and Subpoena
Every Verdict
Replevin Serveing '
At a Councill held at Boston in New England Aprill 13th 1687.
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros Knt Governour
Joseph Dudley Richard Wharton )
William Stoughton John Usher
Wait Winthrop Nathaneil Clarke aq
Edward Randolph |}
The Names of the Justices of ye peace Read.
Robert [Oalne?] proposed for a Justice of the peace for providence.
His Exce discoursed about the arbitrary way of attaching goods and
prison for debt.
Martialls to give Security.
Martiall Cox to be dismissed.
His Exce proposes what Number of Judges, wt Assistants
Copie of Comission for the Judges of ye Superiour Court read.
Attachments to be issued out of the Secry's Office wth Declaracons to
be Entred wth the present Clerks appointed by the Secry’.
Ordered That the Clerks of the Severall Courts make a fair Roll of all
Mr Sherlock appointed Sherriffe for the County of Suffolk.
‘In Council Records of Massachusetts, Vol. I., there is no mention of the fore-
fines, estates [escheats?] and amerciam™ due to his Matie and return it
to the Treas. wthin ten dayes after the raiseing of each Court.
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An order was [sent ?} to the Justices to meet and Consult about a fitt
place with the Selectmen of Boston for a Market house also to p'vent
the comon nusance of Butchers Killing meat in the Town.
Councill to meet every Wednesday.
The petion of Cambridge Village to be heard next Councill and Notice
to be given to all parties Concerned
Mr Masters to prosecute fellons for Majtie
Dr Bullivant to draw up Indictmt*s and arrain the prisoners.
At a Council held at Boston in New England Wednesday April!
20th 1687.
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros Knight Governour.
Joseph Dudley Richard Wharton
William Stoughton John Usher } aan
Wait Winthrop & Edward Randolph
The Inhabitants of the Town of Cambridge Village attended the
Councill and were called in and heard on both Sides their petitions read,
andin regard the charge of the Bridge and the use of it is of con-
siderable Import to the Country twas Ordered That the matter be
reffer’d till the first fryday in May next in Order to a finall determinacon.
His Exce acquainted the Councill that Capt Hambleton paid Some of
the charge of the Dock for the Shipp King ffisher. It was Ordered that
Mr Shrimpton and Mr Lidgett should see what was fit to be done from
time to time about the Shipp, and that the President acquaint Capt
Hambleton that all Care shall be taken for their Supply and the
Treasurer to pay the Charge.
James English and Grants petition read & ordered that a Certificate
be made for their freedome.
The Treasurers two accounts of 115. M19. 11.
and the other of £226. 1. 10.
were read and allowed of in Councill.
The Petition of Charles Cosweight read, & ordered that a copie of it
be sent to Mr Jonathan Tyng and he to answer it Speedily.
M' James Sherlock Sworn and had his Commission delivered him to
be Sherriffe of ye County of Suffolk.
Adj: till munday next.
Ata meeting of the Councill held in Boston Aprill 25th 1687.
Present: His Exce St Edmond Andros Knt Governor
Joseph Dudley Richard Wharton
William Stoughton John Usher
Wait Winthrop & Edward Randolph.
The Commissions to Mr Dudley and Mr Stoughten to be Judges of the
Superiour Court Read and the Oath of Allegiance and the Oath for the
due Executing the office of a Judge was also taken by them in Councill.
'In Council Records of Massachusetts, Vol. U., there is no mention of this
meeting.
0
268 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct
Upon reading a Scandelous Paper Sent to John Usher, Esq. bearing
date the 16: of March 1686 Signed by Henry Woodis and four other
persons Selectmen of the Town of Concord,
It is Ordered
That the said Henry Woodis and the other Selectmen of Concord be
Summoned to appear before the Governour and Councill at the Counejjj
house in Boston on the fourth day of May next to answer their
Contempt of his Maties Government
That Mt Treasurer do write to the Severall Towns behind in paying
their Rates that they forthwith bring in their mony or appear on the
Second of May next.'
[On a separate sheet, but now bound with the original minutes, is the
following in the handwriting of Edward Randolph : }
June ye 9th 1687. Memd.
Mr Jo: West was Sworn in the Councill Chamber his Excellency &
Secry present & received from his Excellence a Commission under ye
Seal of ye Govt to be Judge of ye Inferior Court of ye County of
Suffolk.”
1 In Council Records of Massachusetts, Vol. I1., there is no mention of this
meeting.
2 The Dudley Records, referred to in the introductory remarks, have, since the
meeting of the American Antiquarian Society, been published in the Proceedings
of the Massachusetts Historical Society for November, 1899.
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THE FOREST OF DEAN.
BY JOHN BELLOWS.
Tue Forest of Dean, in Gloucestershire, is one of the
very few primeval Forests of Britain that have survived to
this century. It has just been my privilege to accompany
Senator Hoar on a drive through a portion of it, and he
has asked me to write a few notes on this visit, for the
American Antiquarian Society, in the hope that others of
its members may share in the interest he has taken in its
archeology.
Iam indebted for many years’ acquaintance with George
F. Hoar, through Oliver Wendell Holmes, to the cireum-
stance that the Hoar family lived in Gloucester from the
time of the Tudors, if not earlier; and this has led him to
pay repeated visits to our old city, with the object of trac-
ing the history of his forefathers. In doing this he has
been very successful; and only within the last few months
my friend H. Y. J. Taylor, who is an untiring searcher of
our old records, has come upon an item in the expenses of
the Mayor and Burgesses, of a payment to Charles Hoar,
in the year 1588, for keeping a horse ready to carry to Cir-
encester the tidings of the arrival of the Spanish Armada.
And Charles Hoar’s house is with us to this day, quaintly
gabled, and with over-hanging timber-framed storeys, such
as the Romans built here in the first century. It stands in
Longsmith Street, just above the spot where forty years
ago I looked down on a beautiful tessellated pavement of,
perhaps, the time of Valentinian. It was eight feet below
the present surface; for Gloucester, like Rome, has been
arising city.
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Senator Hoar had been making his headquarters at Mal.
vern, and he drove over from there one afternoon, with q
view to our going on in the same carriage to the Forest,
A better plan would have been to run by rail to Newnham
or Lydney, to be met by a carriage from the “ Speech
House”, a government hotel’ in the centre of the woods;
but as the arrangement had been made we let it stand,
To give a general idea of the positions of the places we
are dealing with, I may say that Upton Knoll, where I am
writing, stands on the steep edge of a spur of the Cottes.
wold Hills, three and a half miles south of Gloucester,
Looking north, we have before us the great vale, or rather
plain, of the Severn, bounded on the right by the main
chain of the Cotteswolds, rising to just over one thousand
feet ; and on the left by the hills of Herefordshire, and the
beautiful blue peaks of the Malverns; these last being by
far the most striking feature in the landscape, rising as
they do in a sharp serrated line abruptly from the plain
below. They are about ten miles in length, and the high-
est point, the Worcestershire Beacon, is some fourteen
hundred feet above the sea. It is the spot alluded to in
Macaulay’s lines on the Armada—
‘* Till twelve fair counties saw the fire on Malvern’s lonely height” ;
and two hundred years before the Armada it was on
* Malvern hulles” that William Langland “ forwandered”
till he fell asleep and dreamed his fiery Vision of Piers
Plowman—
‘*In a somere season, when softe was the sonne”
when, looking ‘‘esteward, after the sonne” he behelda
rastle on Bredon Hill
was ther-ynne”
and this great plain, that to him symbolized the world.
‘*A fair feld ful of folke fonde ich ther bytwyne;
Alle manere of men; the mene and the ryche.”
Now, in the afternoon light, we can see the towns of Great
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and North Malvern, and Malvern Wells, nestling at
foot of the steep slant; and eight miles to the right, but
over thirty from where we stand, the cathedral tower of
Worcester. The whole plain is one sea of woods with
towers and steeples glinting from every part of it; notably
Tewkesbury Abbey, which shines white in the sunlight
some fourteen miles from us. Nearer, and to the right,
Cheltenham stretches out under Cleeve Hill, the highest of
the Cotteswolds; and to the left Gloucester, with its
Cathedral dwarfing all the buildings round it. This
wooded plain before us dies away in the north into two of
the great Forests of ancient Britain; Wyre, on the left,
from which Worcester takes its name; and Feckenham,
on the right, with Droitwich as its present centre. Every-
where through this area we come upon beautiful old
timber-framed houses of the Tudor time or earlier; Roman
of origin, and still met with in towns the Romans garri-
soned, such as Chester and Gloucester, though they have
modernized their roofs, and changed their diamond win-
dow panes for squares, as in the old house of Charles
Hoar, previously mentioned.
Now if we turn from the north view to the west, we get
a different landscape. Right before us, a mile off, is
Robin’s Wood Hill, a Cotteswold outlier; in Saxon times
called “ Mattisdun ” or “ Meadow-hill,” for it is grassed to
the top, among its trees. “Matson” House, there at its
foot, was the abode of Charles I. during his siege of
Gloucester in 1643. To the left of this hill we have again
the Vale of the Severn, and beyond it, a dozen miles
away, and stretching for twenty miles to the southwest are
the hills of the Forest of Dean. They are steep, but not
lofty—eight hundred or nine hundred feet. At their foot
yonder, fourteen miles off, is the lake-like expanse of the
Severn; and where it narrows to something under a mile
is the Severn Bridge that carries the line into the Forest
from the Midland Railway. Berkeley Castle lies just on
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the left of it, but is buried in the trees. Thornbury
Tower, if not Thornbury Castle, further south, is visible
when the sun strikes on it. Close to the right of the
bridge is an old house that belonged to Sir Walter Raleigh ;
and, curiously enough, another on the river bank not far
above it is said to have been occupied by Sir Francis
Drake just before the coming of the Armada. The Duke
of Medina Sidonia, who commanded the Spanish fleet, was
ordered to detach a force as soon as he landed, to destroy
the Forest of Dean, which was a principal source for tim-
ber for the British navy; and it is probable that the
(Jueen’s ministers were aware of this and took measures in
defence, with which Drake had to do.
Two miles lower than the bridge is the Forest port
of Lydney, now chiefly used for shipping coal; and
as the ex-Verderer of the Forest resides near it, and
he would be able to furnish information of interest to
our American visitor, we decided to drive to Lydney to
begin.
It was too late to start the same day, however; and
Senator Hoar stayed at Upton, where his visit happens to
mark the close of what is known as the “ open-field” sys-
tem of tillage ; a sort of midway between the full posses-
sion of land by freehold, and unrestricted common rights,
The area over which he walked, and which for thousands
of years has been divided by “meres” and boundary
stones, is now to be enclosed, and so will lose its archeo-
logical claims to interest. In one corner of it, however,
there still remains a fragment of Roman road, with some
of the paving stones showing through the grass of the
pasture field. The name of this piece of land gives the
clue to its history. It is called Sandford ; a corruption of
Sarn ford, from sarnu (pronounced “ sarney” ) fo pave;
and fford, a road. These are Celtic-Cornish and Welsh
words; and it should be noted that the names of the
Roman roads in the Island as well as those of the moun-
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1899. ] The Forest of Dean. 273
tains and rivers, are nearly all Celtic, and not Latin or
Saxon.!
We made a short delay in the morning, at Gloucester,
to give Senator Hoar time to go on board the boat “ Great
Western ” which had just arrived in our docks from Glouces-
ter, Massachusetts, to visit the mother city, after a perilous
voyage across the Atlantic by Captain Blackburn single-
handed. Senator Hoar having weleomed the captain in
his capacity of an old Englishman and a New Englander
"rolled into one,” we set out for Lydney, skirting the
bank of one arm of the Severn which here forms an island.
It was on this Isle of Alney that Canute and Edmund
[Ironside fought the single-handed battle that resulted in
their dividing England between them.? We pass on to
the Island at Westgate Bridge; and a quarter of a mile
further leave it by Over Bridge; one of Telford’s beauti-
ful works. Just below it the Great Western Railway
erosses the river by an iron bridge, the western piers of
which rest upon Roman foundations.
One remarkable thing which I believe I forgot to men-
tion to George Hoar as we crossed the Island, is, that
the meadows on both sides of the causeway belong to the
"Freemen ” of the city; and that, go back as far as we
may in history, we cannot find any account of the original
foundation of this body. But we have this clue to it—
that Gloucester was made into a Colony in the reign of
Nerva, just before the end of the first century ; and in
each Roman colony lands were allotted to the soldiers of
the legions who had become freemen by reason of having
served for twenty-five years. These lands were always on
the side of the city nearest the enemy; and the lands we
are crossing are on the western side of Glevum, nearest
the Silures, or South Welsh, who were always the most
‘The Whitcombe Roman Villa, four miles east of Upton, stands in a field called
Sandals. In Lyson’s description of it, written in 1819, it stands as Saradells, The
paved road ran through the dell.
*Sharon Turner’s “Anglo Saxons,” Vol. Chap. XV.
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dangerous enemies the Romans had in Britain. Similarly,
at Chester, the freemen’s lands are on the west, or enemy’s
side, by the Dee. In Bath it was the same.
y Immediately after passing “Over” Bridge we migh
\y turn off, if time permitted, to see Lassington Oak, a tree
of giant size and unknown age; but as Emerson says—
‘* There’s not enough for this and that.
Make thy option which of two!”
and we make ours for Lydney. A dozen miles drive,
often skirting the right bank of the Severn, brings us to
Newnham, a picturesque village opposite a vast bend, or
horse-shoe, of the river, and over which we get a beauti-
ful view from the burial ground on the cliff. The water
expands like a lake, beyond which the woods, house-inter-
‘ spersed, stretch away to the blue Cotteswold Hills; the
Hi monument to William Tyndale being a landmark on one
of them—Nibley Knoll. Just under that monument was
| fought the last great battle between Barons. This battle
of Nibley Knoll, between Lord Berkeley and Lord Lisle,
left the latter dead on the field, at night, with a thousand
of the men of the two armies; and made Lord Berkeley
undisputed master of the estates whose name he bore.
We now leave the river, and turn inland ; and in a short
time we have entered the Forest of Dean proper ; that is, |
I the lands that belong to the Crown. Their area may be
Wi roughly set down as fifteen miles by ten; but in the time
a of the Conqueror, and for many years after, it was much
| larger; extending from Ross on the north, to Gloucester
on the east, and thence thirty miles to Chepstow on the 8
HH southwest. That is, it filled the triangle formed by the
HI Severn and the Wye between these towns. It is doubt- n
| less due to this circumstance of its being so completely cut W
f off from the rest of the country by these rivers, that it has a
preserved more remarkably than any other Forest. the
characteristics and customs of ancient British life, to whieh
1899. ] The Forest of Dean. 275
we shall presently refer; for their isolation has kept the
Dean Foresters to this hour a race apart.
Sir James Campbell, who was for between thirty and
forty years the chief “ Verderer,” or principal government
officer of the Forest, lives near Lydney. He received us
with great kindness, and gave us statistics of the rate of
growth of the oak, both with and without transplantation.
Part of them are published in an official report on the For-
est (A 12808. 6/1884. Wt.3276. Eyre & Spottiswoode,
London), and part are in manuscript with which Senator
Hoar has been presented. Briefly, the chief points are
these :
In 1784 or thereabout acorns were planted in “ Acorn
Patch Enclosure” in the Forest; and in 1800 trees marked
A and B were taken from this place and planted opposite
the “Speech House.” Two, marked D and F, were drawn
out of Acorn Patch in 1807 and planted near the Speech
House fence. Another, marked N, was planted in 1807,
five and one-half feet high, in the Speech House grounds,
next the road; and L, M, N, X, have remained untrans-
planted in the Acorn Patch.
The dimensions were (circumference, six feet from the
ground), in inches—
A B DB F L M N X
In 1814, Oct. 5,148 14 11 158 13 244
1824, Oct. 20, 293 28% 258 224 224 233 30% 324
1844, Oct. 5,584 58 45 46 35 344 57 448
1864, Oct. 1,734 71 59% 673 464 44 734 56
Another experiment tried by Sir James Campbell him-
self gave the following results :
Experiment begun in 1861 to test the value, if any, of
merely lifting and replanting oak trees in the same holes
without change of soil, situation, or giving increased space ;
as compared with the experiment already detailed, which
was begun in 1800.
In 1861, twelve oak trees of about 25 years’ growth,
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276 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct.,
which had been self-sown (dropping from old trees after-
wards cut down) in a thick plantation, were selected, all
within gunshot of each other, and circumferences measured
at five feet from the ground. Of these, six were taken up
and immediately replanted in the same holes. The other
six were not interfered with at all.
Aggregate admeasurement of Aggregate admeasurement of
six dug up and replanted. six not interfered with.
Marked in white paint 1, Marked in red paint 1, 2,
2, 3, «&e. 3, &e,
27 inehes (i. 24 inches more than the
1861, 244 inches. 27 inches (* nen ot starting.)
or 66 At 66 i. e., 103 inches more than the
I 566, 463 ( transplanted ones, at starting.)
66 66 i.e., the transplanted ones had
1 Sd, ] 1 84 l l 5 5 now regained 104 inches, )
66 The transplanted trees in ’88 had
1888, I 254 l 23% ( outgrown the others by 2 ins, )
66 IR The transplanted trees in had
l 890, 133% 128 ( outgrown the others by 53 ins. )
2 ‘6 The transplanted trees in ’92 had
1892 ’ 141 131 t ( outgrown the others by 9} ins, )
Thus proving that merely transplanting is beneficial to
oaks ; the benefit, however, being greater when the soil is
changed and more air given.!'
From Lydney a drive of a few miles through pleasant
ups and downs of woodland and _ field, brings us to White-
mead Park, the official residence of the Verderer, Philip
Baylis. The title “ Verderer” is Norman, indicating the
administration of all that relates to the ~ Vert” or “ Green-
ery” of the Forest; that is, of the timber, the enclosures,
the roads, and the surface generally. ‘The Verderer’s Court
is held at the “Speech House,” to which we shall presently
come: but the Forest of Dean is also a mineral district,
and the Miners have a separate Court of their own. That
some of their customs go back to a very remote antiquity
we may well believe when we find the scale on which the
Romans worked iron in the Forest; a scale so great that
' The Earl of Ducie, who has had very large experience as an arboriculturist, does
not hold the view that oaks are benefited by transplanting, if the acorns are sown
in good soil,
In the case of trees that show little or no satisfactory progress after four years, but
are only just able to keep alive, he cuts them down to the root. In the next season
80 per cent. of them send up shoots from two to three feet high, and at once start
off on their life’s mission,
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with their imperfect method of smelting with Catalan fur-
naces, etc., so much metal was left in the Roman cinder
that it has been sought after all the way down to within
the present gene ‘ation as a source of profit; and in the
time of Edward I., one-fourth of the king’s revenue from
this Forest was derived from the remelted Roman refuse.
I have a beautiful Denarius of Hadrian which was found
in the old Roman portion of the Lydney-Park Iron Mine
in 1854, with a number of other silver coins, some of
them earlier in date; but when we speak of “mines,” the
very ancient ones in the Forest were rather deep quarries
than what would now be termed mines. As we drive
along we now and then notice near the roadside, n arly
hidden by the dense foliage of the bushes, long dark hol-
lows, Which are locally known as “ scow/es,” another Celtic
word meaning gorges or hollows ; something like ghyll in
the Lake District, “ Dungeon Ghyll,” and so on. These
were Roman and British Hematite mines. If we had been
schoolboys | would have taken Senator Hoar down into a
scowl and we should both have come back with our clothes
spoiled, and our arms full of the splendid hartstongue
ferns that cover the sides and edges of the ravine. But
they are dangerous places for any but miners or school-
boys; and I shrank from encouraging an enthusiastic
American to risk being killed in a Roman pit, even with
the ideal advantage of afterwards being buried with his
own ancestors in England! So I said but little about them.
The Miners’ Court is presided over by another govern-
ment officer, called the “ Gaveller”: from a Celtic word
which means holding ; as in the Kentish custom of “ Gavel-
kind.”! These courts are held in “Saint Briavels” (pro-
nounced “ Brevels” ) Castle: a quaint old building of the
thirteenth century, on the western edge of the Forest,
where it was placed to keep the Welsh in check. It looks
‘I suspect “ Galfer,” the English equivalent of “ Boss,” may be from the same
4. the ¢aker or contractor
American Antiquarian Society. [Oct.,
down on a beautiful reach of the river Wye at Bigswear;
and it was just on this edge that Wordsworth stood in
1798, when he thought out his “Lines composed a few
miles above Tintern Abbey,” ete.
‘* Five years have passed; five summers, with the length
Of five long winters; and again I hear
These waters rolling from their mountain springs
With a soft inland murmur. Once again
Do I behold these steep and lofty cliffs.”
Senator Hoar will recall the scene from the railway below:
the
‘« Plots of cottage ground” that ‘‘ lose themselves
*Mid groves and copses” ;
and he will say how exactly the words describe
‘These hedge-rows; hardly hedge-rows; little lines
Of sportive wood run wild,”
for they cover yards in width in some places, as he will
remember my pointing out to him. The castle is placed
on the outside of the Forest and close on the Wye, to
guard what was seven centuries ago the frontier of Wales;
and the late William Philip Price (Commissioner of Rail-
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ways and for many years member of Parliament for
Gloucester) told me that when he was a boy the Welsh
tongue was still spoken at Landogo, the next village down
the river, midway between Bigswear and Tintern.
Philip Baylis showed us some of the old parchments
connected with the Mine Court; one document especially
precious being a copy of the ‘* Book of Denys,” made in
the time of Edward III. It sets forth the ancient customs
which formed the laws of the miners. At this point the
Verderer had to settle some matter of the instant, but he
put us under the care of a young man who acted as our
guide to one of the ancient and giant oaks of the Forest,
on the “Church Hill” enclosure, about three-quarters of a
mile up the hill above the Park. Nicholls (“ History of the
Forest of Dean,” page 20) thinks the name Church Hill
comes from the setting apart of some land here for the
Convent of Grace Dieu to pay for masses for the souls of
Richard II., his ancestors and successors.
It was a steep climb; and the evening twilight was com-
ing on apace as we followed the little track to the spot
where the old oak rises high above the general level of the
wood, reminding one of Rinaldo’s magical myrtle, in
“Jerusalem Delivered” :
‘«O’er pine, and palm, and cypress it ascends:
And towering thus all other trees above
Looks like the elected queen and genius of the grove!”
Only that for an oak of similar standing we must say
“king” instead of “queen”; emblem as it is of iron
strength and endurance.
It is not so much the girth of the tree as its whole
bearing that impresses a beholder; and I do not think
either of us will forget its effect in the gloom and silence
and mystery of the gathering night.
Resisting a kindly pressure to stay the night at White-
mead, that we might keep to our programme of sleeping
at the Speech House, we started on the last portion of the
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long day’s drive. The road from Parkend, after we have
climbed a considerable hill, keeps mostly to the level of a
high ridge. It is broad and smooth; and the moonlight
and its accompanying black shadows on the trees made the
journey one of great beauty ; while the mountain air les-
sened the sense of fatigue that would otherwise have
pressed heavily on us after so long a day amid such novel
surroundings. The only thing to disturb the solitude is
the clank of machinery, and the lurid lights, as we pass a
colliery ; and then a mile or two more with but the sound
of our own wheels and the rhythm of the horses’ feet, and
we suddenly draw up at an hotel in the midst of the For-
est, its quiet well-lighted interior inviting us through the
doorway, left open to the cool summer night air. We are
at the Speech House. We had bespoken our rooms by
wire in the morning: Senator Hoar had a chambre @hon-
neur, with a gigantic carved four-post bed that reminded
him of the great bed of Ware. His room like my
“No. 5,” looked out over magnificent bays of woodland to
the north. The Speech House is six hundred feet above
the sea, and the mountain breeze coming through the wide
open window, with this wonderful prospect of oak and
beech and holly in the moonlight,—the distance veiled,
but scarcely veiled, by the mist, suggest a poem untrans-
latable in words, and incommunicable except to those who
have passed under the same spell. We speak of a light
that makes darkness visible; and similarly there are
sounds that deepen the long intervals of silence with which
they alternate. One or two vehicles driving past; now
and then the far-off call of owls answering one another in
the woods—one of the sweetest sounds in nature—the
varying cadence carrying with it a sense of boundlessness
and infinite distance ; and with it we fall asleep.
If there is anything more beautiful than a moonlight
summer night in the heart of the Forest of Dean, it is
its transformation into a summer morning, with the
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sparkle of dew on the grass, and the sunrise on the trees ;
with the music of birds, and the freshness that gives all
these their charm.
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STONE OVER NORTH DOOR OF THE SPEECH HOUSE,
As soon as we are dressed we take a stroll out among
the trees. In whichever direction we turn we are struck
by the abundance of hollies. I believe there are some
three thousand full grown specimens within a radius of a
mile of the Speech House. This may be due to the spot
having been from time immemorial the central and most
important place in the Forest. The roads that lead to it
still show the Roman paving-stones in many places, as
Senator Hoar can bear witness ; and the central point of a
British Forest before the Roman time would be occupied
by a sacred oak. The Forest into which Julius Cvesar
pursued the Britons to their stronghold, was Anderida,
that is, the Holy Oak; from dar, oak (Sanskrit, daru, a
tree), and da, good. It is worth remarking that this idea
survives in the personal name, Holyoak ; for who ever heard
of “ Holyelm,” or “ Holyash,” ora similar form compounded
of the adjective and the name of any other tree than the
oak? If there is an exception it is in the name of the
holly. The Cornish Celtic word for holly was Celyn, from
Celli (or Kelli), a grove; literally a grove-one; so that
the holly was probably planted as a grove or screen round
the sacred oak. Such a planting of a holly grove in the
central spot of the Forest in the Druid time, would account
for these trees being now so much more numerous round
the Speech House than they are in any other part of the
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woods. The Saxon name is merely the word holy with
the vowel shortened, as in Aoliday ; and that the tree really
was regarded as holy is shown by the custom in the Forest
Mine Court of taking the oath on a stick of hoily held in
the hand. This custom survived down to our own times ;
for Kedgwin H. Fryer, the late Town Clerk of Gloucester,
told me he had often seen a miner sworn in the Court,
touching the bible with the holly stick! The men always
kept their caps on when giving evidence to show they
were “ Free miners.”
The oaks, marked A. B., of whose growth statisties
have already been given, stand on the side of the Newn-
ham road opposite the Speech House. The Verderer is
carrying on the annual record of their measurements.
We return to the house by the door on the west; the
one at which we arrived last evening. It was then too
dark to observe that the stone above it, of which I took a
careful sketch several years ago, is crumbling from the
effects of weather, after having withstood them perfectly
for two centuries. The crown on it is scarcely recogniza-
ble; and the lettering has all disappeared except part of
the R. This is as it appeared when I copied it. Steps
are being taken to preserve what is left by melting hard
paraffin wax into the surface of the stone.
We breakfast in the quaint old Court room. Before us
is the railed-off dais, at the end, where the Verderer and
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his assistants sit to administer the law. On the wall
behind them are the antlers of a dozen stags; reminders
of the time, about the middle of the present century, when
the herds of deer were destroyed on account of the con-
tinual poaching to which they gave occasion. Many of
the cases that come before the Court now are of simple
trespass.
This quaint old room, with its great oak beam overhead,
and its kitchen grate wide enough to roast a deer—this
strange blending of an hotel dining-room and a Court of
Justice, has nevertheless a link with the far distant past
more wonderful than anything that has come down to us
in the ruins of Greece or Rome.
‘Look at the simple card that notifies the dates of hold-
ing the Verderer’s Court. Here is an old one which the
Verderer, Philip Baylis, has kindly sent to Senator Hoar
in response to his request for a copy.
V. R.
Her Majesty’s Forest of Dean,
Gloucestershire.
VERDERERS’ COURT.
Verderers :
Charles Bathurst, Esq. Sir Thomas H.
Crawley-Boevey, Bart.
Maynard Willoughby Colchester-Wemyss, Esq.
Russell James Kerr, Esq.
Deputy-Surveyor :
Philip Baylis, Esq.
Steward :
James Wintle.
—NOTICE.——
The VERDERERS of Her Majesty’s Forest of Dean hereby give
Notice that the COURT of ATTACHMENT of our Sovereign Lady the
Queen for the said Forest will be holden by adjournment, at the Speech
House, in the said Forest, at half-past Two o'clock, in the afternoon,
on the following days during the year 1897, viz. :
Wednesday, the 27th January ;
Monday, the 8th March;
Saturday, the 17th April;
Thursday, the 27th May;
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Tuesday, the 6th July;
Monday, the 16th August;
Friday, the 24th September ;
Wednesday, the 3rd November ;
Monday, the 13th December.
James Wintle,
Steward.
Newnham, Ist January, 1897.
Many years ago I stood in this Court Room examining
a similar notice, puzzled at the absence of any system or
order in the times appointed for the sittings, which did not
come once a month, or every six weeks; and did not even
fall twice in succession on the same day of the week,
Turning to the landlord of the hotel I asked, “ What is the
rule for holding the Court? When is it held?” “ Every
forty days at twelve o'clock at noon” was the reply,
Reflection showed that so strange a periodicity related to
no notation of time with which we are now in touch; it
must belong to a system that has passed away ; but what
could this be?
We are reminded by the date of the building we are it
(1680), that the room itself cannot have been used for
much more than two centuries for holding the Courts.
But there was a Verderer’s Court held in several Forests
besides this Forest of Dean, long before the Stuart days.
The oftice itself is mentioned in Canute’s Forest Charter,
dating back nearly nine hundred years; and as at that
period about a third of England was covered with Forests,
their influence must have been very powerful; and local
laws and customs in them must have been far too firmly
established for such a man as Canute to alter them. He
could only have confirmed what he found; much as he
confirmed the laws of nature as they affected the tides at
Southampton !
The next Forest Charter of national importance after
Canute’s, is that of Henry III., in 1225. It is clear that
he, again, made no material change in the old order o
things ; and in recapitulating the old order of the Forest
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Courts, he ordains that the Court of Attachment (called in
Dean Forest the Court of the Speech) was to be held
every forty days. This Court was one of first instance,
simply for the hearing of evidence and getting up the
cases for the “ Swainmote,” ! which came ¢hree times a year.
The Swains were free men ; and at their mofe evidence
was required from ¢hree witnesses in each case, on which
the Verderer and other officers of the king passed sentence
in accordance with the laws laid down in this Charter.
From this Swainmote there was a final appeal to the High
Court of the Judges in Eyre (Eyre, from ‘
wander, being the Norman French for Itinerant, or, on
“errer” to
Cireuit) which was held once tin three years.
The forty-day court was common to all the ancient
forests of Britain; and that they go back to before the
time of Henry III. is clear from the following extracts
from Coke’s Fourth Institute, for which I am indebted to
the kindness of James G. Wood, of Lincoln’s Inn.
Carp. LXXIII.
Of the Forests and the Jurisdiction of the Courts
[p 289] of the Forest.
* * *
And now let us set down the Courts of the
Forest—Within every Forest there are these
Courts
1—The Court of the Attachments or the Wood-
mote Court. This is to be kept before the
Verderors every forty days throughout the year
—and thereupon it is called the Forty-day
Court—At this Court the Foresters bring in
the Attachments de viridi et venalione [&c
* * *
2—The Court of regard or Survey of days is
holden every third year [&e &c]
* * * * *
‘That the Forest Charter of Hen. III. did not establish these courts is proved
from a passage in Manwood, cap. 8, which runs thus: “And the said Swainmotes
shal not be kept but within the counties in the which they have been used to be
kept.”
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3. The Court of Swainmote is to be holden
before the Verderors as judges by the Steward of
the Swainmote thrice in every year [&c]
* * * 7
4. — — — The Court of the Justice Seat holdep
before the Chief Justice of the Forest — — aptly
called Justice in eire — — — and this Court of
the Justice Seat cannot be kept oftener than
every third year.
* * * *
[319] For the antiquity of such Forests within England
as we have treated of the best and surest argument
thereof is that the Forests in England (being in
number 69 ) except the New Forest in Hampshire
erected by William the Conqueror as a conqueror,
and Hampion Court Forest by Hy 3, by
authority of Parliament, are so ancient as wm
record or history doth make any mention of any
of their Erections or beginnings.
Here then we have clear evidence that nearly seven
hundred years ago the Verderer’s Court was being held at
periods of time that bore no relation to any division of the
year known to the Normans or Plantagenets, or, before
them, to the Saxons, or even, still earlier, to the Romans.
We are, therefore, driven back to the period before the
Roman invasion in Britain, and when the Forest legislation
was, as Crsar found it, in the hands of the Druids. In
his brief and vivid account of these people he tells us that
they used the Greek alphabet; and as he also says they
were very proficient in astronomy, it seems clear that
they had their astronomy from the same source as their
literature. Their astronomy involved of necessity their
notation of time. And the Greeks, in turn, owed their
astronomy to the Egyptians, with whom the year was
reckoned as of three hundred and sixty days; and this
three hundred and sixty-day year gives us the clue to the
forty-day period for holding the Forest Courts in Ancient
Britain.
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1899. ] The Forest of Dean. 287
We cannot fail to be struck, as we examine the old
Forest customs, with the constant use of the number three,
as asacred or “lucky ” number, on every possible occasion.
We have just seen the réle it plays in the Mine Court,
with its three presiding officials, its jury of multiples of
three (twelve, twenty-four, forty-eight) ; its holly stick
oath sworn by three witnesses. We have noticed the
Swainmote Court, also requiring three witnesses, held
three times a year, and subordinate to the Court of Eyre
held once in three years; to which should be added the
perambulation of the Forest bounds at the same triennial
visit in Eyre, when the king’s officers were accompanied
by nine foresters in fee (three threes) and twenty-four
jurors (eight threes).
To go fully into the réle of the number three in British
traditions would require a profound study ; but it may be
useful briefly to note its influence on the Bardic poetry—
the Triads, where the subjects are all grouped in threes.
Nor was this predilection confined to the Island. We find
it affecting the earliest history of Rome itself, with its
nine gods (“ By the nine gods he swore”) and the nine
books which the Sibyl destroyed by threes, till the last
three were saved. Then we have the evidence in the
name nundina' for a market, that the week was originally
acycle not of seven, but of nine days; and our own say-
ing that a given thing is a “ nine days’ wonder” is undoubt-
edly a survival from the period when the nine days made
aweek,? for such a phrase expresses a round number or
unit of time ; not nine separate days.
'The Romans meant by nundine@ periods that were really of eight days; but they
made them nine by counting in the one from which they started. So accustomed
were they to this method of notation that the priests who had the control of the
calendar, upset Julius Casar’s plan for intercalating a day once in four years
(“Bissextile’’) by insisting that the interval intended was three years! Augustus
was obliged to rectify this by dropping the overplus day it occasioned.
It is this Roman custom of inclusive reckoning which has led to the French
ailing a week hwit jours, and a fortnight, une quinzaine.
*The word week comes from wika (=Norsk vika) to bend or turn. The idea con-
nected with it was no doubt that of the moon’s turning from one of its quarters to
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Shakespeare had been struck with the relationship of
the nine day week, alluded to in the proverb, to the more
modern one of seven days, as is shown by his very clever
juxtaposition of the two in “As You Like It.” In Aet
III., Scene 2, he makes Celia say to Rosalind
‘*But didst thou hear without wondering how thy name should be
hanged and carved upon these trees?”
And Rosalind replies
‘*T was seven of the nine days out of the wonder before you came”—ete,
Gloucester, down till the Norman time, and after, was
the great manufactory of the iron brought from the Forest
of Dean. The metal was brought up the Severn by barges,
to the quay which stocd at the road running: straight down
from Longsmith Street (in which Charles Hoar’s house
stands), and buried under all this street we find the cinder
and slag of the Roman forges. In Domesday Book (whieh
was ordered to be drawn up at a Parliament in Glouces-
ter in 1083) it states that the City had paid to the king
(7. e., Edward the Confessor) ten dicres of iron yearly,
This is very remarkable, for a dicre was three dozen
rods or bars; so that the whole tribute was three hundred
and sixty bars, or one bar per day for the Druid year of
three hundred and sixty days.
And now we come back to the Verderer’s Court at the
the next. I can remember when some of the people in “ the Island” in Gloucester
always made a point of turning any coins they had in their pockets when it was
new moon and repeating a sort of invocation to the moon! How or when the nine
day week was exchanged by western nations for the seven day one, we do not
know; but it is likely that it may have been brought about by the Pheenicians and
Jews, who regarded the number seven as the Druids regarded three—as something
especially sacred. They had much of the commerce of Southern Europe in their
hands, and, therefore, a certain power in controlling the markets, which it would
be a convenience to Jews to prevent falling on the sabbath day. The circum-
stance that the lunar month fitted in with four weeks of seven days no doubt
made it easier to effect the change from nundina.
1 For more than a century after Julius Ca#sar had altered the year to three hun
dred and sixty-five days, the Roman soldiers were still paid at the ancient rate of
three hundred and sixty days only, losing the rest as “ terminalia,” or days not
counted as belonging to the year! The proof of this is that in the time of Domitian
a soldier’s year’s pay divided by three hundred and sixty gives an even number
of ases.
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1899. ] The Forest of Dean. 289
Speech House with a clear reason for its being held
"every forty days at twelve o'clock at noon.”
Forty days was the ninth of the Druid year of three
hundred and sixty, and was a period of five weeks of eight
days each, but which according to the ancient method of
counting were called “nine-days.” And the reason the
Court sits “at Twelve o’clock at noon” is because the
Druid day began at noon. Even now, within ten miles of
where I write, the children on Minchinhampton Common,
on the Cotteswold Hills, keep up “old May Day,” which
was the opening of the Druid year, though they are igno-
rant of this. Boys and girls arm themselves on .that day
with boughs of the beech, and go through certain games
with them; but exactly as the clock strikes twelve they
throw them away, under pain of being stigmatized as
"May fools!”
Well has Oliver Wendell Holmes put it, that “.A// things
are in all things!” Even this common-place list of Court
days in the Forest of Dean becomes a beautiful poem
when the light of such a past shines on it; just as the
veriest dust of the Krakatoan volcano evolves itself into
every color of the rainbow when it rises into the sunset sky.
Since writing this paper I find that Philip Baylis, the
Verderer of the Forest of Dean, has kindly sent three
or four dozen of young oak trees from the government
plantations, to Washington, in order that they may be
planted there and in some other places in the United
States, to begin the century with. The state department
of Agriculture has arranged for the planting of these oaks,
and the periodical record of their measurements, so that
avaluable basis will be established for an experiment that
may be carried on for a century, or more; and we, the
archeologists of the nineteenth century, shall have wiped
away the stigma implied in the old Aberdeen baillie’s
remark, that as Posteerity had never done anything for
us, We ought not to do anything for posteerity !
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*9
The Earl of Ducie has sent, accompanying these Forest
of Dean oaks, four small plants, seedlings from the great
Chestnut Tree on his Estate at Tortworth ; the largest and
oldest of its sort in Great Britain. It measures forty-nine
feet round the trunk.
Leaving the Speech House for Coleford and Newland we
descend a steep hill for half a mile, and crossing the rail at
the Station we begin to ascend the opposite rise through
the woods. As the carriage climbs slowly up we keep on
the lookout for the margin-stones of the Roman paving
which here and there show through the modern metaled
surface—pieces fifteen to twenty inches long by about five
inches in thickness, and set so deep in the ground that
eighteen hundred years’ wear has never moved them. They
are buttressed on the outer edge by similar blocks set four
or five inches lower, and themselves forming one side of
the solidly paved water-way or gutter which was con-
structed as part of every such road on a steep gradient, to
secure it from abrasion by flood or sudden rush from heavy
rainfall. There are many excellent examples of this in the
Forest of Dean. We are on the watch, however, for some
part where the ‘‘margines” remain on both sides of the way.
At last we come upon such a place, and alighting from the
‘arriage we strain the tape measure across at two or three
points. The mean we find to be thirteen feet and seven
inches. As the Roman foot was just over three per cent.
less than ours, this means that the Romans built the road
here for a fourteen-foot way. So far as I have examined
their roads they were always constructed to certain stand-
ard widths—seven feet, nine feet, eleven feet, thirteen
feet, fourteen feet, or fifteen feet. .
It is not too much to say that most of the main roads in
England are Roman; but the very continuity of their use
has caused this to be overlooked. All the o/d roads in the
Forest of Dean have been pronounced by the Ordnance
Surveyors, after close examination, to bear evidences of
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1899. | The Forest of Dean. 291
Roman paving, although for some centuries since then
wheel carriages went out of use here !
There is a vivid description in Statius of the making of
an imperial-road through such another Forest (if not indeed
this very one!) especially worth recalling here, because it
was written at very nearly the period of the building of
this track over which we are journeying ; 7. e., near the end
of the first century.
The poet stands on a hill from which he can see the
effect of the united work of the army of men who are
engaged in the construction: perhaps a hundred thousand
forced laborers, under the control of the legionary soldiers
who act as the engineers. He makes us see and
hear with him the tens of thousands of stone cutters and
the ring of their tools squaring the ‘‘setts”; and then one
platoon after another stepping forward and laying down its
row of stones followed by rank after rank of men with the
paviours’ rammers, which rise and fall at the sweep of the
band-master’s rods, keeping time in a stately music as they
advance ; the continuous falling and crashing of the trees as
other thousands of hands ply the axes along the lines, that
creep, Slowly, but visibly, on through the Forest that no
foot had ever trodden—the thud of the multitudinous
machines driving the piles in the marshy spaces ; the whole
innumerable sounds falling on the ear like the roaring of a
great and vast sea.
The language Statius uses is more simple than mine ;
but this is substantially the picture he gives: and I know
of nothing that so impresses on the imagination the
thinder of the power of the Roman Empire as _ this
creation in the wilderness, in one day, of an iron way that
shall last for all time.
We are here in the sweet silence of a summer morning,
eighteen hundred years after such a scene, and able men-
tally to catch some glimpse of it; some echo of the storm
that has left behind it so ineffaceable a mark.
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‘*] intended to ask you just now whether the man yoy
spoke to in the road was a typical native of the district?”
said Senator Hoar. “He was dark and swarthy, with very
black hair and piercing eyes ; not at all like the majority of
people we see in Gloucester for instance.” ‘* Yes, he is q
typical Forester”; exactly such a man as Tacitus describes
his Silurian ancestors; so Spanish in appearance that he
tries to account for it by remarking that “¢hat part of Brit.
ain lies over against Spain”; as if it was such a short run
across the Bay of Biscay to the upper end of the Bristol
Channel that nothing would be more natural than for Span-
iards to sail over here with their wives and families and
become Silures !
These Western Britons, both here in the Forest and in
Cornwall certainly remind one of Spaniards. The type is
of an older Celtic than that of the present Welsh people
proper, as some evidences in the language also point to the
occupation being an older one. With respect to this par-
ticular district of the Forest and the East of Monmouth-
shire, one more element must not be left out of the account:
and that is, that Caerleon was founded by the second legion
being removed to it from Gloucester about the time this
road was made; and that it remained for three hundred
years the headquarters of that legion, which was a Spanish
one raised in the time of Augustus. Forty years ago]
remember being at Caerleon (two and one half miles from
Newport ), when I met the children of the village coming
out of school. It was hard to believe they were not Span-
ish or Italian !
At all events this part of Britain lies over against Bos-
ton; and Americans can cross over and see Caerleon for
themselves more easily than the people could, of whom
Tacitus wrote.
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Proceedings,
PROCEEDINGS.
SEMI-ANNUAL MEETING, APRIL 25, 1900, IN ELLIS HALL, IN
THE NEW BUILDING OF THE MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL
SOCIETY ON BOYLSTON STREET, BOSTON.
Tuk meeting was called to order by President Savispury
at 10.30 o’clock.
The following members were present :
George F. Hoar, Nathaniel Paine, Stephen Salisbury,
Samuel A. Green, Elijah B. Stoddard, Edward L. Davis,
James F. Hunnewell, Egbert C. Smyth, Charles C. Smith,
Edmund M. Barton, Charles A. Chase, Samuel S. Green,
Henry W. Haynes, Andrew McF. Davis, Henry 8. Nourse,
William B. Weeden, Daniel Merriman, Reuben Colton,
Robert N. Toppan, Henry H. Edes, George E. Francis,
lucien Carr, Frank P. Goulding, James P. Baxter, G.
Stanley Hall, William E. Foster, J. Franklin Jameson,
(alvin Stebbins, Francis H. Dewey, Henry A. Marsh,
John E. Hudson, Thomas C. Mendenhall, William T.
Forbes, Edwin A. Grosvenor, Leonard P. Kinnicutt,
fieorge H. Haynes, Charles L. Nichols, Waldo Lincoln,
John Noble, George P. Winship, A. Graham Bell, Austin
S. Garver, A. Lawrence Rotch.
Upon motion of Mr. NarHanreL Parne, the reading of
the records of the previous meeting was omitted.
The report of the Council was read by Mr. Samue. 8.
GirkeN, after which the Society listened to a paper by Mr.
Green on “The Craigie House, Cambridge, during: its
weeupancy by Andrew Craigie and his Widow.”
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The report of the Librarian was read by Mr. Epmuyp
M. Barron.
The report of the Council was accepted, and referred
to the Committee of Publication.
Vice-President Hoar recited a humorous poem by his
classmate Daniel S. Curtis, describing an imaginary visit
of General Washington to the Craigie House.
The Recording Secretary, in behalf of the Council,
presented the names of Samuel Utley, of Worcester, and
Francis Blake, of Weston, as candidates for resident
membership. They were duly elected on separate ballots,
Dr. ALEXANDER GrauAM BELL, of Washington, read a
paper, entitled, “A Philanthropist of the Last Century
Identified as a Boston Man.”
A paper upon “The Life of Dr. William Paine” was
read by GeorGe E. Francis, M.D., of Worcester.
GeorRGE Parker Wrnsurp, of Providence, presented a
paper on “ George and Sebastian Cabot.”
A paper on “Isaiah Thomas, Printer, Massachusetts,”
was presented by Cuartes L. Nicnois, M.D., of
W orcester.
Owing to lack of time, the following papers which had
been prepared were not read, but were referred to the
Committee of Publication :—
A paper by Prof. Lucten Carr, of Cambridge, on
“The Mascoutins”; “The Andros Records,” by Ropert
N. Toppan, of Cambridge; and “The Value of the New
England Shilling,” by McFarvanp Davis, of
Cambridge.
On motion of Vice-President Hoar, it was voted that
the thanks of the Society be presented to the gentlemen
who had contributed these very interesting papers, and
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1900. ] Proceedings. 295
that they be referred to the Committee of Publication.
Mr. Hoar said, “I think no person who is accustomed to
take part in these proceedings will consider it improper to
express our special pleasure in the contributions which
have been made to the Society by the gentlemen who have
taken part here today for the first time, and especially to
express the great delight that we all feel at the presence of
the illustrious inventor and man of science who has given
mankind a greater gift than any other man of his genera-
tion, one of the great inventions, not only of this age, but
of all ages,—the telephone.”
The President reported that he had received from Dr.
Charles L. Nichols as a gift to the Society a beautiful
copy of his “ Bibliography of Worcester.”
Dissolved.
CHARLES A. CHASE,
Recording Secretary.
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American Antiquarian Society.
[ April,
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.
Mucu work has been done by the Society during the last
six months in its usual field. This has been done quietly,
but, it is believed, effectively.
The Society meets today for the first time in the build
ing of the Massachusetts Historical Society. An invitation
to hold our semi-annual meetings here was extended to us
more than a year ago in the following letter :—
* Massachusetts Historical Society,
317 Tremont Building,
Boston, 30 March, 1899,
Hon. STEPHEN SALISBURY,
President of the American Antiquarian Society,
Dear Sir:
At a meeting of the Council of the Massachusetts
Historical Society held this day, it was Vofed, unanimously,
to extend to the American Antiquarian Society an invita
tion to hold their semi-annual meetings in the Ellis Hall
in the new building, No. 1154 Boylston Street, corner of
the Fenway.
And I was requested to communicate to you this action
on their part. Yours, very truly,
SAMUEL A. GREEN,
Librarian.”
This invitation-has been gratefully accepted, with pro-
found appreciation of the kindness and thoughtfulness
which mark the action of the Historical Society. It
was thought best to hold the meeting of the Antiquarian
Society a year ago, as hitherto, in the library of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences; so, today, for
the first time we are availing ourselves of the graecefil
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1900. ] Report of the Council. 297
and generous hospitality of the Massachusetts Historical
Society.
It will be interesting to members of the Antiqua-
rian Society to learn from the following letter of our
revered associate, Reverend Doctor Edward Everett Hale,
the progress which has been made respecting the publi-
cation of the Indian dictionaries given to us by the
widow of our late distinguished associate, Honorable J.
Hammond Trumbull, LL.D., Secretary for Foreign Corres-
pondence of the Society from 1874 to the time of his
death :—
“39 Highland St.,
Roxbury, Mass., April 1, 1900.
Dear Mr. SALISBURY :
Whoever is preparing the Council report may say
that the accomplished scholars in the Ethnological Bureau
have determined in consultation with our own Committee,
to publish the Trumbull dictionaries in a separate volume
precisely as he left them. We have agreed that any notes
or additions shall be reserved for subsequent Bulletins.
The Ethnological Bureau proposes to make the Trumbull
dictionaries the first of a new series of Bulletins devoted
especially to the American Languages. <A special appro-
priation for this purpose has been proposed in Congress
and will, as we hope, be voted this winter. . . . .
Always yours,
E. HALE
The gifts to the Society during the last six months have
heen more in number than usual and of well-sustained
value,
Only one of our members has died since the last meet-
ing, Reverend Edward Griffin Porter. I shall prepare a
sketch of Mr. Porter to be added to the report of the
Council.
To complete the collection of notices of deceased mem-
bers there will also be appended to the report sketches of
Daniel G. Brinton, prepared by Thomas C. Mendenhall,
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298 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
and Thomas F. Bayard by Robert Noxon Toppan. Mp,
Toppan has also written a notice of William E. Gladstone,
a foreign member, for this report.
Edward Griffin Porter was born in Boston, Jann.
ary 24, 1837. He was the son of Royal Loomis Porter
(a graduate of Williams College in 1823), who was editor
and proprietor of the Boston Traveller, a newspaper which
he started in 1825, until his death. Edward Porter's
mother was Sarah Ann Pratt, who was born in Charles.
town, Massachusetts, in 1812, and is still living. Mr,
Porter was descended from John Porter, who came jp
1623 from the west of England to Plymouth, in the colony
of that name.
While Porter was a child his father died, and his mother
soon married Mr. Nathan Carruth, a Boston merchant.
He always spoke warmly of the never-failing kindness of
his stepfather.
Porter fitted for college at Phillips Academy, Andover,
from which he graduated in 1854. In the fall of that
year he entered Williams College, but soon after the
beginning of the sophomore year joined the corresponding
class in Harvard College, from which he graduated in 1858.
In January, 1853, Porter united by public profession of
faith with the Second Church in Dorchester.
Just before graduating from college he sailed for Europe,
where he travelled, going for the first time to the East,
and studied at Heidelberg and Berlin. He returned in
July, 1861, and in September following entered the
Andover Theological Seminary, from which he graduated
in August, 1864. He had already been licensed to preach,
by the Norfolk Association, at Braintree, the 26th January
of that year. In the spring of 1864 he went West in the
service of the United States Sanitary Commission. — There
he contracted a fever which seriously impaired his health.
After graduating at Andover, Porter remained at home
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1900. ] Report of the Council. 299
in Dorchester, taking charge of a church there during the
absence of its pastor. In the following year he preached
occasionally in various places; but did not feel strong
enough to consider any proposals for settlement. He
sailed again for Europe May 31, 1866. In Italy and
Switzerland he studied with great interest the Waldensian
movement to give Protestant churches and schools to all
the principal towns, and was almost persuaded to accept
the charge of the new Italian Church at Venice. He again
visited the East, where he spent the spring of 1867. The
work of the American Mission at Beirut and on the slopes
of Mount Lebanon, engaged much of his attention.
He returned to this country in January, 1868, and in
October of that year was ordained minister of the Hancock
Congregational Church, a recently formed Trinitarian
Society in Lexington, Massachusetts. He remained in
that position for twenty-three years and was very success-
fulin his ministry. Although not a remarkable preacher
he was an admirable pastor and = public-spirited citizen.
He was universally respected and loved by his people and
townsmen, and was an especial favorite with children.
He became chairman of the School Committee in Lexing-
ton, and a trustee of its Public Library. He was also
chairman of a committee on the order of exercises at the
celebration, in 1875, of the one hundredth anniversary of
the battle of Lexington. When he resigned his charge
as pastor in 1891, his resignation was reluctantly accepted
and he was made pastor emeritus of the church. He
always retained his citizenship in Lexington.
In 1887—8 he made another journey to the East, on that
oevasion visiting the missionary stations of the American
Board in Turkey, India, China and Japan. He had a
strong and active interest in foreign missions and will
he very much missed in missionary circles. He also had a
lively interest in the East.
Mr. Porter’s services were much in demand to serve
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has for some time been out of print.
to the Memorial History of Boston, edited by Justin Win-
300 American Antiquarian Society.
on committees, and they were cheerfully and efficiently
rendered. He held a large number of offices.
was a member of the Overseers’ Committee to visit Hap.
vard College, and of the Boards of Visitors of Wellesley
College and Bradford Academy. He was a trustee of
Abbot Academy, Andover; and of Lawrence Academy,
Groton. He was a President of the Board of Trustees
of the College at Aintab, in Asia Minor.
He represented Massachusetts in the historical depart.
ment of the Centennial Exhibition at Philadeiphia in 1874
and was a delegate of this Society at the meeting of the
Royal Society of Canada held in Halifax in the spring of
1897, the chief object of which was to set up a monument
to John Cabot.
Mr. Porter’s interest in American history was very
[ April,
Thus he
great, and the study and presentation of portions of it
occupied a considerable part of his activities.
accomplished guide, whose services were much availed of
He was an
in pointing out places of historical interest in Lexington,
Boston and its neighborhood, Plymouth and other localities,
He always had investigations in hand. For two or three
years before his death, the writer of this sketch remembers,
he was actively engaged in looking up the path which in
colonial times led from Boston, through Worcester and
other towns, to Springfield.
In April, 1876, Mr. Porter was elected a member of this
Society, and in 1880 a member of the Massachusetts His-
torical Society. He was also a member of the American
Historical Association, of the Colonial Society of Massa-
chusetts and other historical organizations.
On January
11, 1899, he was chosen President of the New England
Historic-Genealogical Society. In 1887, Mr. Porter pub-
lished an interesting book entitled “ Rambles in Old Boston,
New England.” It is a book which is much in demand and
He also contributed
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sor, the chapter, “ Beginning of the Revolution (1760-
1775),” in the third volume. He published in 1875 an
historical sketch of the Battle of Lexington, and edited the
volume containing the Proceedings of the celebration,
commemorative of the one hundredth anniversary of that
battle.
He contributed to the Proceedings of this Society, among
other things, an interesting paper on “The Aborigines of
Australia.” Among his occasional papers which have
heen printed are: Sermon on the death of the Reverend
William Hooper Adams (Harvard, 1860) ; a brief memoir
of John Charles Phillips, a chum in college, prepared for
the Massachusetts Historical Society ; an original docu-
ment of the house of Washington (thirteenth century) ;
an address on the centennial of Washington’s visit to
Lexington ; an address on Samuel Adams; four drawings
of Lexington and Concord in 1775; President Garfield's
ancestry; “The Ship Columbia and the Discovery of
Oregon”; “The Cabot Celebrations of 1897”; and
Sketches of the English towns of Dorchester, Ipswich,
Billerica, and Bedford.
Mr. Porter died February 5, 1900, at the home of
his mother, Ashmont, Dorchester. Two days after, on
Wednesday, February 7, he was buried from the same
place. A large assembly came together to do honor to his
memory. Among those present were our associate, the
venerable Doctor Cyrus Hamlin, and other clergymen,
a numerous delegation from his society in Lexington,
college classmates, and associates in historical and other
societies.
Mr. Porter died in harness. Members of the Antiqua-
rian Society will remember that he spoke at our last
meeting in an interesting manner on the Tale of the
Tantiusques, his remarks having been suggested by a
recent gift to the Society from Mr. Robert C. Winthrop,
Jr., of Boston, Only a few days before his death a cor-
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302 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
rected proof of his remarks was received by our Committee
of Publication. He had other engagements to write and
speak. From boyhood Mr. Porter had been a student,
His life passed smoothly. He was an industrious and
useful man; and, busy, loved and respected as he was, he
will be much missed.
This sketch of Mr. Porter is, in the main, an abstract of
2 short memoir prepared by the writer for the Proceedings
of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts. Ss. 8. G.
Dr. Daniel Garrison Brinton was born in Chester
County, Pennsylvania, on May 13th, 1857. He was
graduated from Yale College in 1858 and from Jefferson
Medical College in Philadelphia in 1861. After receiving
his degree in medicine he spent a year in Europe in study
and travel. Returning in 1862 he entered the Army of
the Union as an acting assistant surgeon. His abilities
received quick recognition ; he was shortly commissioned
surgeon, Was Surgeon-in-Chiet of the Second Division of
the 11th Army Corps, and was made Medical Director of
his corps in October, 1863, only a little more than a year
after entering the service. He was present at several of
the most important battles of the Civil War, and in conse-
quence of a severe sunstroke, received shortly after the
Battle of Gettysburg, he was disqualified from active field
duties. As Superintendent of Hospitals at Quincy and
Springfield, Illinois, he continued in the service until the
close of the war in 1865, when he was discharged with the
brevet rank of Lieut.-Colonel. He settled in Philadelphia,
becoming the editor of the Medical and Surgical [eporter,
and also of a quarterly journal, the Compendium of Medi
cal Science. Ue was also a constant contributor to other
medical journals, especially on subjects relating to public
medicine and hygiene, and he edited a number of important
volumes on therapeutics and diagnosis. He was prominent
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in medical controversy ; and in this, as in other subjects in
which he was interested, his work possessed a characteristic
aggressiveness which greatly enhanced its value.
It was, however, as an anthropologist that Dr. Brinton
became distinctly eminent. Even before he had received
his bachelor’s degree he was attracted towards the study of
anthropology and archeology, possibly through the acci-
dent of spending the winter of 1856-57 in Florida, where
an excellent opportunity for work in these subjects was
presented ; and in 1859 he published his first book on the
“Literary History, Indian Tribes and Antiquities” of the
peninsula, Shortly after the close of the Civil War his
interest and enthusiasm for antiquarian research was
revived ; and he began a series of studies and investigations
which he maintained with great productiveness for more
than thirty vears, and until his death. He became Pro-
fessor of Ethnology and Archeology in the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in 1884, and in 1886 he
was appointed Professor of American Linguistics and
Archeology in the University of Pennsylvania. In 1886
he was Vice-President of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science, and in 1894 he was elected
to the presidency. He became a member of the American
Antiquarian Society in October, 1870. * Dr. Brinton’s con-
tributions to science were many and important. He was a
ready and versatile writer, and his researches covered a
wide field. During a third of a century of activity he pub-
lished numerous books, monographs, pamphlets and papers
covering practically the whole range of American Archeol-
ogy. Among the more important of these may be men-
tioned the “Library of Aboriginal American Literature,”
published in 1882-85; “Races and Peoples,” 1890; and
"The American Race,” 1892. These are justly ranked
among America’s most important contributions to anthro-
pology ; and to them should be added his latest, and by
many considered his best contribution to the literature of
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science, the “ Religions ot Primitive Peoples,” published
in 1897.
Dr. Brinton was gifted in popular exposition. His style
was clear, vigorous and aggressive ; his mind was free and
unprejudiced in the reception of new ideas; he was cour-
ageous in the expression of his opinions and in defence of
principles, but he was also singularly and unceasingly
courteous in controversy and pleasing in personality. He
died on July 3lst, 1899, at Atlantic City, only a few
weeks after he had presented to the University of Penn-
svlvania his magnificent library, a collection unequalled,
perhaps unapproached, of rare and valuable books and
papers relating to the work of his life. In making this
splendid gift he also promised his own personal service in
completing the catalogue and supervising the arrangement
of the collection. This pledge was never to be fulfilled,
but the University has determined to commemorate his
work by the establishment of a special chair of American
Archeology which shall bear his name. T. C. M.
Thomas Francis Bayard, who was elected a mem-
ber of this Society in April, 1897, was born in Wilmington,
Delaware, on the 29th of October, 1828, and died at the
residence of a married daughter in Dedham, Massachusetts,
on the 28th of September, 1808. He belonged toa family,
rare in the annals of any country, in which vigorous mental
endowments and high moral qualities appear in successive
generations. It is said that he was a descendant of Cheva-
lier Bayard, famous in history for his knightly courtesy;
and this tradition can be readily believed, judging from
Mr. Bayard’s high sense of duty, his moral courage, and
his dignified yet pleasing manners.
Having been admitted to the bar in 1851, he was, two
years afterwards, appointed district attorney. In 1855 he
became a partner of Mr. William Shippen, a well known
lawyer of Philadelphia, but returned to Wilmington after
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a residence of nine years in Pennsylvania. He was chosen
to the high position of a Senator of the United States from
his native State for the term beginning in 1869, taking
the place that had been honorably filled by his father and
by his grandfather. Upon his entrance into political life
he became almost immediately the recognized leader of the
democratic minority, being considered a consistent, con-
scientious and trustworthy member of that political party.
On the 7th of March, 1870, he made a vigorous speech on
the Funding Bill, in which he denounced the quality of
legal tender money given to promissory notes issued by
the National Government. “I cannot,” he said, “ give
my consent to an act of Congress that shall recognize and
continue in force a system of irredeemable paper money,
a currency not of value, but of credit only, as a basis of
our public debt.” He spoke in emphatic terms of the
mischievous results of the issuing of the legal tender notes
as the commencement of “the carnival of fraud and
swindling.” He always contended that the Constitution did
not confer upon Congress the right to make or manufacture
money. The right to borrow money is expressly given, as
well as the right to coin metal, which has an intrinsic value
and which has been bought or received in exchange for a
valuable consideration. He did not deny the power of the
Government to issue Treasury notes which should be
redeemable, but the right to issue fiat money, even under
an implied power, which might destroy the validity of all
contracts, he repudiated. This subject he returned to and
emphasized in several of his public addresses and speeches.
He predicted that political and financial trouble would
ensue from the continuance of the legal tender quality.
“Some persons seem actually to believe that we can make
any poor man rich by setting printing presses in motion,
or stamping base money.” His predictions have been
amply justified. Firm in his convictions he approved
heartily of Secretary MeCulloch’s plan of redeeming and
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506 American Antiquarian Society. [ April
cancelling the legal tender notes; but this policy, which
was in conformity with all business precedents, was not
carried out.
Keenly alive to all acts of injustice, he espoused
warmly the cause of General Fitz-John Porter, who had
been, as he thought, unjustly treated. In his speech in the
Senate in 1880 upon the bill for the restoration of General
Porter to the army, he denounced the arguments that had
been uttered by some of his fellow members. “ We have
heard here in effect proclaimed that military courts and
courts martial are in substance part of the judicial power
of the United States, that they have equal dignity and that
they are as wholly irreversible in their decisions as those
of the judicial branch of the Government. I dissent in
toto from such a proposition. I say on the contrary that
military rule is obnoxious to the American people, and it
is justly so to all people who would remain free.” “Can
it be that in a civilized country, gross, admitted, palpable
injustice can never be remedied?” “There is a spirit of
centralization ; there are centripetal forces at work that in
my judgment the people of this country would be most
wise to check.”
He was ardent in his support of all reforms in the civil
service of the country, and in his oration before the stu-
dents of Dartmouth College in 1882, he quoted from the
writings of Daniel Webster to show that the great New
England orator was totally averse to the doctrine that the
spoils of office should be claimed “by the right of party
conquest.” His most important address, perhaps, and the
most praised, was that delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa
Society of Harvard College in 1877, his subject being the
“Unwritten Law” or “the great moral Law written as
Coke said with the finger of God on the heart of Man.”
This was followed in 1883 by an able address on “the
responsibilities of the legal profession in a Republic,”
delivered before the students of the Yale Law School.
_
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1900. ] Report of the Council. 307
While in the Senate he served on various committees,
and on October 10th, 1881, was elected, for a few days,
President pro tempore of that body at a special session called
by President Arthur after the assassination of President
Garfield. He had already served in 1877 as one of the
Presidential Electoral Commission. So prominent had he
become that he was considered by many as a probable can-
didate for the Presidency of the United States both in
1880 and 1884. Upon Cleveland’s election he became
Secretary of State for four years, acting with prudence
and dignity in the fishery disputes between the United
States and Canada, in the question of the Alaska boundary
line and the Samoan troubles. At the expiration of his
term of Office he returned to Wilmington, but was again
called into public life by President Cleveland who ap-
pointed him Ambassador to the Court of St. James in
1893, the first envoy from the United States bearing the
title of Ambassador.
He was well received in England, as he strove to foster
friendly relations between the two kindred nations. By
some of his political opponents he was considered to
express a too friendly regard for the English people ; and
taking umbrage at the remarks made by him in two
addresses, particularly in that delivered before the Edin-
burg Philosophical Society, in which he spoke “ of the
insatiable growth in my own country of a form of social-
ism styled protection, which has done more to corrupt
public life, to banish men of independent mind from
public councils, and to lower the tone of national repre-
sentation than any other single cause,” and “ overthrowing
the great principle of equality before the law by fostering
special classes,” it was proposed in the House of Repre-
sentatives on the 10th of December, 1895, to impeach him
for violating the rules of propriety that should govern
American representatives in foreign countries. The pro-
posal was, however, not carried out, there being no
508 American Antiquarian Society. [April
foundation upon which to erect an accusation of high
crimes and misdemeanors, required to sustain an impeach.
ment.
Upon his return from England after the expiration of his
term of office, he was made the custodian of the Bradford
manuscript, the original history of Plymouth, which was
presented, on May 26th, 1897, through him, to the State of
Massachusetts from the Lord Bishop of London with much
ceremonial, followed by a banquet given by the American
Antiquarian Society on the same day, at which were pres-
ent many distinguished men and interesting addresses
were made. Mr. Bayard, who was received with great
cordiality, spoke unreservedly of his constant efforts,
while in England, to strengthen the ties binding the two
countries together.
Mr. Bayard was the recipient of many literary honors,
having received the degree of LL.D. from Harvard
University in 1877, from Dartmouth College in 1882, from
Yale University in 1883, from the University of Michigan
in 1891, the degree of D.C.L. from Oxford in 1896, and
LL.D. from Cambridge in 1897. He was also a member
of the American Philosophical Society. R. N. T.
William Ewart Gladstone.—Having had the good
fortune once, in London, to listen to an address delivered
by Mr. Gladstone, I could easily understand how people
were influenced and moved by his persuasive and musical
voice, and by his earnest manner. The occasion was a
notable one and particularly interesting to Mr. Gladstone,
as a student of ecclesiastical history, for Pére Hyacinthe,
who had renounced the Papal authority, and who, it was
then hoped, would be the founder of an independent
Gallican Church, was the recipient of an ovation from
& numerous and cultivated audience, and spoke after
Mr. Gladstone had finished his address. Mr. Gladstone's
voice reminded me of that of Mr. George William Curtis,
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but was pitched upon a slightly higher key. His personal
appearance, probably by being overpraised, was somewhat
disappointing. Apparently in physical and intellectual
strength he was inferior to Mr. Charles Sumner.
Mr. Gladstone’s career is so well known that it will only
he necessary to touch upon its most prominent features.
Born in Liverpool, of Scotch ancestry, on the 29th of
December, 1809, William Ewart Gladstone had the happy
fortune not only to be surrounded by tender family affec-
tions, but also to be freed from any thought of self-
maintenance, his father, a wealthy merchant, who had been
created a Baronet, being very indulgent to all the members
of his family. From Eton he went to Oxford, where he
obtained high university honors, and became also. well
known as a debater—so well known that through the
influence of the Duke of Neweastle he entered Parliament
in 1833, when only twenty-four years old, and as a staunch
Tory he took his place in the conservative ranks. His
change from high tory principles to liberalism, due to
conviction, as he has himself asserted in the published
defence of his conduct, led to many charges being made
wainst him for inconsistency. His political enemies were
often virulent in their denunciations, even threatening him
with personal violence. Upon one occasion he had to fly
lor refuge to his own house, the windows of which were
shattered by an angry mob. His inconsistencies have been
jainted in vivid colors by tory writers: his defence at one
time of slavery as sanctioned by the Bible, and then
preaching the gospel of liberty and freedom; upholding
the principles of hereditary monarchy, and yet denouncing
the monarchical governments of Naples and Turkey for
their misdeeds and cruelty, and sympathizing with the
revolutionary efforts to form a united Italy; a strenuous
waintainer of authority, and yet attacking the Papacy: a
ieliever in the divinely appointed hierarchy of the Angli-
at Church, and yet a friend and champion of the dissenters,
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his mediation even being invoked by the Rey, Mr.
Momerie, a clergyman of the Established Church, who lost
his position of Professor of Logic in King’s College,
London, on account of his heretical religious opinions ; at
one time espousing the cause of the Southern Confederacy
and then expressing his regrets that he had done so, and
stating in his “ Kin beyond Sea” that “The type and form
of manhood for America was supplied neither by the
Recusant in Maryland, nor by the Cavalier in Virginia, but
by the Puritan in New England”; his early opposition to
Parliamentary reform, and then his advocacy of the
extension of suffrage ; his expressed love of peace, and yet
a member of the cabinet that waged the Crimean War,
and, in subsequent years, ordered the bombardmeat of
Alexandria; willing to cede the Ionian Islands to Greece
in order to increase the power of that kingdom and yet
opposing the retention by England of the Transvaal, the
acquisition of Cyprus and the expanding colonial policy of
Disraeli.
The disestablishmment of the Anglican Church in Ire-
land, of which he was the principal promoter, it was
feared, would lead to the separation of Church and State
in England, especially as he had urged, quoting the
example of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United
States, that the laity in each diocese should be recognized
legally as part of the governing power in ecclesiastical
affairs jointly with the bishops and clergy, but this reform
has not yet been accomplished, although it) will probably
be attained in time. Notwithstanding the attacks directed
against him, Mr. Gladstone will always be honored as 4
leader of the liberal party, as a denouncer of wrongs, asa
highly gifted orator and as a distinguished scholar, not
only of the classics, but also of French and Italian,
being able when in the Ionian Islands as Lord High Com-
missioner to address the public in the musical language of
Dante.
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It is unnecessary to enumerate the high political and
literary honors bestowed upon him during his long career.
The Queen, it is said, offered an earldom, which was
declined. His marriage with Miss Catherine Glynne,
daughter of Sir Stephen Richard Glynne, in 1839, was a
most happy one. Mr. Gladstone was elected to member-
ship of this Society in October, 1887, Having attained
an advanced and dignified age, he died at Hawarden Castle
on the 19th of May, 1898. The day after his decease the
Marquis of Salisbury, a political opponent, said publicly
that Mr. Gladstone “ was ever guided in all his efforts by
a lofty moral idea.” R. N. T.
For the Council.
SAMUEL 8S. GREEN
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[ April,
THE CRAIGIE HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE,
DURING ITS OCCUPANCY BY ANDREW CRAIGIE AND HIS WIDOW,
BY SAMUEL SWETT GREEN.
[Full titles of books referred to in the Notes will be found in a list at the
end of the paper.)
SamMueEL Foster HAven, for so many years our accom-
plished librarian, gave to this Society several packages of
papers which are known in our library as the Craigie
manuscripts. They consist mainly of business letters from
the correspondents of Andrew Craigie, the buyer and
occupant of the house in Cambridge which bears his name,
Mr. Haven’s mother was the daughter of Andrew
Craigie’s sister, Mrs. Bossenger Foster. Her children
were heirs of Mr. Craigie and the papers which Mr.
Haven gave to this Society naturally fell into the hands of
his father, the late Judge Samuel Haven of Dedham,
and afterwards came into his possession. It appeared
probable that an examination of the Craigie manuscripts
might bring to light some interesting facts in regard to the
famous house owned by Mr. Craigie. I have gone through
them to see what could be found.
While it has been pleasant to look over the letters and
accounts, very little material has been secured on. the
subject in which I had an especial present interest. — I shall
give in this paper most of the items found, and add
anecdotes gleaned from the literary productions of well-
known authors who have written about the Craigie House,
confining myself, however, mainly to such remarks as
relate to the history of the house while occupied by Mr.
Craigie and his family.
our
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1900. ] The Craigie House, Cambridge. 313
When Andrew Craigie bought the estate on which the
Craigie House stands, it comprised between one and two
hundred acres, probably more than one hundred and fifty
acres,' and included the celebrated Batchelder House? on
Brattle Street, nearly opposite Mason Street. The latter
house was the first residence in Cambridge of the elder
Colonel John Vassall, the first of the family of that name
to live in Cambridge.
He bought the house from Mercy, widow of John Friz-
ale, Jr., July 26, 1736.% Our late associate, Mr. George
Dexter, and others, have thought that Mr. Vassall built
the house.* That is a mistake. There is no evidence, even,
that it was built by the Frizzies. It appears that they left
the old house standing, but much enlarged, altered and
modernized it. In fact, this house seems to be one of the
most ancient, if not the oldest house existing in Cam-
bridge.®
Colonel Vassall sold the Batchelder house in 1741 to his
younger brother, Major Henry Vassall.6 The latter died
there in 1769, but his widow continued to occupy the
house until the Revolution. The house had an interestin
history during the Revolution. It was not confiscated,’
however, and after passing through other hands came into
the possession of Andrew Craigie in 1792.°
The house now becomes of especial interest to us, for
soon after its purchase by Mr. Craigie, the grandfather of
Mr. Samuel F. Haven, Mr. Bossenger Foster, moved from
Boston and lived there with his family.°
Mr. Foster was a merchant in Boston, a patriot during
our war for independence, and, it will be remembered, a
brother-in-law of Mr. Craigie." After the latter’s death,
'S. Longfellow in Life of H. W. Longfellow, vy. 1., p. 259; Curtis in Homes,
Drake, p. 291.
* Mrs. Isabella James in “* Cambridge of 1776,” p. 101.
‘Isabella James, p. 97.
‘Harvard Book, v. 2, p. 427; I. James, p. 98.
*L.James,p.93. “Jbid.,p.99. Jbid.,p.100, *Jbid.,p.101. Ibid,
"N. Paine, “ Sketch,” p. 39.
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in 1819 or 1821, “on the division of his estate that was
not subject to dower lot No. 1, the seven acres of Major
Henry Vassall, and his house, fell to Elizabeth Foster,”
Mr. Haven’s mother, “then the wife,” as intimated before,
“of Judge Samuel Haven! of whom” Samuel Bate.
elder “ purchased it in 1841.” ?
The first Colonel John Vassall, several vears after he
sold the Batchelder house and grounds to his brother,
bought the land on which the Craigie House stands,’ and
his son, the second Colonel John Vassall, built the house.
“A strong belief prevails in Cambridge,” writes Mrs,
Isabella James, “that a subterranean passage connects” the
Batchelder House with the Craigie House,‘ “and that it
Was constructed to enable the two Vassall families to visit
each other without exposure to the outside world.” — Mrs,
James, after having made a progress, with other explorers,
through the cellars of the two houses in search of enlight-
enment, discredits the belief.
All visitors to Cambridge are familiar with the Craigie
Ilouse. Painted in yellow and white, and built in the
stvle of an English country house of a hundred and fifty
years ago, it stands in quiet dignity and respectability far
back from Brattle Street, on the right as one goes from
Harvard Square to Mount Auburn. This house has, per-
haps, more historic interest than any other house in New
England ; and with the exception of Mount Vernon is very
likely the best known residence in our country.
The poet Longfellow, who lived there so many years in
recent times, playfully claims great antiquity for the
house. In writing to his friend George W. Greene, he
says: “If you have forgotten it, you will be pleased to he
reminded that Horace mentions the Craigie House in Ode
XXI. of the First Book. He speaks of it as the Viridis
Cragi in which Diana takes delight,—that is, on which the
' Married May 6, 1799.
* 1, James, p. 101. Thid., p. 9. 4 Jhid., p. 100.
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1900. ] The Craigie House, Cambridge. 315
moonlight lingers.”' The common opinion, however, is
that the mansion was erected m 1759 by, as stated before,
the second Colonel John Vassall. George William Curtis
supposes it to have been built earlier and by the first
hearer of that name and title. He writes: “This Colonel
John Vassall,” meaning the one who died in 1747, “is
supposed to have built the house towards the close of the
first half of the last century. Upon an iron in the back of
one of the chimneys, there is the date 1759—which
probably commemorates no more than the fact of its own
insertion at that period, inasmuch as the builder of the
house would hardly commit the authentic witness of its
erection to the mercies of smoke and _ soot. History
eapitulates before the exact date of the building of the
Craigie House as completely as before that of the founda-
tion of Thebes. But the house was evidently generously
built.” *
Drake’s mind, or that of his editor, seems to have been
ina state of contusion. He writes: “The house was
probably erected in 1759 by Colonel John Vassall, the
same at Whose tomb we have paid a passing visit.” The
tomb referred to, as evidently appears from the connection,
is that of the first Colonel Vassall, who died in 1747, and
consequently could not have built a house in 1759. Drake
mixes up the two colonels in other ways in the paragraphs
in Which he speaks of the Vassalls.
Reverend Samuel Longfellow is right when he says that
“the accepted date is 1759,” 4 and Mr. George Dexter is
probably correct when he states that the house was built
by the John Vassall who graduated from Harvard College
in 1757.5 In corroboration of the statements of Long-
fellow and Dexter, our late associate, Mr. Justin Winsor,
'S. Longfellow’s Final Memorials of H. W. Longfellow, p. 193.
* Curtis, pp. 273, 274.
Drake, p. 292.
*S. Longfellow’s Life of H. W. Longfellow, v. 1., p. 259.
Harvard Book, vol. 2, p. 427.
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writes: “It is thought that the house was erected by
Colonel John Vassall in 1759.” ! é
The Vassalls were an important family in Old England
early connected with the settlement of New England. Ip
the early part of the eighteenth century a John Vassall
had emigrated to the West Indies, where the family owned
large estates from which they derived great wealth. The
social position of the family, which can be easily shown
in other ways, was indicated by the positions of the names
of the three sons of Leonard Vassall—Lewis, John and
W illiam—who graduated respectively in 1728, 1732 and
1733, in the Triennial Catalogue of Harvard College.
The Vassalls also owned several fine estates in Boston and
its vicinity. Members of the family resided in Cambridge
less than forty years, but the impression they made upon
the age yet survives. *
The Vassall (or Craigie) House was in Tory row. The
proprietors of the estates on which these houses stood
“ were aristocratic in their habit and manner of living and
*
were nearly all Churchmen. Most of them were
forced to leave the country when the Revolution ap-
proached. John Vassall was among the most prominent
and bitter of the dwellers in Tory row against the Whigs.”
“Tle is said to have carried his loyalty to the King so far
as to refuse to use the family motto: “Srepe pro rege,
semper pro republica,’ ” 4
Curtis says that after Vassall withdrew trom Cambridge
and from his country, the estate was purchased by the
provincial government.® This was not the case. It was
taken possession of by the government, however, and ata
later period confiscated.
Drake learns “from the records of the Provincial Con-
gress * * that Joseph Smith was the custodian of the
' Winsor’s Mem. Hist. of Boston, v. 5, p. 115.
* Harv. Book, v. 2, p. 427. *‘ Harvard Book, v. 2, p. 428.
I, James, pp. 98, 99. ® Curtis, in Homes, p. 274.
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Vassall farm, which furnished considerable supplies of
forage for our army.” !
“The mansion house,” writes Mr. Dexter, “ was occupied
by Colonel John Glover's Marblehead regiment, when
Cambridge became a camp. The house was assigned to
the use of the Committee of Safety in the Spring of 1775,
and on the 26th of May it was ordered to be cleared of the
‘souldiers now lodged there.” There is no evidence, how-
ever, that the committee ever occupied the house. It was
certainly not thoroughly cleansed, for Washington himself
After a short stay
in the President’s (also called the Wadsworth) house, the
* *
paid in July for cleaning it.*
Vassall house was prepared for him. It remained the
headquarters of the army for eight or nine months.
"Mrs. Washington came to Cambridge in December,
and many other ladies of the families of the Continental
officers joined the camp.”
“If tradition is trustworthy,” writes Samuel Longfellow,
the drawing-room “remembers the gayety of a Twelfth-
night party given by” Mrs. Washington.* Miss Alice
M. Longfellow is quoted as saying that Washington, while
occupying the Craigie House, very seldom “allowed any
merriment at headquarters, or took any part in revelry
* * *
himself. Mrs. Washington,” she adds,
“came to visit her husband during his residence in” Cam-
bridge. “She arrived in great ceremony with a coach and
four black horses, with postillions and servants in scarlet
livery. During her visit she and her husband celebrated
their wedding anniversary, though the general had to be
much persuaded by his aides. ”®
The southeastern room, afterwards Longfellow’s study,
was used as an office by Washington, and “according to
the testimony of one of ” Washington's “aides, as the dining-
' Drake, p. 294.
* Harvard Book, v. 2, p. 428. Lhid., p. 429.
*S. Longfellow’s Life of H. W. Longfellow, v. 1, p. 260,
The Cambridge Tribune, April 21, 1900, p. 4, ** The Craigie House.”
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room.” !
The northeastern room was occupied by the
General’s “family” or aides. The chamber over the office
was “ Washington’s private room.
‘Yes, within this very room,
Sat he in those hours of gloom,
Weary both in heart and head,’—
wrote the poet when he had made that chamber his (first)
study. Yet, serious as were those days and often weary
with the weight of cares, we are glad to know that pte
were not without their enlivenment. Among the tradi-
tions of the house are two stories of ‘ Washington's
laughter.’ ” ?
General Washington left Cambridge in April, 1776.4
"We have not been able,” writes Mr. Dexter, “to dis-
cover what use, if any, was made of the mansion during
the years immediately after his departure.” 4
Several years after Washington removed from the
Vassall house it was confiscated. It “was sold by the
Commonwealth for £4264 and passed into the possession
of Nathaniel Tracy of Newburyport, 28th June, 1781."5
In that seaport he and his brother “had carried on, under
the firm name of Tracy, Jackson and Tracy, an immense
business in privateering. Martin Brimmer was their agent
in Boston.”® “The first privateer fitted out in the United
States,” it is stated, “ sailed from” Newburyport, “ and was
owned by Nathaniel Tracy, Esq.” 7
The numerous armed vessels owned wholly or principally
by Mr. Tracey took vessels which “with their cargoes,”
writes Mrs. E. Vale Smith, in her [istory of Newbury-
port, “sold for three million, nine hundred and _ fifty
thousand specie dollars (one hundred and sixty-seven
thousand two hundred and nineteen dollars, Mr. Tracy
'S. Longfellow’s Life of H. W. Longfellow, v. 1, p. 260
Lhid., pp. 260, 261.
Harvard Book, v. 2, p. 429. tThid. Thid,.
® Drake, p. 308,
7 E. Vale Smith, Hist., p. 106.
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1900. ] The Craigie House, Cambridge. 319
devoted to the army and other public demands) ; and with
these prizes were taken 2,225 men prisoners of war.” !
Mr. Tracy enlarged the Vassall estate, “notably by the
purchase of Henry Vassall’s, on the opposite side of ” the }
Watertown road, that is to say on Brattle street. “He is
said to have built a summer-house on the summit of the
hill where the observatory now stands.” ?
Of Mr. Tracy’s “ wealth and luxury there are fabulous
tales.”
“The Marquis of Chastellux visited Newburyport in
1782,” before Mr. Tracy occupied the Vassall house, and
with his party “was entertained by” him. He lived there
"in great style.” 4
"Mr. Tracy also exercised large hospitality in his house
at Cambridge.” >
"He carried himself” there, says Mr. Curtis, “with a
rare lavishness.” ©
In 1789 we find him again an entertainer in Newbury-
port. There “he received Washington, then on his
triumphal tour: and in 1824 Lafayette, following in the
footsteps of his illustrious commander, slept in the same
apartment he had occupied.” 7
"In 1786, the” Vassall “estate was sold to Thomas
Russell, a rich merchant of Boston, afterwards the first
President of the United States Branch Bank. Ile resided
in Boston and, we presume, used the Vassall house as a
summer seat.”
This merchant prince was “ aceredited by the vulgar with
having once eaten for his breakfast a sandwich made of a
hundred dollar note and two slices of bread.” ®
'E. Vale Smith, Hist., p. 107.
* Harvard Book, v. 2. p. 430.
8. Longfellow’s Life of L., v. 1, pp. 260, 261,
‘Harvard Book, v. 2, p. 450, Thid,
Curtis, in Homes, p.
Drake, p. 309,
*Harvard Book, v. 2, p. 430.
* Drake, p. 309,
276.
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Thomas Russell, writes Mr. George Dexter, sold the
Vassall house, “Ist January, 1792, to Andrew Craigie,
from whom the mansion gets the title, Craigie House, by
For the whole
estate, about one hundred and fifty acres, including the
Henry Vassall house, he is said to have paid £3,700 lawful
1
which it has since been known. * * *
money.”
Our late associate, Dr. Lucius R. Paige, gives the same
date for the transfer of the house.
Drake states that the sale of the estate occurred in
March, 1791°.
Justin Winsor writes that the house became the property
of Dr. Andrew Craigie in 1791.4
Samuel Longtellow, in the lite of his brother, the poet,
says that Mr. Craigie purchased the house and grounds on
the first of January, 1793.°
A few extracts from the Craigie papers will throw some
light upon the date.
Under date of June 30, 1791, Bossenger Foster writes
from Boston to Andrew Craigie in New York :—
‘*My Dr. Bro’., * * * Mr. Lowell has not yet rec’ an
answer from Mr. Lane respecting the Vassall house. I told him
a day or two since the £500 stlg was ready for him.”
July 17, 1791, Mr. Foster writes to Mr. Craigie :—
‘* * * Mr. Lowell yesterday shew me a Ltr from Mr.
Lane; he says, "have applied repeatedly to Mr. respecting
the Vassall house, but to no purpose. So there remains no
impediment to that part of Mr. C’s purchase—So I shall say
nothing further to Mr. Codman on the subject, nor to Mr.
Lowell—have paid him the £500 stlg., but was obliged to go
to Roxbury to do it, having offered it to him again and again in
Boston—to no purpose.”
October 18, in a letter written from Boston to Mr.
Craigie, apparently by Mr. Foster :—
‘* Have begun to wash and paint—hope tomorrow to be ableto
' Harvard Book, v. 2, pp. 430, 431.
? Paige, Hist., p. 183. Note.
Drake, p. 310.
* Memorial Hist. of Boston, vol. 3, p. 113.
5S. Longfellow’s Life of H. W. L., v. 1., pp. 261, 262.
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1900. ] The Craigie House, Cambridge. 321
be there, & that what may be done will please you on your
return.”
Oct. 24, Mr. Craigie writes to Mr. Foster from Phila-
delphia :—
“My Dear Brother, * * * TI shall be pleased on my
return to find the House at Cambridge painted &c.”
November 30, Mr. Foster writes to Mr. Craigie :—
«*# * * Sarah Gooch at Cambridge—the house sweetening
inside.”
It will appear later that things needed in housekeeping
were stored at the house in Cambridge in the latter part of
the vear 1791. Indeed, we find in a letter of Aaron
Dexter, Boston, to Andrew Craigie, dated May 4, 1797,
the following passage :—
« * * * Twas last week at Cambridge. Your Paradise
looks delightfully.”
It would appear from the passages quoted from the
Craigie manuscripts that July 17, 1791, it was practically
settled that Mr. Craigie was to have the Vassall house, and
that arrangements were so far completed that his brother-
in-law, in the later months of the year made preparations
forthe occupancy of the house by the new owner. It
would appear also that Mr. Craigie had had his eye upon
the house at an earlier date than June 30. | Perhaps he had
itin mind to buy the estate as early as May 4, 1791, or
atan earlier date. The date of purchase given by Drake
ems to be too early; that of Mr. Longfellow too late.
Very likely the date given by Paige and Dexter is correct,
tamely, January 1, 1792, although the possession of the
house was evidently’ practically assured to Mr. Craigie
soon after the middle of 1791.
At that time, too, Mr. Craigie visited Boston. June 28,
1791, he had written to Mr. Foster from New York :—
“
I am really very anxious to return, and shall
certainly be on my way home by the middle of July.”
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July 21. Messrs. Horace and Seth Johnson, New York
agents for Mr. Craigie, write to Mr. Foster :—
‘* Mr. Craigie will leave Town tomorrow for Boston either by
land or by way of Providence.”
They write again, July 24, to Mr. Foster :—
‘“* * * Mr. Craigie left town yesterday for Boston by
way of Providence.” E
Mr. Craigie had been urged to come to Boston owing to
the serious illness of “Mama” Craigie. Very likely, also,
he was glad to be there at the time when the negotiations
were closing for the purchase of the Vassall estate,
Early in 1792 he shows eagerness to be in Cambridge.
January 16, he writes to Mr. Foster from Philadelphia ;
‘*s * * * Tam determined in future to employ agents and
not make the sacrifice | must do by being absent from my friends
and from Cambridge.”
January 29, Mr. Foster writes :—
‘* * * we are all pretty well & hope to see you by the
middle of Feb’—we have had the severest winter I ever knew;
the frost has ravaged our Cellars both here and at Cambridge,
notwithstanding keeping a fire in both.”
Mr. Foster to Mr. Craigie :—
© Expect you daily * * hope *
nothing will hinder your being in Cambridge before this has time
to reach you.”
It has been generally stated that Andrew Craigie was
Apothecary-General of the Continental Army. He was
certainly Apothecary-General of the Northern Department
of the Revolutionary Army, September 5, 1777, when the
Council of Massachusetts granted him supplies for the
General Hospital.'| He was at the Battle of Bunker Hill,
‘‘and assisted in the care of the wounded there. He was at
Cambridge during the siege of Boston * * * He was with
the Northern Army, under General Gates, in 1777 and 1778, and
was the confidant of Wilkinson, Gates’s adjutant-general, in his
correspondence with Lord Sterling, growing out of the Conway
imbroglio.”
' Paige, p. 183. Note.
* Drake,§p. 310.
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In his service in the army Mr. Craigie is said to have
acquired a large fortune. Josiah Quincy, son of President
(Quincy, says that “he had made a large fortune by buying
up government promises, and by other speculations during
the Revolution.” !
There is a long and continuous series of letters in the
Craigie papers which show that Mr. Craigie dealt con-
stantly in government securities about the time he went to
Cambridge to live and after he had removed to that place.
He was a member of the Ohio Company and, as will appear
later, was largely engaged in speculations in lands at Lech-
mere Point, now East Cambridge. He was also a director
and large proprietor in the company which built Canal
(usually known as Craigie’s or Craigie) bridge, between
Boston and East Cambridge.
Mr. Craigie is said to have made important additions to
the Vassall house. “It is believed,” writes Mr. Samuel
Longfellow, that he “built the western wing of the house,
with its kitchen and dependences; and being a giver of
dimers, enlarged the square northeastern room to its
present spacious dimensions, and adorned it. with columns,
to serve as a grand dining-room.” ®
“Cambridge was celebrated for her gardens and the orna-
mental culture of her grounds even before the beginning of the
present century. Andrew Craigie * * * laid out the grounds
around his house in the taste of” the ** period. On the western
side of” the ** mansion, the tall hedges and clumps of lilacs are all
that remain of this early garden. Mr. Craigie had a greenhouse
o the grounds, where the dormitory of the Episcopal Seminary
wow stands. ‘This structure was burned about 1840,” 3
Mr. Craigie relied on his Philadelphia correspondents to
procure a gardener for him. Nalbro’ and Jn° Frazier
write to Andrew Craigie, New York, June 14, 92: “Have
hot vet seen the Gardner.”
Aug. 28 they write to Mr. Craigie, Boston: “* * The
‘Figures of the Past, p. 25.
* Life of H. W. Longfellow, v. 1, p. 262.
‘Winsor’s Memorial Hist., v. 4, p. 627.
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524 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
Gardner has not yet called to execute the agreement, as
soon as he does we will inform you.”
Sept. 27, the correspondents write :—
** We have omitted mentioning to you that the Gardner wil}
probably be with you in about 8 or 10 days from this time,
enclosed we send the agreement made with him by us on your
behalf. We could not get him to come on earlier, and he wil]
now be in time to make the arrangements which may be necessary
for the ensuing Spring.” 7
Late in 1791 there is a letter regarding an_ ice-house,
Bossenger Foster writes Dec. 18 to Andrew Craigie, New
York :—
‘“ * * * JT shall not make a new Ice house, but as soon as
can get the boards up to Cam: shall repair the old one, which is
in fact build* a new house on the old Cellar—it will hold a good
many Tons, and if proves right will be all sufficient for this
year—believe I have wrote you of my recv* everything you
have sent from Phila.”
Mr. Craigie, says the late Marshall P. Wilder,
quoting another writer, “had an ice-house, an almost
unknown luxury in those days.
Some people thought a judgment would befall one who would
thus attempt to thwart the designs of Providence by raising
flowers under glass in winter, and keeping ice under ground to
cool the heat of summer; which now seem to have been the
forerunners of two great institutions in Cambridge—ice in sum-
mer and flowers in winter.” !
Mr. Craigie wished his correspondents in Philadelphia,
the Messrs. Frazier, to get him a plan for a malthouse.
This reminds us that Harvard College had a Brewhouse,
Mr. Samuel A. Eliot gives in an “ Explanation of Plan of
the College Enclosure ” :—
‘6, is what was called the Brew House in the early part of the
last century. It was afterwards included in the College Wood
Yard.” ?
Our late associate, Thomas C. Amory, writes :—
‘‘Behind Harvard and Stoughton Stoughton—* was the
brewery; beer in those benighted days, when tea and coffee were
not known, certainly at Cambridge, being regarded as a whole-
some beverage.”
! Winsor’s Memorial Hist., v. 4, pp. 627, 628.
2 Sketch of the Hist. of Harvard College, p. 190. Old Cambridge and New, p. 2.
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1900. | The Craigie Tlouse, Cambridge.
Mr. Craigie had bought a house; he must furnish it.
Much correspondence took place.
July 26/91, Nalbro’ Frazier writes to Andrew Craigie,
Boston :—
«* * * Tnelos’d you will find a Bill of the China, the
amount of which my Brother will thank you to send on as soon
ysconvenient, it will be ship’d on board the Brig Maria, Capt.
Hopkins, who will leave this on Thursday next, 28th instant.”
Aug. 28/91, Seth Johnson writes to Andrew Craigie,
Boston :
“You may 9 your Sofa &c. by the first vessel.”
Sept. 3/91, . Frazier to Andrew Craigie :—
“Inclosed you will find Bill of lading for 2 doz. arm Cane
Rack Chairs, which we hope are finished in that way as will be
approved by you. Our. Frazier has received the amount of
the China sold you, for which he Returns you his Thanks. The
Bill of the Chairs you have inclosed. They came a little higher
than was mentioned to you when here, owing to the manner of
their being finished. We presume the trifling amount over what
you expected they would come to, you will not object to—We
stall pay this Bill which, with some ‘other little Things that we
have paid for your account, we shall eall upon Doct. Caldwell
for, agreeably to your Directions given us, the particulars of
which we shall furnish you.”
Plate was needed in a“ princely establishment.”
Oct. 18/91
“ * *
Have purchased the plate of Mr. Cabot Lawful
for Sterling—the looking glasses have bot also. They are safe
it Cambridge.” *
*“Weight of Plate bout for And. Craigie. Esq'—:
a Bread Basket of Deverell, 2loz. 1S8dwt.
an Epergne Stand,
|
the Baskett,
the Branches, Doct’ Howard, 12 * +
the Plates, §*
{a Tankard, 18
pair Sauce Boats,
2/2 pr. Candle Sticks,
~{2 pr. Salts, 18
| Snuffers pan, 18
> | Mustard Pott, ladle & salt ladles.
Silver mounted Snuffers.
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American Antiquarian Society. [ April
’
_ { 12 Table Spoons, 2802. Lidwt,
= | a Soup ladle,
(12 Tea Spoons,
Dec. 14/91. Bossenger Foster to Mr. Craigie :—
‘.* * * —have also received the blue paper, 16 Rolls—”
Mech. 7/92. N. & J. Frazier to A. C., Boston :—
‘** When you was here, you talk’d of having a carpet made at
the Carpet Manufactory at this place, a set of Furniture for q
Room,” &ce., ** but for neither of these did you leave any diree.
tions.”
June 14/92. N. & J. F. to C.:—
‘* Maps not yet ready to be dl’; expect them this day or to
morrow.”
June 16/92. N. F., Phila., to C.:
‘* Inclosed is the Small Map; the large one shall be sent you
as soon as it can be procured.”
June 19/92. N. & J. F. to A. C.:—
** Our Fr’d Cutting left this place yesterday morning for New
York; by him we wrote you and sent you the Small Map. The
large one not being yet out we were prevented from sending it.”
July 5/92. S.J. to A. C., Boston :—
‘* * * Mr. Trumbull has selected from Barrow’s prints
a few for you, which, I have no doubt, will not” only * please
you, but every one who may see them.”
July 8/92. Seth Johnson to Andrew Craigie :—
‘* Your prints I shall send by first good opportunity, they
consist of
1 Shipwrecked Sailor Boy, cost f2. 2.
2 from Shakespear’s Much ado about nothing, 4. 10
2 Dancing Dogs & Guinea pigs, 3. 0
2 farmer’s visit to his Daughter & return, 1. 16
2 Angry farmer,—«& Boys robbing an orchard, 1. 16
2 Henery & Emma & Angelica & Sacriponte, 1. 10
2 going to School & returning, “ 16—
2 first Bite and just breeched, “¢ 12—
1 Thoughts on Matrimony, +=
£16, 4.0
They are really a very handsome collection of prints. Mr.
Atkinson will go in a day or two, and by him, if possible, I will
send them.”
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1900. ] The Craigie House, Cambridge. 327
Aug. 28792. N. & J. F. to A. C., Boston
“Enclosed you will find receipt for the large Map which you
left us a mem” of.”
Under date of July 9/93, there is an account of
Nalbro’ & Frazier against Andrew Craigie, which
isendorsed: ** Bill of furniture of Mr. Craigie’s Drawing
Room, $1054.14, beside the carpet.”
The items are as follows :—
“Dr.
1793.
Jany. 9th. To amont of G. B —’s! Bill for Furniture made
for you,” Craigie, ** viz :—
{ Window Curtains, as per particulars rent you at
£34. 3. 4 each, £156. 13. 4 $564.45
Ib
2 Arm Chairs, 88. 18 237.07
»Settees, 40. 6. 10 107.58
yds. green & white Damask, 96. 7 256.93
Boards for making boxes, 6. 10
32 lbs nails,
Making 10 Boxes, 3. 15
‘yds coarse linen to
pack the window
curtains in 12
1056 yds faney Chintz Furniture for
coverings for the Settees & Chairs, 12. 12 33.60
Porter of Furniture to Vessel, 1.32
£387. 16. 2 $1054.14
Philadelphia, July 9, 1793,
Errors Excepted,
NALBRO’ & JN® FRAZIER.”
Under date of January 4/93, N. & J. F. had written
w Mr. Craigie, Boston :—
“We wrote you 20th ult and advised you your furniture was
inished. We have at last met with an opportunity of sending it
byou, &¢.” Shipd on a vessel going to Boston.
July 5/93, four days betore the date of the account
wpied above, the same firm writes that it encloses “ Bill
Could not make out the full surname in MS.—S. S. G.
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American Antiquarian Society. [ April
of Lading of ten boxes containing Furniture” sent py
vessel to Boston.
The profuse hospitality of Mr. Craigie called for the
purchase of more plate.
In a letter from Thos. Mullett & Co., London, dated
August 14, 1795, is a copy of an earlier letter of Thos,
Mullet to Andrew Craigie: London, May 2/95,
+ * * * Your order for Plate & Glass sent us by Horage
& Seth Johnson in theirs of 1 ult® is in Execution and may ly
accomplished in about a month, we hope in time for the earliest
of your fall ships. We have given it all that attention whieh its
variety demands.”
In the letter of August 14, Thos. Mullett & Co. write;—
« * * * Qur chief object in this letter is to inform you
that we have ship’d in the Parkman, DI. C. Deshon, for Boston
your order of plate & glass.”
Aug. 18, the same firm writes :—
‘“* * * We now enclose you Bill of Lading & Invoice of
Plate & Glass to your debit £360. 3. 4. In the execution of this
order we flatter ourselves we shall afford you entire satisfaction
as we have selected of the best; and in taste adhered to that
elegance of design as well as in completeness of finish, whieh
we think cannot be excelled by any of our Artists * * *”
One of the first things that Bossenger Foster did for his
brother-in-law, after the Craigie House had been secured,
was to lay ina supply of fuel. Nov. 30/91, he writes to
Mr. Craigie, New York :—
‘ * * * Qutside there is a Wood house and thirty or forty
cord of wood in it so that when you return you will have a gool
fire and your own domestics only—have not yet got Mr. Brattle
any wood—altho’ have used all my endeavors—it is 25/ a Conl
here—I got all yours up in Lighters—if you live another year
you will not fail to get it up in the summer—to save money &
the trouble, which is worse—”
Dec. 7, Mr. Craigie writes from New York to Me
Foster :—
‘‘T am glad to hear of the provision of wood you have male
at Cambridge—I hope you will be able to procure some for my
friend Brattle as I fear he depended on what I said to him for
his being supplied”
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1900. ] The Craigie House, Cambridge. 329
Dec. 17, Mr. Foster writes to Mr. Craigie (care of
Messrs. Johnson, New York) —
“* * * be tranquil on your Friend Brattle’s ucct as
jave procured him one Lighter load of wood with which he is
uch pleased—believe he will not neglect that matter another
year.”
What a flood of pleasant thoughts arise in the memories
of graduates interested in olden times at Harvard College
ys they read of wood being brought up the Charles to
(umbridge. James Russell Lowell writes :—
“Cambridge has long had its port, but the greater part of its
maritime trade was, thirty years ago” (i. e. about the year 1825),
‘intrusted to a single Argo, the sloop Harvard, which belonged
to the College, and made annual voyages to that vague Orient
known as Down East, bringing back the wood that, in those
lays, gave to winter life at Harvard a crackle and a cheerfulness,
for the loss of which the greater warmth of anthracite hardly
compensates. * * * What a vista of mystery and adven-
jure did her sailing open to us! With what pride did we hail
er return! She was our scholiast on Robinson Crusoe and the
Mutiny of the Bounty.” !
In speaking of the attractions of Commencement at
llarvard College, many years ago, John Holmes writes :—
“The College sloop, that shadowy craft which floats in time
imefinitely, always arrived in time for the floodtide on Tues-
iay,”? so as to be on hand for the festivities of the next day.
“The Watertown lighter,” he writes again, *‘was uniformly
iawn ashore Tuesday evening by the perils of the seas, that is
ly the strong current that prevailed in the river about Commence-
nent time. ‘The Captain and crew, like judicious men, made it
i point to improve their minds while detained, and always
ittended the literary exercises on the Common.” 4
“Our fuel,” writes Josiah Quincy of the class of 1821, ** was
mod. which was furnished by the College; it being cut from
wme lands in Maine which were among its possessions, and
wrought to the wharf in the college sloop the * Harvard.’ This
imingement was supposed to cause a great saving, and the
uthorities naturally prided themselves upon the sagacity which
mile this Eastern property so productive. It was not until Dr.
hwditch, the great mathematician, was given a place in the
‘wernment that this arrangement was quietly abandoned. This
‘inent gentleman—perhaps from his natural aptitude for
‘Lowell’s Fireside Travels, pp. 40, 41.
"In the paper “ Harvard Square”’ in the Harvard Book, v. 2, p. 36. ' Ihid,
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530 American Antiquarian Society. [ April
tigures—succeeded in demonstrating to his associates that jt
would be much ches uper for the college to buy wood from the
dearest dealer than to cut it on its own lands and transport it ip
its own sloop.” !
To show the change that has come about, let me give
another quotation from Mr. Quincey :—
‘** My classmate, Otis, had ornamented his mantelpiece with
two curious black stones, which excited great interest in his
visitors. He had made a journey to Washington, to see his
father, who was a senator, and had brought these rarities home
as special memorials of his travels. He had a strange tale to
tell concerning them. It seemed that the people in Baltimore
actually burned just such stones as these; and, wonderful t
relate, there was no smoke in their chimneys. I believe that
these singular minerals have become so popular in Harvani
College that they are now brought there in considerable quantities,
The only change is that they are no longer displayed on the
mantelpiece, but just below it—in the grate. They will be
recognized under the name of anthracite coal.”
Mr. Craigie laid in a store of wine while making prepar-
ations to live in Cambridge and continued to buy it after
hecoming settled there.
Aug. 28/91, Seth Johnson writes to Andrew Craigie,
Boston :—
‘* You may expect your wine * * * by the first vessel.
Mr. Jackson arrived here yesterday from Georgia—he says the
wine is not yet sold—« that there are many waiting to purchase
it—he supposes it will not sell under 500 Dolls. a pipe—you may
be assured he will procure it if possible.’
Sept. 1/91, Seth Johnson to Andrew Craigie, Boston :—
‘* By the first vessel you shall receive the wine.”
March 18/92, Seth Johnson to Andrew Craigie,
Boston :—
‘ * * * By Barnard I shall send you a pipe of wine,
between 7 & 8 years old, which I am sure will please you. l
wish you to examine the pipe—the Bung is leaded and _ there is
not a spilt hole in the cask—when you receive it you must fine it
down with a little milk.”
' Figures of the Past, p, 41.
Ibid,, 41, 42.
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‘
1900. ] The Craigie House, Cambridge. 331
Aug. 23/92, Horace Johnson to Andrew Craigie,
Boston :—
« * * * Tf the wine from Georgia arrives here it shall be
shipped to you * * * I shall also send you a box of excel-
lent Havannah Segars ree’d a few days since from Charleston.”
Sept. 20/92, Seth Johnson to Andrew Craigie, Boston :
« * * * By Cap Barnard I have sent you 2 pipes wine—a
box of Spanish Segars &c.”
March 7/92, Nalbro’ and Jn° Frazier, of Philadelphia,
write to Andrew Craigie, Boston :—
“When you were here, you talk’d of * * * speaking to
Henry Hill respecting Madeira wine for your own use.”
June 14/92, the same firm writes to Mr. Craigie :—
“The Ale, Cyder, &c., will be ready to go with your other
Things which will be ship’d tomorrow for Boston.”
June 16/92, Nalbro’ Frazier to Mr. Craigie :—
“P.S. All the Things left in our care were ship’d yesterday,
and to the list we have added 4 cases Claret and some best Hav-
annah Segars. The Ale and Cyder also was sent from Morris’s.”
Mch. 16, 1819. Thomas Parkin, Fayal, to Mr. Andrew
Craigie :—
“* * * He says you wish to have a Sample of our best
wine. I send you two bottles by Cap" Shepard who is so kind
astotake charge of them. They are prepared exactly in the
same manner as such Wines are in Madeira, a very expensive
and tedeous process and always picked Wines. I have lately
sen Madeira of £60 not so good as ours of £36, say four dollars
to the pound strg. I would take American produce in payment,
by which means they would become reasonable.”
Mr. Craigie buys horses through his correspondents in
Philadelphia.
July 26, 1791, Nalbro’ Frazier writes to Andrew
Craigie, Boston :—
“Jo has arrived with the horses in good order. They appear
to be sound and probably will be serviceable horses. * * *
Upon the whole, I think you will be pleas’d with them. I have
written our Fr. Johnson that they are here and ready to go on by
any person he may send for them. Jo will leave this with the
other horse sometime today or early tomorrow morning.”
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332 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
Aug. 28/91, Seth Johnson writes to Mr. Craigie from
New York :—
* * * One of them,” speaking of the horses, ig ap
excellent Saddle Horse—and indeed both—I hope they will
please you.”
In 1792 there is more correspondence regarding horses,
June 14/92, N. & J. Frazier write to Mr. Craigie :—
‘* Nothing further done about the Horses,” (a memorandum
had been left with the Fraziers to buy horses if found good on
trial and not too high in price).
June 18/92, to Andrew Craigie, New York :—
‘*Our J. Frazier will try the Horses this afternoon with Mr.
Lewis.”
June 19. To Andrew Craigie, New York :—
‘*Mr. Lewis being engaged yesterday cl’d not go with our
J. Frazier to try the Horses, but they intend doing it this after-
noon.”
Aug. 28/92. To Andrew Craigie, Boston, Mass, :—
‘*As soon as we send forward the * * * Horses to you,”
&C.
Sept. 27/92. To Andrew Craigie, Boston :—
‘** The Horses shall be sent you shortly.”
Mr. Craigie buys a stallion and mare.
May 18/92, John Coles, London, to Mr. Craigie :—
‘*T now advise you of my having made a purchase for your
account of a Stallion and a Mare, and which will both be shipped
* * * for Boston.”—William Gibbs, a young man of good
character, had been engaged to go with the horses. The pedi-
gree of the stallion was enclosed. The mare had a foal.—*l]
gave one hundred guineas” for the stallion. ‘+I gave the same
price for the mare with a foal at her foot six weeks old. My
engagement for the passage of the Horses and Man Servants
forty guineas, but the ship finds nothing but water.”
Following are some extracts from letters regarding
carriages owned by Mr. Craigie :—
Nalbro’ Frazier writes to Andrew Craigie, Boston, July
26/91 :—
‘*Clarke has not yet quite finished your riding chair; as 8000
as it is fit to send it shall be ship’d round to New York. I shall
8a
7
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1900. ] The Craigie House, Cambridge. 333
pay attention to having the Chair finish’d in the neatest manner
possible, and sent round to you when done.”
Aug. 28/91, Seth Johnson to Andrew Craigie, Boston :
“Mr. Frazier informs me your Chair will be shipped by the
Brig Maria, Capt. Hopkins, which was to sail in a few days.”
Sept. 3/91, N. & J. Frazier to Andrew Craigie :—
“Your riding Chair we ship’d by the Brigt Maria, Capt. Hop-
kins, who sailed this day week.”
Sept. 5.
“Enclosed you will find Clark’s Bill of Chair he has been
paid by us, Doct’ Caldwell being absent at the Time, 16 dollars,
and since by Caldwell 84 dolls., which leaves a balance due him
of £8.5/ which will be paid him if you approve the Bill—The
amount being greater than we expected we shall delay the pay-
ment of the Balance till we hear from you.”
July 26/91, Nalbro’ Frazier to Andrew Craigie, Boston :
“Hunter & Caldwell had agreed with Mr. Pemberton for his
light waggon at £75, but when they call’d to receive it they
found he had taken away the Boot with some other things which
belong’d to it, and refused to Deliver them with the waggon,
altho’ he contracted so to do. They therefore tho’t it best to
decline the purchase—they are now about the one which you saw
belonging to Mr. Pleasants; he has offer’d it at £100—at that
price I think it is cheap, and in the course of the day I think
they will strike with him for it, if they cannot get it under. They
have offer’d £90.”
Dec. 17/91, Bossenger Foster writes to Andrew Craigie,
New York :—
“* * * In Expectation of a deal of snow and that you
would want Convenient Carriage here this winter, I have building
for you a pair of runners (which doubt not will please you) on
which to hang the Coaches. They will be the thing and will cost
you 25 Dollars.”
Jan. 14/92, N. & J. Frazier to Andrew Craigie, New
York :—
* Phaeton not yet finished.”
Jan. 18/92, The same firm writes to Mr. Craigie :—
* When the Phaeton will be finish’d is impossible for us to
say.”
ur
ur
li-
|
ne
ly
is
ly
334 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
Jan. 26/92, The same firm to Mr. Craigie :—
‘* Your Phaeton will be completed this day. We shall have
the same carefully put up & ship it to you by the first oppor.
tunity which offers for Boston, unless we receive your directions
to the contrary.”
©1792.
Andrew Craigie, Esq’ to Robt. Fielding, Dr.
To new phaeton & harness, £235.0.6”
“Tradition avers,” writes Mr. Samuel Longfellow, that
when the Duke of Kent had left Boston—and of his visit
something will be said later—* Mr. Craigie purchased his
carriage and horses.” !
Speaking of the latter, Mr. Drake states that the Duke
of Kent “drove a handsome pair of bays with clipped
ears, then an unusual sight in the vicinity of Old Bos-
ton.”
Mr. Craigie imported fowls from Philadelphia; did his
mouth water as he thought of the capons he had eaten in
that city ?
November 30/91, Nalbro’ & Jn° Frazier to Bossenger
Foster, Boston :—
** Inclosed you will find receipt for eight Fowls, say two Cocks
and six Hens, which you will please to take charge of for our
mutual Fr’d Andrew Craigie, Esq’.
Dec. 5/91, N. & J. Frazier to Andrew Craigie, New
York :—
**The Fowls we sent by the Brigt Ceres,” which ‘* sail’d last
Thursday for Boston. The receipt for them was inclos’d to Mr.
B. Foster; we hope they” arrived ** there safe.”
Dec. 14/91, Bossenger Foster to Mr. Craigie :—
‘*Have received the fowls from Philadelphia, all in good
order, except the old Cock—but like to have lost them all by
severity of weather—shall take great care of them—they are a
fine brood.”
In the middle of 1792, a cook was engaged for Mr.
Craigie in Philadelphia.
'S. Longfellow’s Life of H.W. L., v. 1, p. 262.
* Drake, p. 311.
ing
W
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1900. ] The Craigie House, Cambridge. 335
June 14/92, N. &. J. Frazier write to Mr. Craigie :—
“ * * * We have seen the Cook, who has promised to give
us an answer on Saturday. We shall at any rate endeavor to
get him on & let him make trial of the place, which if we can
persuade him to do, we think he will not be dissatisfied with his
Situation, his ostensible reason for not going was that the Wages
were too low.”
June 16/92, the cook was not yet engaged.
June 18/92. To Andrew Craigie, New York :—
“The Cook wld not consent to go on unless you wid allow
him 15 Dolls pr month which we have assured him he shall
receive, and if apon his being with you 6 weeks or two months,
and you do not approve of him, you have a right to discharge
him, paying him at that rate, he leaves this place this day week,
and we shall consign him to our mutual Friends, H. & S. John-
son & Co.”
June 26/92, N. & J. Frazier to Mr. Craigie :—
‘** The Cook takes this letter to you whom we have engaged
shall receive fifteen Dollars p’ month * * * P.S. It is
also agreed that if the Cook sh’d not continue with you, that
expenses to & from Phila shall be allowed exclusive of the
fifteen dollars p’ month.”
New York, July 7/92,
**Dear sir, We have advanced the Cook Sixteen Dollars.
H. & S. JOHNSON & CO.”
July 8/92, Seth Johnson to Andrew Craigie, Boston :—
“* * * Your Cook will leave this on Monday * * *
he goes by water to Newport.”
So much as to the preparations for opening the Craigie
mansion. But something more was needed. There was
as yet no mistress of the house.
March 11/92, Seth Johnson writes to Andrew Craigie,
Boston :—
“That you may soon find in some worthy woman that wife
whose good qualities will tend to increase your happiness, and
make the residue of your days glide smoothly on in uninterrupted
felicity is the sincere wish of your affectionate S. JOHNSON.”
Six months later, Sept. 20/92, Mr. Johnson writes to
Mr. Craigie :—
**’T is said here that Miss F r has dismissed her lover and
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336 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
that you are to become the happy one! How is it, if I may ask
the question—”
In the previous year, May 31/91, Mr. John Brown
Cutting had written from London :—
‘*T am still not without hopes of taking you by the hand and
felicitating you on your new state of domestication at Cam-
bridge—before the Summer closes.” !
Now, Nov. 11/92, Mr. Cutting writes to Mr. Craigie
from the “ship Mary, off Boston Light House” :—
“ * * * T wish you entirely happy; pray marry and be
so, and presenting me most affectionately to Miss Shaw and the
whole of your Brother’s family accept my adieus and thanks and
blessings.”
Matters develop naturally, and January 21/93, Mr.
Horace Johnson is able to write to Mr. Craigie, Boston :—
‘* Permit me to felicitate you on your marriage—and to assure
you that no circumstance can afford me more real pleasure than
a knowledge of your happiness—that you may ever enjoy it
undisturbed is my most fervent prayer. I will thank you to
make my congratulations to Mrs. C—, for whom I feel the
highest respect. * * * ”
Mr. Craigie married a daughter of the Reverend Bezalee|
Shaw (Harvard College, 1762) of Nantucket.*
Mr. Samuel Longfellow says
Mr. Craigie’s ** wealth and style won the hand if not the heart
of the beautiful Miss Shaw of Nantucket, whose young lover
had gone to seek his fortune on the seas, and came back only to
find her married.”
Josiah Quincy, whom I have quoted before, tells the
following story
Mr. Craigie ** kept a princely bachelor’s establishment at” his
* * * * house, and was in the habit of exercising a generous
hospitality. A curious story relating to his marriage was current
among his contemporaries, and there can be now no harm in
giving it as I have heard it from their lips.
A great garden party had been given by Mr. Craigie, and
' June 19, 92, N. & J. Frazier to Andrew Craigie, New York:
“Our Fr’d Cutting left this place yesterday morning for New York; by him we
wrote you.”
* Harv. Book, vy. 2, p. 451,
> Life of H. W. Longfellow, v. 1., p. 262.
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all the fashion and beauty of Boston were assembled in his
spacious grounds. ‘The day was perfect, the entertainment was
lavish, and the company were bent on enjoying themselves.
Smiles and deference met the host upon every side, and new-
comers were constantly arriving to pay that homage to wealth
and sumptuous liberality which from imperfect mortals they
have always elicited. ‘Craigie,’ exclaimed an intimate friend to
the host during one of the pauses of compliment, * what can man
desire that you have not got? Here are riches, friends, a scene
of enchantment like this, and you the master of them all!’ ‘1
am the most miserable of men!’ was the startling reply. ‘If
you doubt it, you shall know my secret. Do you see those two
young ladies just turning down the walk? Well, they are both
engaged, and with one of them I am desperately in love.” There
was no time for more, for the crowd again surged round the host,
and the friend was left to meditate upon the revelation which had
been made. One of the ladies who had been pointed out was a
great beauty of the time, and it so happened that Mr. Craigie’s
confidant was on very intimate terms with her family. It was
well known that the match she was about to make did not gratify
the ambitious views of her relations. Now, whether Mr. Craigie’s
friend betrayed his secret to the father of this young person
cannot certainly be known; but the current report was that he
did so. At all events, shortly after the garden party, he broke
in upon the Croesus of Cambridge with an exultant air, exclaim-
ing, * Craigie, I have come to tell you glorious news; the coast
isclear; Miss has broken off her engagement!’ ‘ Why,
what the deuce is that to me?’ was the disappointing reply.
‘Good heavens, man, don’t you remember telling me that you
were desperately in love with one of the young ladies you pointed
out at the garden party?’ ‘To be sure, I did,’ sighed Mr.
Craigie, ‘ but, unfortunately, I referred to the other young lady.’”’
Now * * * **it happened—or was said to have happened—
that * the other young lady’ subsequently found good reason to
break off her engagement, and, as Mrs. Craigie, came to preside
over all future garden parties.” !
‘Quincy. Figures of the past, pp. 25-27.
In The Cambridge Tribune of April 21, 1900, the following version of this story
is given as having been in a paper read before the Cantabrigia Club, the day
before, by Miss Alice M. Longfellow:
“There was a party at’ Mr. Craigie’s * home one evening, and during the course
of the merriment, some one asked, ‘Why don’t you get married, Mr. Craigie?’
‘TL would,’ he replied, * if I could have one of those young ladies on the sofa.’ The
young ladies to whom he referred were a Miss Foster and a Miss Nancy Shaw.
They overheard the remark, and shortly after Miss Foster dismissed her devoted
lover in anticipation of the good fortune which seemingly awaited her. But it was
Miss Shaw to whom the happiness came. To make the story more romantic, the
joy turned to sorrow. At Miss Shaw’s house, where young men were taken into the
family and prepared for college, there came a young Southerner one day who early
began to take an interest in his teacher’s daughter. The interest changed to
American Antiquarian Society. April
** Shortly before her death,” says Mr. Henry W. Longfellow, as
quoted by Mr. Samuel Longfellow, Mrs. Craigie ** burned a large
quantity of papers which she had stowed away in an upper
chamber, and among them the letters of her young lover.” !
The darts of cupid struck two other persons in whom
we have become interested.
July 5/92, Seth Johnson writes to Andrew Craigie,
Boston :—
‘*T have a letter for you from Bossenger, Jun'—which I will
send by some favorable conveyance—poor fellow, I am afraid
Miss S’s charms have made an impression on him.”
Sept. 23/96. N. & J. Frazier to Mr. Craigie :—
‘o* * * Our Nalbro’ Frazier is happy to announce to you
his marriage, which took place Saturday evg., 13 inst, Our
respects to Mrs. Craigie. * * * ”
Mr. Craigie, as has already been stated, exercised a
generous hospitality at Cambridge. Mr. Amory says he
was fond of display. Mr. Curtis, after speaking of the
oriental lavishness of Nathaniel Tracy, a former occupant
of the Craigie House, as we have seen, writes of Mr.
Craigie :—
‘** Tradition is hard upon him. It declares that he was a huge
man, heavy and dull; and evidently looks upon his career as the
high lyric of Thomas Tracy’s, * muddled into tough prose.” 4
admiration and then to courtship. Mr. Shaw was not ignorant of Cupid’s flutter-
ings and, consequently, he wrote the young man’s father. The boy was called
home, the maid put aside her feelings and that was, apparently, the end of it.
Then came the marriage with Mr. Craigie, which both families hailed with delight.
Several pleasant years followed, until one day Mrs. Craigie received a letter. Upon
opening it she found it was from her former lover, for such he had been, stating
that his father was now dead and he was free to do as he pleased. He wrote that
he was coming north, hoping to find her as faithful as he had always thought her.
That was the end of Mrs. Craigie’s happiness. From that hour she lived apart
from her husband, serving him and managing his household as a faithful wife, but
always remote in her thoughts and her feelings. After her husband's death she
lived a lonely life, apart from the world, having dismissed all but two of her twelve
servants and living in the rear portion of her house, the front of which she let.”
It appears from the story told by Miss Longfellow that it was Miss Foster who
was referred to by Seth Johnson in his letter to Mr. Craigie of Sept. 20, '92, quoted
above, in which he wrote: “Tis said here that Miss F r has dismissed her
lover.”
! Life of H. W. Longfellow, v. 1, p. 265.
2 Amory, p. 27.
* The name is Nathaniel and not Thomas.
* Curtis, in Homes, p. 277.
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Whatever truth there may be in these statements, Mr.
Craigie’s hospitality was profuse and seems to have been
generally accepted.
Tradition, says Mr. Curtis, mentions a dinner party as
given by him every Saturday.!
| Mr. Josiah P. Quincy states that he “sometimes enter-
tained over a hundred guests at the brilliant Commence-
ment festival.” ?
Samuel Longfellow writes :
Mr. Craigie ‘* entertained the merchant-princes of Boston; and
once, according to tradition, a prince of diplomats, Talleyrand,
with whom Mrs. Craigie, much better educated than her husband,
could converse in his native French.” 3
Mr. Curtis’s words are:
“Tradition * * * on one occasion, points out peruked and
powdered Talleyrand among the guests. This betrays the
presence in the house of the best society then to be had.” 4
Talleyrand, it will be remembered, in 1793,—
“was ordered by Pitt to quit the island” of Great Britain ** in
twenty-four hours, and, as he had been proscribed by Robes-
pierre, he took refuge in the United States. By the agency of
Chenier, he obtained permission to return to France in Septem-
ber, 1795.”
Prince Edward, afterwards the Duke of Kent, the father
of Queen Victoria, also visited the Craigies.
Drake says :—
“In December, 1794, the Duke of Kent, or Prince Edward, as
he was styled, was in Boston, and was received during his
sojourn with marked attention. He was then in command of the
forces in Canada, but afterwards joined the expedition under Sir
Charles Grey, to the French West Indies, where he so greatly
distinguished himself by his reckless bravery at the storming of
Martinique and Guadaloupe that the flank division which he
commanded became the standing toast at the admiral’s and
commander-in-chief’s table * * * The prince was accom-
‘Curtis, in Homes, p. 277.
* Winsor’s Memorial Hist. of Boston, v. 4, p. 15.
‘Life of H. W. Longfellow, v. 1, p. 262.
‘Curtis, in Homes, p. 277.
Thomas, under Talleyrand-Périgord.”
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panied to Boston by his suite. He was very devoted to the
ladies, especially so to Mrs. Thomas Russell,” wife, it will be
remembered, of a former owner and occupant of Craigie House,
**He ‘ attended’ her to the Assembly at Concert Hall. He danced
four country-dances with her for a companion, but she fainted
before finishing the last, and he danced with no one else, at
which every one of the other eighty ladies present was much
enraged.” !
Was it not at the close of the year 1793, or early in
1794, that Prince Edward visited Boston? The following
passages would seem to make such a correction neces-
sary.
‘At Gibraltar” the Duke of Kent ‘*was put in command of the
7th regiment of foot (royal fusiliers). He at once showed
himself a thorough martinet, and became so unpopular with his
men that in May, 1791, he was sent to Canada.” Late in 1793 he
** received, at his own request, orders to join Sir Charles (after-
wards Lord) Grey’s force in the West Indies. The navigation
of the St. Lawrence being interrupted, he travelled by land at
considerable risk from Quebec to Boston, and there took ship
for Martinique, where he arrived 4 March, 1794. On the close
of operations he returned to Canada.” *
Following are one or two extracts from letters relating
to the hospitality of Mr. Craigie.
Sept. 20/92, Seth Johnson to Andrew Craigie, Boston:
“* * * Mrs. Sands and family speak highly of your
polite attentions to them.”
I have already quoted from a letter of Mr. John Brown
Cutting, sending his “adieus and thanks and blessings” in
November, 1792.
' Drake, p. 510.
: The following passage from the Columbian Centinel, Boston, of February 5,
174, given by Dr. Samuel A. Green in Groton Historical Series, vol. 2, p. 361, fixes
the date of Prince Edward’s arrival in Boston as February 6, 17%:
“On Thursday last, Prince Edward, son of his Brittanic Majesty, arrived in this
town from Quebec. We are told that his highness has lately been promoted to the
rank of Brigadier-General, and is to have a command in the army in the Wesf-
ludies,”’
Doctor Green gives (pp. 360, 361) in the article quoted, some interesting particu-
lars of Prince Edward’s journey from Quebec to Boston.
“Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathem, prince, fourth son of George
IL1., by Queen Charlotte, was born on 2 Noy., 1767,” (J. M. Rigg).
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July 20/97, William Bennett, after expressing gratitude
for courtesies extended during a visit to Mr. Craigie,
writes to him :—
“On board the Schooner Roebuck, Captain Crowell, bound
for Boston, is 2 Mocking Birds, which you will oblige me by
presenting with my most respectfull compliments to Mrs.
Craigie
Mr. Craigie continued active in business after going to
(Cambridge to live. His name appears in the Philadelphia
Directory for 1793 as a Director of the first Bank of the
United States. ! The Craigie manuscripts show that
requests were made to Mr. Craigie by gentlemen living in
Boston or the vicinity to secure for them shares in the
stock of that bank.
It will be remembered by persons tamiliar with the
history of Cambridge that at about the time Mr. Craigie
took up his residence there, there was a great speculation
inlands going on in Cambridgeport. Mr. Craigie soon
tarted another great land movement.
* While the measures adopted for the improvement of Cam-
bridgeport were in the ‘full tide of successful experiment.’ ”
writes Dr. Paige, the historian of Cambridge, ‘a similar enter-
prise was undertaken at Lechmere Point, in which the prime
mover was Andrew Craigie. The earliest transactions were
conducted by Mr. Craigie with much skill and secrecy. His
name does not appear in the records until the whole scheme was
accomplished.”’
In purchases and other transactions the familiar names
of Seth Johnson, Bossenger and Mrs. Foster and Samuel!
Haven appear. Purchases began as early as January
41,1795, and lasted, certainly, to May 5, 1807. At the
latter date Mr. Craigie—
“owned about three hundred acres of land in two parcels nearly
adjoining each other; the easterly parcel included almost the
whole of East Cambridge.” ?
May 12, 1808, the Governor of Massachusetts signed
‘Letter of James G. Barnwell to Samuel S. Green.
* Paige, p. 183. pp. 183, 184.
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an act which completed the legislation sought by Mp,
Craigie and his associates in enabling them to build Canal
(or Craigie) Bridge from Lechmere Point to Boston.!
**As nearly as can be ascertained from the records, Mr,
Craigie paid less than twenty thousand dollars for the whole
estate. Reserving sufficient land and flats for the construction
of the bridge and the location of a toll-house, he put the remain.
der on the market at the price of three hundred and sixty
thousand dollars. * * * The bridge was completed in 180)
and roads were opened to Cambridge Common, to Medford and
elsewhere, to attract travel from the country to Boston over this
avenue.” 2
Mr. Craigie and his associates were incorporated Mare)
3, 1810, by the General Court, as the Lechmere Point
Corporation.’ This corporation laid out streets and lots,
But the records show that the sales of lands were few,
" The first deed ot a house lot entered on record is dated
Aug. 20, 1810, and conveys to Samuel S. Green the lot on
the northwesterly corner of Cambridge and Second streets,
where he resided more than three-score years and where he
died Sept. 8, 1872.74 “* The records exhibit only ten deeds
ot lots given by the corporation until Sept. 20, 18135, when
a sale of land was made which, March 16, 1814, came
into possession ot the * Boston Porcelain and Glass Com-
pany.’
‘+ But the * crowning mercy’ to the whole enterprise was the
agreement approved by the corporation Nov. 1, 1813, and by
the Court of Sessions at the next December Term,” to give land
to the County of Middlesex and build a **Court House and jail
satisfactory to the Court, at an expense to the Corporation not
exceeding twenty-four thousand dollars, on condition that as
svon as the edifices were completed they should be used for the
purposes designed.”® That agreement was carried out and the
public buildings mentioned still occupy the same grounds.
From this time the success of the Craigie land speculation was
assured.
‘+ Not only the River Street and Western Avenue bridges.”
writes Dr. Paige, ‘* but most of the thoroughfares through the
city” of Cambridge ** which were opened during many years, were
constructed for the benefit of West Boston or Canal bridge.”’
' Paige, p. 186. Thid, * p. 187. Ibid., p. 203. Ibid, i
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“When Andrew Craigie had completed his purchase of the
Lechmere or Phips’ estate, and was ready to bring it into the
market by building Canal bridge * * * a sharp rivalry
between him and his associates on the one hand, and the pro-
prietors of West Boston Bridge and the Cambridgeport residents
and landowners on the other, for several years kept the town in
constant excitement and turmoil. * * * The severest con-
test between the two parties was in regard to Mount Auburn
Street and Cambridge Street.” !
Canal bridge was opened to the public on Commence-
ment Dav, August 30, 1809.2 The Commencement fes-
tivities at the Craigie Mansion must have been unusually
brilliant and the guests jubilant on that occasion.
Mr. Craigie was a warden at Christ Church, Cambridge,
in 1796.8
But after a time Andrew Craigie’s glory waned and he
had to live as well as he could in reduced circumstances.
As George William Curtis puts it, his “‘ spacious times’
came to anend. A visitor walked with him through his
large and handsome rooms and, struck with admiration,
exclaimed, “Mr. Craigie, I should think you could lose
yourself in all this spaciousness.’ ° Mr. * (tradition
has forgotten the name), said the hospitable and ruined
host, “I Have lost myself in it,” and we.do not find him
again.” 4
“At the headquarters of Washington once,” writes James
Russell Lowell, in 1855, ** and now of the muses, lived C :
but before the date of these recollections ””—about 1825—** here
for seven years (as the law was then) he made his house his
castle, sunning himself in his elbow-chair, at the front door, on
the seventh day, secure from every arrest but death’s.” 5
“Mr. Craigie,” says Samuel Longfellow, ** having, as he said,
‘lost himself’ in his house, its grounds, greenhouses, equipages
and hospitalities (not to mention outside speculations, such as
the bridge which still bears his name)—departed this world,
leaving to his widow a life interest in the estate.” 6
' Paige, p. 203.
*Winsor’s Memorial Hist., v. 4, p. 27.
Paige, p. 310,
‘Curtis, m Homes, pp. 277, 278.
* Lowell, p. 72.
* Life of H. W. Longfellow, v. 1, p. 262.
343
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Mr. Craigie died September 19, 1819, writes Dr,
Paige in 1821 savs Mrs. Isabella James.”
He was not the only one of the persons in whom we
have become interested in this paper who became pecuni-
arily embarrassed, The lavish Mr. Tracy, who hought
the Vassall House when sold under the act of confiscation,
tradition states, lost most of his property.
Bossenger Foster writes in August, 1798, from Cam.
bridge
‘My D' Brot * * * LThave given security to the bank
and that Debt is to lye for 12 m? Shall be able, I hope, to do
the same with the Union bank, but what shall I do for present
money; have not wherewith to send a man & horse any way—
the Sheriff is in possession of the furniture, &c.; believe all will
do well at last.”
Mech. 23/99, Tho. Mullett & Co., London, write to
Andrew Craigie :—
‘**We were favor’ with yours of 12th Oct. the last day of
November, and were extremely Concerned at your Confirmation
of the reports we had heard relative to our friends at New York.
Yours was the first positive information we had receiv*” regard-
ing, apparently, the embarrassment of the Messrs. Johnson.
Before we leave Mr. Craigie, a romantic — incident
connected with his lite must be described. It will be
remembered that Saxe * wrote an interesting little
story entitled Esther Wynn's Love Letters,” that Uncle
Jo found these letters on the cellar stairs ” and that “mys
terious terrors gathered round them until it was discovered
that they slipped through a crack in the upper stairs where
they had been nailed” up “ for sate-keeping. This is a true
aneedote.”4 The letters were discovered by Henry W.
Longfellow after he came to live in the Craigie House.
' Paige, p. 183. Note.
1, James, p. 101.
In John Foster Kirk’s “Supplement to Allibone’s Dictionary,” vol. Il.
Phila., 1891, the following statement is made under the name of Mrs. Helen Maria
Fiske Jackson (H. H.): “ The stories published under the pseudonyme of ‘Saxe
Holm’ in ‘Seribner’s Monthly,’ and afterwards in book form, were attributed t
her pen, but their authorship was never acknowledged,”
‘RR. H. Stoddard and others, Poets’ Homes, pp. 15, 14.
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They were written to Mr. Craigie and “ placed by him in
their hiding-place,” for what reason to one knows. They
were not such love letters as Esther Wynn's.” It is said
that Mr. Longfellow had intended making them the subject
of a poem hetore he was frustrated by Saxe Holm in her
story.
Samuel Longtellow, in his biography of his brother,
makes the following remarks :—
“Whether or not” Mrs. Craigie, who occupied the house a
number of years after her husband’s death, **‘ knew of the letters
hidden away in the back staircase, which many years afterwards
came mysteriously dropping one by one upon the cellar stairs
helow, history does not record. These proved to be letters—not
of love, but of duty—from a young girl, a ward of Mr. Craigie,
absent at school. Why one of the stairs should have been made
into a box for holding them, it is not easy to see; probably it
was originally constructed for some other purpose.” ®
Mrs. Craigie, as just intimated, long outlived her lhus-
hand.
* Left alone in the large house, with a very small income,” she
“reserved certain rooms for herself and let the others to various
oeeupants.””
The distinguished statesman scholar, Edward
Everett, was one ot her lodgers. He married in 1822;
aid soon after, while serving as a professor in Harvard
College, carried his bride to Mrs. Craigie’s mansion to live.
Weremember Mr. Everett with especial regard in this
society, for he was our third president and held the posi-
tion for twelve years—from 1841 to 1853.
President Jared Sparks also carried his bride to Craigie
House. “On the 16th of October, 1832.” he “ married Miss
Frances Anne, daughter of William Allen, Esq., of Hyde
Park, N. Y.,°* and the following spring took up his
abode with Mrs. Craigie.
Following is an extract from his journal :—
“This day began to occupy Mrs. Craigie’s house in Cambridge.
'R. H. Stoddard and ahem. Poets’ Homes, pp. 15, 14.
*S. Longfellow’s Life of H.W. Longfellow, v.1., p. 215 Lhid., pp. 262, 268
‘Geo, E. Ellis, Memoir of Jared Sparks, p.
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It is a singular circumstance that, while I am engaged in prepar-
ing for the press the letters of General Washington which he wrote
at C ambridge after taking command of the American army, |
should occupy the rooms that he did at that time.” !
Mr. Sparks was for nearly twenty years the Secretary
for Foreign Correspondence of this Society, and was loved
and revered by the members who were his contemporaries,
Soon after Mr. Sparks, came Henry W. Longfellow,
He shall talk to us about Mrs. Craigie :—
‘* The first time that I was in the Craigie House,” he writes,
‘swas on a beautiful summer afternoon in the year 1837. |
came to see Mr. McLane, a law student, who occupied the south
eastern chamber.” * * * He ‘** left Cambridge in August, and
I took possession of his room, making use of it as a library or
study, and having the adjoining chamber for my bedroom. At
first Mrs. Craigie | declined to let me have rooms. I remember
how she looked as she stood, in her white turban, with her hands
crossed behind her, snapping her grey eyes. She had _ resolved,
she said, to take no more students into the house. But her
manner changed when I told her who I was. She said that she
had read * Outre-Mer,’ one number of which was lying on her
sideboard. She then took me all over the house and showed me
every room in it, saying as we went into each, that I could not
have that one. She finally consented to my taking the rooms
mentioned above, on condition that the door leading into the back
entry should be locked on the outside.’ As cold weather came
on ** Tremained alone with the widow in her castle. The back part
of the house was occupied, however, by her farmer. * * *
‘The winter was a rather solitary one and the house very still. |
used to hear Mrs. Craigie go down to breakfast at nine or ten in
the morning and go up to bed at eleven at night. During the
dlay she seldom left her parlor, where she sat reading the news-
papers and the magazines—occasionally a volume of Voltaire.
She read also the English Annuals, of which she had a large
collection. Occasionally, the sound of voices announced a
visitor; and she sometimes enlivened the long evenings with 4
half-forgotten tune upon an old piano-forte. During the follow:
ing summer the fine old elms in front of the house were attacked
by canker-worms, which, after having devoured the leaves, came
spinning down in myriads. Mrs. Craigie used to sit by the open
windows and let them crawl over her white turban unmolested.
She would have nothing done to protect the trees from these
worms; she used to say, * Why, sir, they are our fellow-worms;
they have as good a right to live as we have.’”
'Geo, E. Ellis. Memoir of Jared Sparks, p. 51.
28. Longfellow’s Life of H, W, Longfellow, v. 1, pp, 265-265,
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1900. } The Craiqgve Tlouse, Cambridge. 34
“Mrs. Craigie was eccentric to the last. In matters of relig-
ion she was a ‘ free-thinker.’ She used to say that she saw God
in nature, and wanted no Mediator to come between Him and her.
She had a passion for flowers and for cats, and in general for all
living creatures. * * * She had a great hatred for the Jews;
and when Miss Lowell said to her, *Why, Mrs. Craigie, our
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Saviour was a Jew !” she answered, *1 can’t help it, ma’am.
In reading this account of Mrs. Craigie, one cannot
help thinking how ordinary were the views of canker-
worms held by Oliver Wendell Holmes, compared with
those of this sympathetic woman. Says Dr. Holmes, in
an account of the Gambrel-rooted House in which he was
horn :—
«The soil of the university town is divided into patches of
sandy and of clayey ground. The Common and the College
green, near which the old house stands, are on one of the sandy
patches. Four curses are the local inheritance: droughts, dust,
mad, and canker-worms. I cannot but think that all the charac-
ters of a region help to modify the children born in it. I am
foal of making apologies for human nature, and I think I could
find an excuse for myself if I, too, were dry and barren, and
muddy-witted and * cantankerous,’—disposed to get my back up,
like those other natives of the soil.” ?
Lowell remembers Mrs. Craigie :—
the **turbaned widow, studious only of Spinoza, and refusing to
molest the canker-worms that annually disleaved her elms,
hecause we were all vermicular alike. She had been a famous
heauty once, but the canker years had left her leafless, too, and
lused to wonder, as I saw her sitting always alone at her accus-
tomed window, whether she were ever visited by the reproachful
shade of him who (in spite of Rosalind) died broken-hearted for
her in her radiant youth.” *
Reverend Samuel Longtellow knew Mrs. Craigie :—
He **remembers very well visiting” her ** in his early college
lays, to beg some autograph letters of Revolutionary personages,
of which she had a store. She sat in her southeastern 4 parlor,
in white muslin turban and gray silk gown, with the sun shining
among her window-plants and singing-birds; and as often as he
ok his leave she said, *Be good; I want you to he good.’
'S. Longfellow’s Life of H. W. Longfellow, v. 1, pp. 263-265
*The Poet at the Breakfast-table, pp. 25, 24
Fireside Travels, p. 73.
‘A mistake for ** southwestern,”’ is it not’
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There was an awful whisper in Cambridge circles that she read
Voltaire in the original. At any rate, her copy of his works
remained in the library of Craigie House.” !
I fear that these dreadful suspicions were well founded,
1 find in the Craigie manuscripts, Nalbro’ and Jno,
Frazier writing to Mr. Craigie July 21/94, when speaking
of a third party,
**that he had not received the remaining numbers of the
Eneyelopredia in French. We pray you to make our respectful
compliments to Mrs. Craigie * * * .”
Mr. Henry W. Longtellow speaks of Mrs Craigie’s “ old
piano-ftorte.”
In the manuscripts, August 4/91, John Coles, London,
writes to Andrew Craigie, New York :—
+ * * * will with much pleasure attend to your request
respecting the purchase of the most approved musical instra-
ment.”
Hlere is an agreement, dated at Cambridge, Dec. 6/92:
**The Subseriber contracts to give Eight Lessons on the
piano-forte to the Ladies in Mr. Craigie’s family—two Lessons
each week—for which Lessons is to be paid three pounds twelve
shillings * * * —the half of which £5. 12 has been paid
this day to Hans Gram.”
A day or two before her death, Mrs. Craigie said to
Mr. Hl. W. Longfellow :—
++ You'll never be married again; because you see how ugly
an old woman looks in bed.” ®
This pathetic little scene has great dramatic possibilities
in it. See what a little rhetoric will do for it. Mr.
Gieorge William Curtis thus described it nearly fifty years
o, in his days of comparative exuberance, Speaking ot
‘
Mr. Longtellow, he says :-—
‘*as he entered her room, and advancing to her bedside, saw her
lying stretched at length and clutching the clothes closely around
her neck, so that only her sharply-featured and shrunken face
was Visible—the fading eye opened upon him for a moment and
Longfellow’s Life of W. Longfellow, vy. 1, p. 266
2 [bid., p. 265
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he heard from the withered lips this stern whisper of farewell—
‘Young man, never marry, for beauty comes to this.’” !
The eminent lexicographer, Joseph Emerson Worcester,
was one of the well-known personages who occupied rooms
in Mrs. Craigie’s house. Just before her death he bought
the property.
The poet Longfellow, as has appeared in a statement
hy himself, quoted a tew pages back, first went to live in
Craigie House in the summer of 1837, sixty-three vears
ago. He afterwards “shared the house with Dr. Worces-
ter, and, finally, in 1843 became the owner of the mansion
and the adjacent land.” ®
“The one hundred and fifty or two hundred acres of Andrew
Craigie had shrunken to eight. But the meadow land in front,
sloping to the river, was secured by the Poet, who thereby
secured also the wide and winning prospect, the broad green
reaches and the gentle Milton Hills.” *
Several of the beautiful elm trees which stood in front
of the house when Longfellow first went there to live have
disappeared.
As our associate, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, has
stated, Longtellow wrote in 1839 of “ten magnificent
ems.”* But, as Mr. Higginson also tells us: the Poet
“greatly improved the appearance of the grounds by the
low-fenced terrace.”
It is not my purpose, however, to speak of the Craigie
House during its oecupaney by Mr. Longfellow, or as the
present home of a member of his family. Enough to say
that it has continually grown more famous since the emi-
nent and kind-hearted poet took up his residence in it, and
is still an object of interest to an army of Visitors, largely
hecause it was his dwelling-place.
In conclusion, let Mr. Higginson discourse to us about
this matter :—
“Craigie House,” he says, ** has played a much larger part in
‘Curtis, in Homes, p. 272
* Harvard Book, v. 2, p. 451.
‘Curtis, in Homes, pp. 285.
Cambridge,’ p. 125,
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boo American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
Cambridge tradition than the houses which were also the birth.
places of Holmes and Lowell. Those who have spent summers
in Cambridge during the last ten years must know well—such js
certainly my own experience—that twice as many strangers
inquired the way to Craigie House as to Elmwood and _ the *Gam-
brel-roofed House’ put together ; ; and though this might be partly
due to associations with “Washington, yet I am confident that
these made but a small portion of the whole interest in the abode,
I have seldom felt so keenly the real worth of popular fame as
when, one summer day, in passing Craigie House, I found a
young man, of somewhat rustic appearance and sunburned look,
eagerly questioning two other youths as to the whereabouts of
the * Spreading Chestnut Tree’ mentioned in * The Village Black-
smith.’ Coming to their relief I explained to him that the tree
in question was never at that point and had now vanished
altogether, but offered to show him where it once was, and where
the blacksmith shop of Dexter Pratt had stood. Walking down
the street with him, I won his confidence by telling him that I was
one of the Cambridge-bred boys who had * looked in at the open
door’; that the blacksmith’s wife, Rowena Pratt, had been my
nurse, and that I had, in later life, heard her daughter sing. He
told me, in return, that he was a young Irishman, arrived in the
country but the day before, that the first poetry he had ever quite
learned by heart at school was ‘The Village Blacksmith’; and
that he had resolved that his first act on reaching Boston should
be to visit the Chestnut Tree. ‘This,’ I said to myself, ‘is
fame.’”!
Following is a list of the principal books which, in
addition to the Craigie manuscripts, have been used
preparing this paper :—
Allibone’s Dictionary, Supplement, Phila., 1891, by John Foster Kirk,
2 y., for article ‘Jackson, Mrs. Helen Maria Fiske (H. H.)”
Amory, Thomas C. Old Cambridge and New, Boston, 1871 (reprinted
from the New England Historical and Genealogical Register for July,
1871. With additions.)
Appletons’ Cyclopedia of American Biography, vol. II., New York,
1887, article on Edward Everett by S. Austin Allibone. Also article
on Henry W. Longfellow, by Charles Eliot Norton.
Chastellux, Marquis De. Travels in North America, London, 1787.
Curtis, George William. Paper on “ Henry W. Longfellow” in Homes
of American Authors, New York, 1857 (copyright 1852).
Drake, Samuel A. Historic Mansions and Highways Around Boston,
being a new and revised edition of ‘Old Landmarks and Historic
Fields of Middlesex.” Boston, 189%.
Old Cambridge,’’ pp. 125-127,
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pirectories of New York, 1792-1798.
pirectory of Philadelphia for 1793.
Fliot, Samuel A. A sketch of the history of Harvard College and its
present state. Boston, 1848.
Bilis, George E. Memoir of Jared Sparks, Cambridge, 1869 (reprinted
from Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society for May,
1868).
Foote, Henry Wilder. Annals of King’s Chapel, Boston, Little, Brown
& Co., vol. L., 1882; vol. IL., 1896. (See index for “ Vassall,
John.”)
Green, Samuel Abbott. Groton Historical Series, 4v., Groton, 1887-
1899.
Harvard Book. See Vaille and Clark.
fligginson, Thomas W. Old Cambridge, New York, 1899.
Holm, Saxe. Esther Wynn’s Love-letters, in Scribner’s Monthly, De-
cember, 1871, pp. 164-176. Reprinted in Saxe Holm’s Stories, New
York, 1874.
Holmes, Oliver Wendell. The Poet at the Breakfast-table. Boston
1883.
James, Isabella. The Cambridge of 1776. Cambridge, 1876. Paper,
“The Batchelder house and its owners.”
”
Longfellow, Alice M. ‘* Longfellow in home life”; paper in the Cam-
bridge Magazine, March, 1896. Report of a paper on * The Craigie
House” in the Cambridge Tribune, Saturday, April 21, 1900, p. 4.
This paper was read to the Cantabrigia Club, April 20. Perhaps it
is the same paper which Miss Longfellow read to the ladies who
attended the meetings of the American Historical Association held
in Boston a few months before.
Longfellow, Samuel, Editor. Life of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow,
2¥., Boston, 1886. Final Memorials of Henry Wadsworth Longfel-
low, Boston, 1887.
Lowell, James Russell. Fireside travels, eighth edition, Boston, 1883
(copyright 1864); paper, ‘‘ Cambridge thirty years ago.” This paper
was originally published in Putnam's Monthly Magazine, vol. III., pp.
379 and 473.
Paige, Lucius R. History of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Boston :
1877.
Paine, Nathaniel. ‘‘ Sketch of Samuel Foster Haven” in Reminiscences
and biographical notices of twenty-one members of the Worcester
Fire Society, Worcester, 1899.
Quiney, Josiah. Figures of the past. Boston, 1883.
Smith, Mrs, E. Vale. History of Newburyport. Newburyport, 1854.
Stoddard, R. H., and others. Poets’ homes. Boston (copyright 1877) :
Paper ‘“‘Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.” This paper, in skeleton,
appeared in one of the earliest numbers of Wide Awake, where it
Was attributed to Hezekiah Butterworth.
Rigg, J. M. Article, ‘“‘Kent and Stratham, Edward Augustus, Duke
of,” in Dictionary of National Biography, vy. 31, London, 1892.
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Thomas, Joseph. Universal pronouncing dictionary of biography and
mythology, Phila., 1886: Article, ‘‘ Talleyrand.”
Vaille, F. O. and Clark, H. A., Collectors and Publishers. The Harvard
hook, 2 v., Cambridge, 1875: Paper, ‘* The Craigie House,” by George
Dexter, and other papers.
Winsor, Justin, Hditer. Memorial history of Boston, 4 v., Boston,
1880-1: Paper by Marshall Pinckney Wilder on -* The horticulture of
Boston and vicinity,” and other papers
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1900. | Report of the Librarian,
REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN.
We have at last returned to conditions of comparative
quiet and cleanliness both without and within our beloved
Antiquarian Hall. The Worcester County Court House is
practically finished, and the laving out of the Court Till
Grounds—ineluding those of the County and our own—is
nearly completed. Among the internal improvements is
the careful renovation of our copy ot Michel Angelo’s
statue of Moses. This fine reproduction of the master
sculptor’s great work was presented by President Salisbury,
Senior, in September, 1861; his gift of Angelo’s statue of
Christ having been received in’ February, 1859. Our
friend and benetactor said of them: “~The statue of Christ
has been placed in the interior of vour Hall as an emblem
of true progress and a recognition of the principles that
should guide and impel the action of this Society. Let the
first of historians stand in the outer court, to represent
the retrospective and antiquarian character of the Society,
which first attracts the observation of the stranger.” !
Our book of accessions furnishes the following library
tatisties for six months, to the 15th instant: Received by
gift from thirty-four members, one hundred and thirty-one
persons not members, and one hundred and thirty-six
societies and institutions—three hundred and one sources—
fourteen hundred and twenty-three books; fiftv-one hun-
dred and nineteen pamphlets ; eight bound and one hundred
and forty-eight unbound volumes of newspapers: one
hundred and twenty-four manuscripts; sixty-one photo-
'Mr. John Booth, a soldier of the war of 1861-65, who had given faithful service
as janitor since November 2, 1884, resigned and was succeeded on December 4,
18), by Alexander S. Harris.
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S54 American Antiquarian Society. [ April
graphs; nine maps; seven engravings; three portraits:
three proclamations ; three book-plates ; one sword; and
collections of early account books and programmes; by
exchange seventy-eight books ; one hundred and thirty-six
pamphlets ; and five maps: and from the bindery, three
volumes of magazines ; a total of fifteen hundred and four
hooks; fifty-two hundred and fifty-five pamphlets; eight
bound and one hundred and forty-eight volumes of un.
hound newspapers, efc,
I note certain gifts of special value, partly on account of
their suggestive lessons and partly for convenience of
future reference.
Mr. Eugene F. Bliss has added to our founder's rare
collection ot early tracts relating to English attains, a
volume containing twenty-four pamphlets, to which he has
prefixed a convenient list. All but one were published in
London between 1682 and 1706,
The Davis Spanish-American alcove has been enriched
by a gift from our Mexican associate Seftor Alfredo
Chavero. It is the recently published, fully illustrated
"Codice Borgiano. —Interpretacion del Codice por el Abate
José Lino Fabrega de la Compaiia de Jests, Con un
Estudio sobre los Dioses Astronomicos de los Antiquos
Mexicanos, por Alfredo Chavero.”
The George FE. Ellis Fund has supplied the long needed
Dictionary of National Biography, edited by Leslie
Stephen and Sidney Lee. The publication of this monu-
mental work—now covering Abbadie-W illiams—was begun
by Macmillan and Company at London in 1885, and the
sixty-first volume bears their imprint of 1900. Its com-
pletion during the present vear is assured,
Mr. J. Evarts Greene, of our Council—who sends to us
some of his many calls for local information—has passed
over to the Society, for reproduction, two tavern. bills of
early date, received by him from Mrs. Thomas 5. Ely,
Judge Lewis Bigelow. Sikes and
granddaughter of
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Thomas were “mine hosts” of the Society in’ former
davs. See accounts rendered :—
S. B. THOMAS’s
| COFFEE HOUSE,
WORCESTER.
Dis, Cts.
Meal Board 2 Days 6/ 2) OU
Lodging 1 Bath 1/6 “| 25 7
Liquor 2, OW
Cigars Room & 2 days
Bottled Cider |
Ale 1 B. C. Porter 25
Servant q
Horse at Hay
Grain
Received Payment) of L. Bigelow
Sept 24th 1824 |
S. B. THOMAS.
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Geeclge Mame
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American Antiquarian Society,
COFFEE HOUSE.
THE Subscriber having released his
Tavern Stand Brookfield, has taken that
LJ
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\ GB spacious and commodious House in Worces- 33°
ter, (kept for many years by Col. R. Sikes,)
/< where he solicits the patronage of his old H)\
( friends and the Publick. ;
4 Ile will be devoted in his attention to all sey
who may favour him with their company. fy \
S. B. THOMAS.
\ = Worcester, ( Mass.) April, 1825 Ri
>
THOMAS’S
COFFEE HOUSE.
4
WORCESTER...MS.
the Estate formerly owned by Col R. Sikes
The Proprietor having Sikes, §
and known by the name of “Tue efor?
X
louse,” has made large additions to the for
2 mer buildings and is now able to accommodate
$ travellers to suit their convenience. He has
@ together with convenient Pariors and Sitting
3 rooms, a splendid Hall for Pleasure Parties,
a large and commodious Dining Hall and up
wards of forty lodging rooms. —Bathing rooms
are attached to the establishment.
Car
Dolls. Cents.
Board,
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Lodging,
Wine,
Servant
Ilurse at Hay, & |
Grain, 9 days 4 50
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1900. Report of the Librarian.
Vice-President Edward E. Hale has released from his
librarv shelves a large collection of Massachusetts State
documents, thus enabling us to complete files of some of
the early reports, as well as to render like service in other
directions.
The important gift of Mr. Samuel Jennison—son and
mmesake of our first librarian—includes manuscript letters
relating to subjects of interest late in the eighteenth and
early in the nineteenth century. The more recent are
friendly letters of librarians Jennison, Lincoln, Baldwin
and Haven, which tend to confirm one in the belief that
"The most precious qualifications that a librarian can have
are precisely such as cannot be taught.” Three of these
characteristic epistles IT wish to preserve in the body of
this report :—
1. From Christopher C. Baldwin, is addressed to
"Sam. Jennison, Esq. If not at the Bank, at his new
seat in Pearl St.”
My Dear Sir,
One of my spokes is so out of kilter that I have requested the
Company of the Council at my Room at my boarding House,
this evening at 7 o’clock; where I shall be very happy to see
you. I have not ventured out of doors since Saturday and I
did not feel up to breaking snow paths to day.
Your decrepid Friend
KIT. THE ANTIQUARY.
Last day of 1834.
2, From Mr. Baldwin, relating to the gift! of Mr.
Thomas Wallcut of printed material “ weighing forty-four
hundred and seventy-six pounds including the boxes.”
The superseription is, “For Samuel Jennison, Esq.,
Charles G. Prentiss, Esq., William Lineoln, Esq., or
either of them. Worcester, Massachusetts,” and the letter
follows :—
Boston, Thursday, 3. o'clock,
My Dear Sam. Aug. 7, 1854.
[have just completed loading the Team with Mr. Walcott’s
' See the librarian’s reports of April, 1889, October, 1800, and October, 1804.
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Donation. It makes a most imposing appearance, being about
as large as a load of hay. It has started and will reach Worees.
ter on Friday evening or Saturday morning. I have preached to
the Teamster about care and circumspection until I believe he
cordially hates the sight of me, and I want to preach to you a
little. The pamphlets are almost innumerable, I cannot evey
guess at their number. ‘There must be seven or 8 thousand. |
venture to say that there are three times as many as are now in
our Library—at least four times as valuable. Dr. Jenks informs
ine that he has been familiar with them and that they are exceed-
ingly rare. Among them are rare books: Neal’s New England,
Venegas’ California, Colden’s Indians, Hennepin, Venegas
California, Wynne, Mason’s Pequod War, William’s Indian
Grammar, Mather’s Indian War, his Witchcraft, &c., &¢., &e.
I wish you to hand this Letter to friend Prentiss and ask him to
see that the Boxes are all put into the Librarian’s Room. They
must be handled with great care, as the boxes are very tender,
being antique & rotten.
I have directed the Letter to you thinking that you would be
more sure of getting it. I intended to have directed to Mr,
Lincoln, but I feared that he might be busy about his farm.
Pray oblige me and I will reward you ten fold. I would come
directly up; but Gov. Lincoln insisted upon my seeing Mr
Walcott and thanking him personally. He cannot be seen until
tomorrow and it will then be too late for me to reach Worcester
in season to receive the Waggoner. Besides I have not even
seen the Atheneum pamphlets. I am going now to the Historical
Rooms to look after them.
With all love & Duty,
and in a ** foam of sweat,”’
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS BALDWIN.
A vear later—on August 20, 1835, the lite-work of this
enthusiastic, industrious, painstaking librarian was con-
pleted, and at the October meeting Mr. William Lincoln
paid the tribute to his worth. The last act in the drama
appears in the Council Records of October 28, 1835;
* Voted to allow the account of Mr. Kirby for opening the
meeting-house and ringing the bell, for the Public Address
on the 23d instant, amounting to $1.50.”
3. From Mr. Samuel Foster Haven to “Wim. Lincoln,
Esq., at the Worcester House, Worcester.” It was written
soon after his election to the office of librarian, whose
duties he did not assume until early the following year.
q
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Depuam, Oct. 9th, 1837.
Dear Sir,
| fear I shall be obliged to resist the carnal enticements of
Show & Feast, held out in your letter, and to postpone the enjoy-
ment of Calumet and Council-fire beyond the limits of the present
week. I am even compelled to the discourtesy of denying my
protecting escort to a lady who goes from this place to day on a
yisit to her friends in your village, and to leave her to encounter
alone the perils and difficulties (always duly appreciated by
prudent Generals and mothers) which attend the transportation
from post to post of the baggage and indispensible munitions of
awinter’s campaign. It is however barely possible that I may
despatch my engagements in season to enable me to make my
appearance at your **wigwam,” on Wednesday or Thursday. If
[ean do so, otherwise than feloniously, I will plead guilty to
malice prepense, and assuming my blanket and mocassins, (very
important appendages for such weather as the present,) will
follow the trail of the pleasure hunters who have gone before.
At any rate, should I not do so, or have an opportunity to meet
youin Boston, I will shortly visit Worcester, and discuss, at
large, all matters relating to the duties of the oflice to which I
liave the honor to be appointed, and about which I am anxious
w receive more particular information.
With great regard, truly yours,
SAM. F. HAVEN.
Wm. Lincoln, Esq.
The contribution of Dr. Leonard P. Kinnicutt: ineludes
many books of a miscellaneous character trom the library
of the late Hon. Thomas Kinnicutt, long time an honored
member of this Society and of its Council. Rev. William
DeLoss Love, Ph.D., presents his “Samson Occum and
the Christian Indians of New England,” indorsed “ The
same with loval good wishes to the Society.”
Mr. Nathaniel Paine has supplied the remainders of
several of his historical papers relating to Worcester and
its institutions, with his semi-annual gift of books and
pamphlets of a miscellaneous character.
The Davis, Haven and Thomas funds, as well as the
Ellis fund previously mentioned, have been drawn upon to
trengthen the departments of the library which they so
helpfully represent.
The gift of Miss Josephine C. Aldrich is largely oft
if
360 American Antiquarian Society. [ April
educational material, used by her father, the late Hon. P,
Emory Aldrich of our Council, while a teacher in Virginia,
I find the following broadside announcement, dated August
1, 1845: “THE TAPPAHANNOCK MALE SCHOOL
will re-open on the Ist of October next and continue ten
months, under the continued superintendence of Mr, P,
Emory Aldrich.” After the usual list of branches taught,
it is stated that “Board in private tamilies, including
lights, fuel and lodging, may be obtained for $80 per
session of ten months.” Among the earlier pamphlets
received from Miss Aldrich is “The | Intellectual Torch;
| Developing an Original, Economical and | Expeditious
Plan for the | Universal Dissemination | of | Knowledge
and Virtue; | By Means of | Free Public Libraries. In-
cluding Essays on | The Use of Distilled Spirits. | By
Doctor Jesse Torrey, Jun. | Founder of the Free Juvenile
Library, Established at New Lebanon in 1804.” The Dr.
takes for his text the lugubrious couplet
‘* Man's general ignorance, old as the flood,
For Ages on Ages has steep'd him in blood.”
In a preface dated August 6, 1817, he says: ‘The
plan here proposed, for the general diffusion of knowledge
through the medium of FREE LIBRARIES, has been
submitted to the consideration of several of the most
eminent statesmen and philanthropists in the United States
and received their unanimous and cordial approbation.”
We have received from Mr. Edward Atkinson and Mr.
Lucian Swift pamphlets and books relating to our new
possessions, and more particularly to our duties towards
them. As during the earlier part of this century our
founder gathered for posterity both masonic anti-
masonic literature, so at its close we would be rich in the
literature of the so-called doctrine of imperialism and
anti-imperialism ; of expansion and non-expansion. And
we couple with this a special plea not only for the major
and minor publications relating to Cuba, Puerto Rico, the
ean
that
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Philippine and the Hawaiian Islands of the present day,
but of all time.
The final act of beneficence in connection with the gift
of our late associate, Mr. George Brinley, and his family,
should be recorded in this report. It is explained in the
following letter :
Mareh 1, 1900.
To The Librarian of the American Antiquarian Society,
Worcester, (Mass. )
My Dear Sir,
The late George Brinley, Jr., of Hartford, Conn.,
possessed a valuable library of Americana. Some years ago
the library was sold at auction under a plan that permitted certain
libraries designated by Mr. Brinley to acquire books particularly
desired free of expense. The catalogues for the five sales were
prepared by Dr. J. Hammond Trumbull, of Hartford, Conn.,
whose accuracy and skill as a bibliographer have given them con-
siderable value for purposes of reference, so that sets of the origi-
nal auction room catalogues are now eagerly sought and bought
ata high price.
The heirs of Mr. Brinley have had printed on large paper a
small edition—less than one hundred copies—of the five parts
composing the entire catalogue. They have added to the first
part a biographical sketch of Mr. Brinley—including a discussion
of his method of distributing his library—prepared by Prof.
Wm. I. Fletcher, of Amherst College, in Massachusetts, and to
each part a list of the prices for which the books were sold. The
live parts or volumes are accompanied by a complete index also
prepared by Prof. Fletcher.
Mr. Brinley’s immediate heirs desire to present to the ** Ameri-
can Antiquarian Society” a setof catalogues, as above described,
that they may remain in the Library in your charge for purposes
of reference and as a slight memorial of Mr. Brinley’ s love of
hooks, which led him to collect his library.
The set of catalogues will be forwarded to you. May |
trouble you, upon receiving the package, to write to me acknowl-
alging its receipt. Very truly yours,
CHARLES A. BRINLEY.
47 South Sixteenth Street,
Philadelphia, Penna.
The announcement of the Administrators on February
4, 1879, was acknowledged by President Salisbury on
February 27, following. He said, “The Society fully and
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562 American Antiquarian Socrety.
April,
gratefully appreciate the wisdom of Mr. Brinley in ay
arrangement most favorable to the largest usefulness of
his excellent collection, and the good judgment and gep-
erosity of the family in carrying out his plan.”
The first sale—in March, 1879—was attended by Treas.
urer Paine and assistant librarian Barton: the second, —
in March, 1880,—by Messrs Haven, Paine and Salisbury,
Jr.; the third, in April, 1881; fourth, in November,
1886; and fifth, in April, 1893, by the present librarian,
After the sale of the first part, Mr. Paine arranged and
collated, with notes, a list of books received, to which he
added a Catalogue of the Mather publications previously
owned by the Society. Printed additions to this list were
made by Mr. Paine in 1880, and by your librarian in
1X87. Referring to the second sale, Dr. Haven in his
report of 1880 said: “The books bid off at the late sale
of a portion of the Brinley library in New York can hardly
he regarded strictly as purchases. They are virtually gifts
from the Brinley family, and so far as we are concerned
the auction sale was merely a method of valuation. It
will be seen that we have thus been enabled to secure a
class of costly rarities appropriate to our specialty, but
such as we were not likely to obtain at our own expense.
It is from this point of view only that the advantages of
the opportunity can be fully appreciated.” Notes on the
succeeding sales appear in the reports of Dr. Haven’s
successor. In his report of October, 1895, atter the final
sale, vour librarian said: “By a happy thought of the
Executors a label with Brinley Library and the catalogue
number thereon was firmly pasted in each important volume,
thus handing down to posterity in the books themselves
the name of the wise collector of this now widely-scattered
library”: adding that “ While it is quite possible that such
a sale of Americana—7. with a gratuity attachment—
mat Cause a temporary rise in the value of like material, this
need not affect the measure of our gratitude for the gifts
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thus received. The fact remains that we have secured for
all time rarities which would have been added in no other
way to this great library of American history.” We are
proud indeed to be the custodians of eleven hundred and
fifty-one books and fifteen hundred and forty-four pam-
phlets of the George Brinley library, and again to place on
record an expression of our gratitude for the same.
The Reverend John Gregson sends his “ Washington’s
Bequest to his Fellow Citizens: An Address at Wiscasset,
Me., Jan. 7, 1900,” with a copy ot The Sheepscot Echo.
This Wiscasset newspaper contains the following suggestive
paragraphs : “The memorial discourse delivered in Wis-
easset by the Rev. Alden Bradford on the 22nd of
February, 1800, in compliance with a request from the
Congress of the United States for a general observance of
aday in honor of Washington, was printed in this town.
A copy of it is to be found in the library of the American
Antiquarian Society at Worcester, Mass. But neither the
Me. Historical Society at Portland, nor the library of
Bowdoin College, possess it. It is more than likely that
copies of it may be found in the attics of some of our old
houses. It would be worth while for our citizens who
possess ancient documents to look them over for this
oration. It is curious to observe that monuments of this
character should become so scarce after the lapse of only a
hundred years.”
We have been able, by means of our stores of Washing-
ton funeral sermons, orations and newspaper material
relating to the celebration days in early 1800, to throw
much historie light for the guidance of celebrators in 1900,
We have received from the family of our late associate
Mr. William Sumner Barton a generous portion of his
library; and from Mrs. Penelope Lincoln Canfield the
dress sword worn on state occasions by her grandfather,
Hon. Levi Lincoln, Senior, when Attorney-General under
President Jefferson, Also a framed Thanksgiving Procla-
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mation on silk, issued in 1827 by Hon. Enoch Lincoln,
(rovernor of the State ot Maine.
A copy of “ Child Life in Colonial Days” has reached
us with the following inscription: “To the American
Antiquarian Society—with cordial thanks for the assistance
rendered in the making of this book—trom the author,
Alice Morse Earle, November, 1899.” I couple with this
or
the following printed entry : “This book has been written
in Tender Memory of a dearly loved and loving child,
Henry Earle, Junior, MDCCCLXXX—MDCCCXCIL,”
Mr. Benjamin Thomas Hill has supplied two excellent
photographs of the interior of our main Hall, one of which
has been sent as a part of our exhibit to the Paris Exposi-
tion: and the Honorable Joseph H. Walker has filled
Inany gaps in sets of our United States Documents. For
the latter gentleman we have acted as the distributing
agent of his government remainders.
It has seemed wise for this national Society to aid the
Library of Congress in the preparation of ~The American
Negro Exhibit” of books and pamphlets by negro authors,
for the Paris Exposition. That our wide-spread member-
ship may take an intelligent interest in this effort, 1
present for pubiication the first of a series of letters
received by vour librarian :—
Linrkary Or Cona.,
Wasu., D. C., Jan. 20th, 1900,
My Dear Sir:—
| write to say the Library has undertaken at the request of
Commissioner Gen’l Peck, to collect all the books or pamphlets
obtainable by Negro Authors.
It is proposed to make an ‘exhibit of that character at Paris, to
prepare a bibliography, and at the close of the Exhibition to
install the Collection in the Library of Congress. No doubt
many rare pamphlets are now in the collection of your Society
and it is to have a list of them for bibliographical purposes that
1 address you. Mr. Edward C. Goodwin gave me your name
and urged’ me to write. 1 sincerely hope this inquiry will
meet your approval, and secure your cooperation as far as
ossible.
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One of the difficulties one encounters in such a work is to learn
the nationality of the author, which is dependent upon informa-
tion often gathered outside of his book.
| enclose penalty envelope for reply, and label for any package
you could collect from your duplicates, or from some of the
colored people in the vicinity.
Very respectfully,
DANIEL MURRAY,
Ass’t Librarian.
To Edmund M. Barton, Librarian, &e.
We have received trom Mr. Robert C. Rockwell a letter
addressed by one of the leaders of the Whig) party in his
District, to the giver’s tather, the Honorable Julius Rock-
well of the United States Senate. The short but suggestive
epistle shows the spirit of the times :—
Worcester, July 10, 1854.
Hon. Julius Rockwell,
Dear Sir.
By request, I forward to you for presentation to the Senate,
the Petition of Emory Wasnupeurn and six hundred others, men
of Massachusetts, for the repeal of ** The Fugitive Slave Bill of
1850.” ‘They are principally men of this city, and their names
have been procured by merely lodging a single paper, for that
purpose, a few days, at one of our public offices. They are of
all sects and polities, and the number of names might easily have
heen quadrupled by a general canvass of the city.
lought also to add, that they are men who do not seek to
nallify the provision of the Constitution in relation to fugitives
from service; but they are determined that, so far as in them
lies, the provision referred to, shall not be carried out, by legis-
lation that violates the spirit if not the letter of various other
provisions of the same Constitution, and which, experience has
now shown, is destructive of the peace and subversive of the
rights of the citizens of the free States.
Knowing that you will ably and faithfully represent our views
in the premises, the petition is very cheerfully committed to your
hands,
I am, with great respect,
Your friend & ob’t Serv’t,
IRA M. BARTON.
Mr. Robert C. Winthrop, Jr.’s, letter relating to his
recent gitt needs no explanation. The deed and agree-
ment reterred to have been placed as requested, and his
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3606 American Antiquarian Socrety, April
second letter—like the first, which appeared in my last
report—is offered for publication :—
10 Walnut Street. Boston,
Dear Sir, Dec. 1, 1899.
When I sent the ** Tantiusques” volume to Worcester last
summer, I supposed that I had weeded out of the Winthrop
Papers everything which related to the Black Lead Mine.
Recently. however, there have come to light two additional
manuscripts, which | have had mounted on silk as they were
rather tattered, and which I send herewith. :
One of them is a digging-agreement in the handwriting of John
Winthrop, Jr., dated July 7, 1658, signed by him. & witnessed
hy Samuel Willys and Philip Davis.
The other is a fifth Indian deed, dated Nov. 16, 1658, with
numerous signatures and the following endorsement by John
Winthrop, Jr. :—
‘*The Sachems Son of Tantiusques Surrender of his right
there.”
I shall be obliged if you will insert these two MSS. somewhere
in the volume, appending to the Table of Contents a memorandum
that they were found too late to form part of the original arrange-
ment. Yours truly,
R. C. WINTHROP, Jr.
E. M. Barton, Esq., Am. Antiquarian Society.
The first report of the Public Record Commission of
New Jersey, and the report on Stony Point Battlefield by
a Committee ot the recently organized New York Society
for the Preservation of Seenic and Historical Places and
Objects, have been received from the Commission and
the Society, respectively. Such duly authorized work
should be encouraged in all sections of our country, and
the results placed within easy reach of scholars and
students.
~The volume containing the Proceedings of the Thirtieth
Reunion of the Society of the Army of the Potomae has
reached us through Col. Horatio C. King, Recording Seere-
tary,—his twenty-third annual remembrance. The first
seven reports came during the secretaryship of Gen. George
Hl. Sharpe, Col. King’s immediate and only predecessor.
Our late thoughtful associate, Mr. Robert Clarke, published
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1900. | Report of the Librarian. 367
and presented to the Society, as issued, the first twenty-
two reports—/. ¢., to September, 1891, inclusive—of the
Re-unions of the Society of the Army of the Cumberland.
We greatly desire to complete this important file for our
aleove of the literature of Rebellion and Slavery, as well
yw to add to our collection the doings of all kindred
wcieties throughout the United States.
In the interest of library economy IT would urge upon
uy fellow librarians the importance of placing the date of
publication upon all title and half-title pages of pamphlet
literature. The present tendeney, which is in the other
direction, should be corrected by concerted action. The
importance of collecting photographs, maps, broadsides
and other ephemeral material should also be constantly
emphasized especially where the local library is the only
place of deposit for such desiderata.
The quinquennial study of our list of givers and gifts is
always instructive. Reference thereto will be found in the
librarian’s reports of April, 1890, and April, 1895. The
figures tor the five vears to the present report show a
semi-annual average of three hundred and nine givers, of
which number forty-one represent members, one hundred
ad thirty-six persons not members, and one hundred and
thirty-two societies and institutions. The increase has
heen satisfactory save within our own family. Here the
awerage stated in my report of April, 1890, was forty-four,
ad in that of April, 1895, it was forty-three, while in the
report of April, 1900, it is forty-one. If we ask “why
this kindly disposition to place treasures in the custody ot
this close corporation 7” it seems to me we must look back
the short line of early librarians. particular to
‘umuel Foster Haven, LL.D., the scholar and teacher
at Whose feet I was privileged to sit for seventeen years.
Referring to him President Salisbury, Senior, said in
April, 187%: “LT remember that when his success had
become upparent, his wise polices Was one day brought
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American Antiquarian Society, April
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distinctly to my notice by a question of a citizen of
Worcester distinguished for his influence and aid in good
objects, who was a liberal contributor to our Publishing
Fund though he would not have accepted membership
in the Society. Our friend asked Mr. Haven
good beggar?’ The answer was decidedly * No, but he js
a good receiver.” This is the secret of his power to attract
necumulations with which vou have been enriched, No
one could bring a desirable object to the library without
gaining better knowledge ot the value of his gift and more
evood-will to repeat the donation.” The Society's old form
of acknowledgment, still in partial use, reads “I am desired
hy the Council to express their thanks for your gift to the
Library...” As the assistant librarian was inclined to
acknowledge gifts on the day received, Mr. Haven said to
him in his quietly humorous way, “It seems proper to
delay the notice until there is time to call a meeting of the
Council!” He never tailed to adapt his words to the
viver, nor to show the same gratitude tor a duplicate as for
a first copy. As a receiver he seemed to have untailing
good judgment, while the anonymous benefactor was a
trial to him, as he has been to many another librarian sinee
his dav. However, his occasional entries, ~ from a friend,”
“from a source unknown,” and “left at the Hall in my
absence,” indicate the conscientious recorder.
And here his successor records an oversight in his report
ot October, 1897, where on pages 93, 04 and 61 he eredits
a highly valued gift received trom Mr. Charles P. Green-
ough, to Mr. Charles P. Bowditch.
Qur honored President in accepting office on October
21, 1887, said: “ Having always regarded the growth of
the library as of primary importance, | desire to call the
attention of the Society to the fact that for a long period
one-half at least of our vearly accessions, which are very
considerable, have been received from other sources than
from members of the Society. In return for these gitts
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the library has offered and should continue to offer such
facilities for study and investigation as the most liberal
policy of management will admit.” The conditions have
not changed, and T recall with pleasure in my first report of
1900 this wise and liberal declaration.
Respecttully submitted.
EDMUND M. BARTON,
Librarian
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Givers and Gitlts.
FROM MEMBERS.
BALDWIN, Simeon E., LL.D., New Haven, Conn.—tHis Authorship of
the Quatre Lettres d@ un Burgeois de New Heaven.”
Barton, EpMUND M., Worcester.—Files of three magazines, in con-
tinuation.
Buiss, EUGENE F., Cincinnati, O. — Twenty-four English pamphlets,
1682-1706.
Brinton, Danitet G., LL.D., Media, Pa.—Dr. Brinton’s paper on Prof.
Blumentritt’s ‘* Studies of the Phillipines.”
Cuavero, ALFREDO, Mexico, Mex.—The Codice Borgiano: with notes
by himself and José Lino Fabrega.
Davis, ANDREW McF., Cambridge.—His *‘ Certain Additional Notes on
Ignominious Punishments; and on Massachusetts Currency ”; and his
“Occult Methods of Protecting the Currency”; one book; nineteen
pamphlets; and one heliotype.
Davis, Hon. Epwarp L., Worcester.—Huntington’s ‘* Short History of
the Book of Common Prayer”; three books; and one hundred and
ninety-seven pamphlets.
Davis. Hon. Horace, San Francisco, Cal.—His ‘* Patriotic Services of
Thomas Starr King.”
GILMAN, DANIEL C., LL.D., Baltimore, Md.—His ‘ University Prob-
lems in the United States.”
Gray, Horace, LL.D., Washington, D. C.—‘* Paquette Habana. The
Lola Coast fishing vessels exempt by International law from hostile
capture.” Containing the decision of the U. S. Supreme Court as
written by Justice Gray.
GREEN, Hon. Samuet A., Boston.—Four of his own publications;
tifteen books; three hundred and forty-nine pamphlets; one engrav-
ing; and ‘“* The American Journal of Numismatics,” as issued.
Hate, Rev. Epwarp E., D.D., Roxbury.—Eleven books; six hundred
and fifty pamphlets; and two maps.
Hoapty, CHARLES J., LL.D., Hartford, Conn.—T'wo proclamations.
Hoar, Hon. Grorce F., Worcester.—Eight books; three hundred and
thirty-five pamphlets; one engraving; and seven files of newspapers,
in continuation.
4 merican 4 lntiquarian Nocvet 4. April
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and Gifts. 571
1900. |
Jameson, J. FRANKLIN, LL.D., Providence, R. Pictures of Rhode
Island in the Past.”
JennisoN, SAMUEL, Boston.— Veter Heylyn’s Cosmography, folio, Lon-
don, 1674; ninety-eight manuscript letters; and a collection of
Worcester programmes, 1831-1844.
Kinnicutt, Leonarp P., 8.D., Worcester.—One hundred and sixty-
four books; seventy-five pamphlets; and four engravings.
Léon, Mexico, Mex.—One pamphlet.
Love, Rev. WittiaAM DeLoss, Ph.D., Hartford, Conn.—His Samson
Oecom and the Christian Indians of New England.”
Merriman, Rev. Daniei, D.D., Worcester. Thirty pamphlets; and
“The Nation,” in continuation.
Morse, Epwarp S., Ph.D., Salem. —His “‘ Review of Dr. Ratzel’s
History of Mankind.”
Punk, NATHANIEL, Worcester.—Thirty-nine copies of his publications
relating to Worcester; thirty-six books; four hundred and nine pam-
phiets; and six files of newspapers, in continuation.
Peer, STEPHEN D., Ph.D., Editor, Good Hope, Il.—*‘* The American
Antiquarian and Oriental Journal,” as issued.
PeXarieL, ANTONIO, Director, Mexico, Mex.—Four of his Mexican
Statistical Reports.
Rogers, Gen. Horatio, Commissioner, Providence, RK. l.—Early Records
of the Town of Providence. Vol. 15.
SatisBURY, Hon. SterHeNn, Worcester,--Fifty-one books; two hundred
and seventy-four pamphlets; a collection of manuscript letters and
clippings relating to Stephen Salisbury, Senior; six maps; one photo-
graph; and six files of newspapers, in continuation.
Tawalres, REUBEN G., Madison, Wis.—‘‘ Account of the 47th Annual
Meeting of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin.”
UrnHaM, Henry P., St. Paul, Minn.—*‘ The Jesuit Relations and Allied
Documents,” Volumes 55-64.
VoLLGRAFF, JOHANN, L.H.D., Brussels, Belgium. — His ‘* Problémes
Musicaux d’ Aristote.”
Wuitney, James L., Boston.—His ‘Index to Pictures and Plans of
Library Buildings in Boston Public Library.”
WILLIAMSON, JosePH, Litt.D., Belfast, Me.— Abbott’s ‘* History of
Belfast, Me., to 1825.”
FROM PERSONS NOT MEMBERS.
ALpEN, JoHN B., Editor, New York, N. Y.—Numbers of ‘“ Current
Knowledge.”
ALpricu, Miss JoserHine C., Worcester.—Three hundred and seventy-
two books ; and seven hundred and three pamphlets.
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AMERICAN INVENTOR PUBLISHING COMPANY, Washington, D. C.—« The
American Inventor,” as issued.
AnprEkson, Joun R., Boston.—Two pamphlets of early date.
ARNOLD, Frep A., Providence, R. I.—Two of his historical publica.
tions.
ATKINSON, Epwarp, Brookline.—‘* The Anti-Imperialist,” ¢/c., as issued,
Avery, ELroy, Cleveland, 0.—** Avery Notes and Queries,” as issued,
Barnarp, Freperick J., Worcester.—Six manuscript sermons by Rey.
Nathanael Hooker.
Barton, Miss Lypta M., Worcester.—‘‘ The Association Record,” jy
continuation.
Barron, WILLIAM 8S., Esrare or.— One hundred and ninety-six books:
six hundred and eighty pamphlets; six bound and three unbound yol-
umes of newspapers; fifty-seven photographs; twenty-three auto-
graph letters; twenty engravings; and a collection of early account
books of Oxford and Sutton, Massachusetts
Boston Book Company.—*‘ The Bulletin of Bibliography,” as issued.
BrapLee, Rey. Cates D., Estate or.—Three ancient pocket-books.
BrinLey, GeorGe, Herrs or.—Catalogue of the American Library
of, in five parts.
Brown, Davip H., Boston.—His *‘Simon and Joan (Clarke) Stone
and three Generations of their Descendants.”
Brown, FREEMAN, Clerk, Worcester. — Annual Report of Worcester
(verseers of the Poor for 1899.
BULLARD, Henry N., St. Joseph, Mo.—One pamphlet.
Burton, CHARLES M., Detroit, Mich,—His ‘* Letters and Papers of
the late Governor Woodbridge.’
CALDWELL, Rev. AUGUSTINE, Eliot, Me.— The Hammatt Papers, No. 7.
CANFIELD, Mrs. PENELOPE S., Worcester.—The rapier carried on state
occasions by Levi Lincoln, Sr., when Attorney-General under Jeffer-
son; and a framed Thanksgiving Proclamation on silk, issued in
1827 by Enoch Lincoln, Governor of Maine.
Carruru, Miss EL_ten, Dorchester.—A Tribute to Rev. Edward G.
Porter.
CHAMBERLAIN, Hon. Daniet H., West Brookfield. —His Wheeler's
Surprise, 1675; Where?”
CHRISTIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING COMPANY, Boston.—Nuimbers of * The
Christian Science Sentinel.”
CLARKE, GEORGE KunN, Needham.—His ‘Jacob Kuhn and his Des-
; and his ‘* Epitaphs from a Graveyard in Weston,” with
”
cendants
notes.
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Coates, Henny T., AND Company, Philadelphia, Pa.—Numbers of ** The
Literary Era.”
CoLLINS, JOSEPH W., Chairman, Boston.—Report of the Commissioners
on Inland Fisheries and Game, 1899.
Cornish, Louis H., New York.—‘‘ The Spirit of ’76,” as issued.
Cousins, EpGar M., Secretary, Biddeford, Me. — Minutes of the
General Conference of Maine Congregational Churches, etc., 1899.
(CROCKER, GEORGE G., Chairman, Boston.—‘‘ The Ferry, 1630; The
Charles River Bridge, 1785, and the Charlestown Bridge, 1899.”
CROWELL AND KIRKPATRICK, Springfield, O.—‘* The Woman’s Home
Companion,” as issued.
CurnieR, FreDeRICK A., Fitchburg.—His *‘ Old Stores and Storekeepers
of Fitchburg.”
Day, Rev. Joun W., St. Louis, Mo.—One pamphlet.
De MENIL, ALEXANDER N., St. Louis, Mo. — ** The Hesperian,” as
issued.
Dickey, Mrs. Joun, Leominster.—Genealogy of the Dickey Family.
Dickinson, G. Stewart, Worcester, ‘* Scott’s Standard Postage Stamp
Catalogue, 1900.”
Dooce, Hon. Rurus B., Jr., Wayor, Worcester.—His Inaugural Ad-
dress of January 1, 1900.
DonaHOE MAGAZINE Company, Boston. — Numbers of Donahoe’s
Magazine.”
Earte, Mrs. Atice Morse, Brooklyn, N. Y. — Her “Child Life in
Colonial Days.”
Euswortu, J. Lewis, Worcester.—Manual for the Massachusetts
General Court, 1900.
ELy, Mrs. THomas Peoria, [l.—Two manuscripts.
Punt, Henry H., Worcester.—Worcester Masonic Directory for
1899 and 1900.
ForpD, WORTHINGTON C., Editor, Boston. — Letters of Jonathan
Boucher to George Washington.”
Frowpr, Henry, London, England.—Numbers of ‘‘ The Periodical.”
GazerTeE CoMrany.—‘* The Worcester Evening Gazette,” as issued.
INN AND Company, Boston.—Their Bulletin, as issued
GOLDEN RULE PUBLISHING Boston.—‘* The Christian En-
deavor World,” as issued.
GooLD, NaTHAN, Portland, Me.—His ‘* Washington Centennial.”
GREENLAW, Mrs. Lucy H., Cambridge.—Numbers of her ‘‘ Genea-
logical Advertiser. ”
GReGson, Rev. Joun, Wiscasset, Me.—His Washington's Bequest to
his Fellow-Citizens,” an address at Wiscasset, Me., Jan. 7, 1900.
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IlaLL, Epwarp H., Secretary, New York.—Official Report of the
presentation of a gold medal to Andrew H. Green, the “ Father of
Greater New York.”
HaMILToN, F. Wavrer, Worcester.—Archivos do Museu Nacional do
Rio de Janeiro, vol. I.
HANNA, Septimus J., Boston.—His ‘‘ Christian Science History.”
HarpinGc, Garrick M., Wilkes-Barré, Pa.—His ‘‘ The Sullivan Road.”
HatHaway, SAMUEL, Enfield, Conn.—His ‘‘ Spirit of the Musie Festi.
val and a Poem on Music.”
Hitt, BENJAMIN T., Worcester.—Two photographs of the Interior of
Antiquarian Hall.
HoL_Brook, Levi, New York.—One pamphlet.
Hoppin, CHARLES A., Jr., Worcester.—Ten pamphlets; and a collec.
tion of amateur newspapers.
HorsrorpD, Miss CorneLia, Cambridge.—'‘ Vinland and [ts Ruins.”
Hosmer, Miss Martian T., Woburn.—Her ‘‘ Count Rumford, a Sketch.”
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND Company, Cambridge.—‘: Brief Description
of the Riverside Press, Cambridge.”
IluBBARD, Ev_Bert, East Aurora, Ill.—Numbers of ‘ The Philistine.”
JENNISON, Miss CATHARINE A., Worcester.—Subscription Paper of
November, 1785, for securing a singing-master for Worcester.
KinGc, Col. Horatio C., Recording Secretary, Brooklyn, N. Y.—The
Thirtieth Reunion of the Society of the Army of the Potomac.
LANE, C., Librarian, Cambridge. — His Second Report on
Harvard College Library.
LaTcH, Epwarp B., Editor, Philadelphia, Pa.—‘* The Greater Light,” as
issued.
LAWRENCE, FRANK, Worcester.—Photograph of the Mather high chair.
Lewis, Cariy A., Guilford, Conn.—Numbers of ‘ Lewisiana or the
Lewis Letter.”
Lippincott, J. B., Company, Philadelphia, Pa.—Their Bulletin, as
issued.
Luce, Epwtn B., Worcester.—Cabinet photographs of Edward and
Edward D. Bangs.
MACDONALD, Ph.D., Brunswick, Me.—One pamphilet.
McGitticuppy, Rev. Davip F., Worcester.—His ‘* Tribute to Father
Mathew.”
MAcMILLAN Company, New York.—Their ‘‘ Book Reviews,” as issued.
Mann, B. Pickman, Secretary, Washington, D. C.—Report of Board of
Children’s Guardians of the District of Columbia.
Mason, Perry, AND COMPANY, Boston.—Numbers of ‘* The Youth's
Companion.”
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1900. | Clirers and S75
MeruaN, ‘THOMAS, Germantown, Pa —Numbers of his Mouthly.
MessENGER ComMPANy, Worcester.—‘‘ The Messenger,” as issued.
Morse, Ricuarp C., (feneral Secretary, New York.—Proceedings of
Thirty-third Y. M. C. A. International Convention.
Mower, MANDEVILLE, New York.—Various newspaper articles by him.
Native SON PUBLISHING Company, Portland, Oregon.—Numbers of
“The Oregon Native Son.”
Nerv, Miss Evizaneru C., Cleveland, O.—Her ‘ Class Room Libraries
for Public Schools,” listed by grades.
Newnes, GEORGE, New York.—Numbers of ‘‘ The Strand Magazine.”
Nores, JAMES A., Cambridge.—His ‘‘ Baker Pedigree.”
New YorK EVENING Post PRINTING Company.—*‘ The Nation,” as
issued.
Oren CouRT PUBLISHING COMPANY.— Numbers of ‘* Open Court.”
PesaviEL, ANTONIO, Director, Mexico, Mex.--T'wo statistical reports
relating to the Republic of Mexico.
Perper, GeorGE H., New York.—His ‘‘ Ceremonial deposits found in
an Ancient Pueblo Estufa in Northern New Mexico.”
PerLEY, SIDNEY, Salem.—Numbers of ‘* The Essex Antiquarian.”
PickaRD, SAMUEL T., Boston.—His ‘‘ Hawthorne’s First Diary, with
an Account of its Discovery and Loss.”
Pomeroy, JaMeEs E., Editor, Worcester.—*‘ Christmas Greeting,” 1899.
PsycnHic RESEARCH Chicago, Ill.—Numbers of ‘ Suggestive
Therapeutics.”
PurnaM, Litrarian, Washington, C.—His Report as the
Librarian of Congress, 1899.
Rice, FRANKLIN P., Worcester.—T'wo pamphlets.
Rich, N., Editor, Portland, Me.—‘‘ The Board of Trade
Review,” as issued.
RicharDsON, Freperick F., Editor, Burlington, Vt.—Numbers of ** The
International Monthly.”
RopINsoN, Miss Mary, Worcester.—Two tiles of magazines, in con-
tinuation.
hockWELL, Ronert C., Pittstield.--One manuscript.
hot, Hon. ALFRED S., Worcester.—His ‘‘ History of the Ninth New
York Heavy Artillery.”
hocers, Cuarves E., Barre.—The ‘‘ Barre Gazette,” as issued.
Russian JouRNAL, St. Petersburg, Russia.—‘‘ The Russian Journal of
Financial Statistics,” 1900.
ScHURMAN, JouN G., LL.D., Ithaca, N. Y.—His Annual Report of
1898-99 as President of Cornell University.
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S76 American Antiquarian Soctely, April
SEAGRAVE, DaNnteL, Worcester.— Three masonic reports, to com.
plete file.
SENTINEL PRINTING Company, Fitchburg.—‘‘ The Fitchburg Weekly
Sentinel,” as issued.
SOCIETY PUBLISHING COMPANY, New York.—Numbers of Society
Times.”
Sry PUBLISHING Company.—‘‘ The Worcester Daily Spy”; and “The
Massachusetts Spy,” as issued.
Sreap, WiLtiaM T., London, Eng.—His ‘‘ War Against War in South
Africa.”
STAPLES, Rev. Car_tTon A., Lexington.—His Address in Commemora.
tion of the Ordination and Settlement of Rev. John Hancock.”
STaRR, FreDericK, Chicago, [ll.—Four of his archeological publica.
tions.
STRYKER, Gen. WILLIAM S., Commissioner, Trenton, N. J.—The First
Report of the Public Record Commission of New Jersey, 1899.
Swirr, Lucian, Manager, Minneapolis, Minn.—Two volumes of Bart's
cartoons relating to the war of 1898 and to expansion.
Tart, Mrs. Carvin, Worcester.—‘‘ The Fighting Twentieth: History
and Official Souvenir of the Twentieth Kansas Regiment.”
TELEGRAM NEWSPAPER COMPANY, Worcester.— Bound volumes of “ The
Worcester Daily Telegram” for May—August, 1899; and * The Sunday
Telegram ” for 1898-99.
TOWLE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Newburyport.—Two_ illustrated
books.
TurNer, Joun H., Aver.—‘: The Groton Landmark,” as issued.
Urtey, SaMukL. Worcester.—Eighty-three volumes of public docu-
ments.
VAN SICLEN, GEORGE W., New York.—His ‘‘ Case for the Boers.”
VINTON, Rev. ALEXANDER H., D.D., Worcester.—‘: The Parish,” as
issued.
WaLkKeErR, Epwin Chicago, Ill. — His ‘Story of the Old White
Meeting House in Whiting, Vermont.”
WaLkeR, Hon. Josern H., Worcester.—One hundred and eighteen
books; and four pamphlets
WarRREN, ArtHUR G., Worcester.—His ‘‘Complete Table of Sizes,
Weights and Lengths of Round Wire, Copper,” céc.
Weicu, Mrs. Wittram W., Norfolk, Conn.—A Biographical Sketch of
John Sedgwick.
Weis, Cuartes T., Hartford, Conn.—Manual of the First Chureh of
Christ, Hartford, 1897.
Wetsu, Cuares, Boston.—His ‘ English History in American School
Text-Books.”
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Wessy, JOSEPH S., AND Sons, Worcester.—Thirteen books; two hun-
dred and twenty-seven pamphlets; and three portraits.
WueeLter, Henry M., Worcester.—Eighteen pamphlets.
Waeeter, Herserr L., Worcester.—Two hundred and sixty numbers
of American magazines.
Waircoms, Miss Mary G., Worcester.—Nine pamphlets.
Ware, Mrs. Carouine E., Editor, Philadelphia, Pa.—* The Journal
of Zodphily,” as issued
WiexuaM, CLARENCE H., Hartford, Conn.—‘* The Wickham Genealogy.”
Roperr C., Jr., Boston.—Two manuscripts from the Win-
throp Papers, relating to the Black Lead Mine, 1658.
Wire, Georce E., M.1D)., Worcester.—His Second Annual Report as
Deputy Librarian of the Worcester County Law Library; and four-
teen pamphlets.
Woopwarp, Lemur: F., M.D., Worcester.—One book; and sixty-
eight pamphlets
Woopwarp, Parrick H., Secretary, Hartford, Conn.—The Twelfth
Annual Report of the Board of Trade.
FROM SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS.
\CADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.—Publications of the
Academy, as issued.
ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Or Sr. Louts.—Publications of the Academy, as
issued.
\MeRICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND Scrences.—Publications of the
Academy, as issued.
\weRICAN ANTI-IMPERIALIST LEAGUE.—Publications of the League, as
issued.
AmertcaN Baptist Missionary Unton.—‘' The Baptist Missionary
Magazine,” as issued.
AMerIcCAN BoarpD OF COMMISSIONERS FoR FOREIGN MISSIONS. — Two
pamphlets .
\werIcAN CarnoLic Historical Socrery.—Publications of the Society,
as issued.
AMERICAN CONGREGATIONAL ASSOCIATION. — The Congregational Year
Book of 1899
AMerICAN Forestry Associarion.—‘* The Forester,” as issued.
AMERICAN GrOGRAPHICAL Socrery. — Publications of the Society, as
issued.
AMerIcaN HisroricaL Association. — Annual Reports for 1891, 1893
and 1898; and one pamphlet.
AMERICAN Mustum or Narurat Hisrory or New York.—Two book-
plates.
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Aimerican Antiquarian Socrety. [ April,
AMERICAN ORIENTAL Socrery.—Publications of the Society, as issued.
AMERICAN PuHiLosopHicaL Sociery.—Publications of the Society, as
issued.
AMERICAN SEAMEN’S FRIEND Soctery.—‘* The Sailor’s Magazine,” as
issued.
AMERICAN Statistical AssocraTion.—Publications of the Association,
as issued.
Amuerst COLLEGE Linrary.—Five early publications of this Society,
Bosron Pusiic Linrary.—Publications of the Library, as issued.
BROOKLINE HrsrortcaL Pusricarion Sociery.—Publications of the
Society, as issued.
SROOKLINE PusBLic Liprary.—Library publications, as issued.
BROOKLYN Lisrary.—Publications of the Library, as issued.
BurraLo Pusiic Liprary.—Report for 1899.
Bureau OF AMERICAN RepuBLics.—Publications of the Burean, as
issued.
CAMBRIDGE (ENGLAND) ANTIQUARIAN Socrery.—Publications of the
Society, as issued.
CANADA GEOLOGICAL SuRVEY.—Report for 1897 and maps.
CANADIAN [NstiruTe.—Publications of the Institute, as issued.
CINCINNATI PusBiic Liprary.—Annual Reports and Bulletin for 1899.
CoLGate UNiversiry.—The Annual Cataloge for 1899-1900,
COLONIAL Society OF of the Society,
Vol. IIT.
CoLuMBIA UNIVERsSITY.—Publications of the University, as issued.
CONNECTICUT ACADEMY OF ARTS AND Scrences.—Publications of the
Academy, as issued.
Connecticut State Lisrary.—Thirteen Connecticut State documents;
and the Connecticut State Register and Manual for 1900.
Dayton PusLic Liprary.—Library reports for 1898 and 1899.
DepuaMmM HisrortcaL Socrery.—Publications of the Society, as issued.
District OF CoLuMBIA PuBLIC Liprary.—Library Report of 1899.
Evior HisvoricaL Socirery.—‘* Old Eliot,” in continuation.
Enocu Pratt Free Linrary.—The Fourteenth Annual Report.
Essex Instirure.—Publications of the Institute, as issued.
FirLp COLUMBIAN MuseuM.—Publications of the Museum, as issued.
FircuBure, Crry or.—Old Records of the Town of Fitchburg, Vol. Il.
Forbes Liprary, Northampton.—The Fifth Annual Report.
ITarrrorp THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY.—Publications of the Seminary, as
issued,
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1900.) Givers and (rifts. 374
Harvaky UNiversitry.—The Annual Catalogue for 1899-1900; and the
Annual Report, 1898-99.
fuisroRIcCAL DEPARTMENT OF ITOWa.—The Annals of Lowa,” as issued.
fistoRIcCAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA.—Publications of the Society,
as issued.
HisTORISCHER VEREIN DER OBERPFALZ UND REGENSBURG.—Publica-
tions of the Society, as issued.
Hoty Cross CoLLeGr.—*‘* The Holy Cross Purple,” as issued.
fuunois State Liprary Scuoo., Champaign, [ll.—Circular of
formation for 1900-01.
James PRENDERGAST Free LIBRARY, Jamestown, N. Y.— The Eighth
Annual Report.
Jersey Crry Free Linrary.— The Ninth Annual Report; and
“The Library Journal,” as issued.
Jouns Hopkins UNIversiry.—Publications of the University, as issued.
Kansas Ciry (Mo.) Pusiic Linrary.—The Eighteenth Annual Report.
Kansas Stare HisroricaL Socirery.—Publications of the Society, as
issued.
LaKE MOHONK CONFERENCE ON ARBITRATION.—Fifth Annual Report.
LancasTER Town Linrary.—Town Reports of Lancaster for 1899.
LITERARY AND HisroricaL Socitery Or QuEeBeEc. — Publications of the
Society, as issued.
Los ANGELES PuBLIc Liprary.—The Annual Report for 1898-99.
Maink HisroricaL Soctrery.—Publications of the Society, as issued.
MaLpen, Ciry or.—‘* Memorial of the Celebration of the 250th Anni-
versary of the Incorporation of Malden.”
MARYLAND Historical Sociery.— Publications of the Society, as
issued.
MASSACHUSETTS, COMMONWEALTH OFr.—‘‘ History of the First Massa-
chusetts Heavy Artillery in the Spanish-American War of 1898”; and
thirteen State documents.
MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL Hosprrant.—The Eighty-sixth Annual Report.
MassacnuseTts Granp LopGrE Or ANCIENT FREE AND Accrerrep
Masons.— Proceedings of the Grand Lodge, as issued.
MassacuuseTts State Boarp or — Publications of the
Board, as issued.
MASSACHUSETTS Woman’s Krentier Corps. — Journal of the Twentieth
Annual Convention.
Missourr HisroricaL Sociery.—Publications of the Society, as issued.
Musro NactonaL pe M&éxico.—Publications of the Museum, as issued.
Musko pe LA PLatra.—Publications of the Museum, as issued.
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NATIONAL CENTRAL LIBRARY OF FLORENCE.—The Library publications,
as issued.
NewsBerry Liprary, Chicago, [ll.—Report of the vear 1899.
New EnGianp Hisrortc Socrery.—Publications of the
Society, as issued.
New Hamesnire Strate Lisrary.—‘ The New Hampshire State
Papers,” Vols. 28 and 29.
New Jersey Historica Socitery.—Publications of the Society, as
issued.
NEW JERSEY Stare Liprary.—The Report of 1899
New York ACADEMY Or Scrence.—Publications of the Academy, as
issued.
New York GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL Socrery.—Publications
of the Society, as issued.
New York Pusriic Linrary.—Publications of the Library, as issued.
New York Strate Liprary.—Publications of the Library, as issued.
New York State Mustum.—Publications of the Museum, as issued.
Nova Scotia INstirure oF Scrence.—Publications of the Institute, as
issued.
Onto ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HisroricaL Socrery.-- Publications of the
Society, as issued.
O_p CoLtony Hisroricat Soctrery.—Collections of the Society, as
issued.
PERKINS INSTITUTE AND MAssacHuseTTs ror THE BLIND,
Trustees Or.—The Sixty-eighth Annual Report.
Pratt Insrirure Free Lisrary.—Publications of the Library, as
issued.
COLLEGE, Kingston, Ont.—Numbers of ‘ The Queen's Quar-
terly.”
Ruope Istanp Socrery.—Publications of the Society, as
issued
Ruope Istanp Strate Boarp or Hearru.—Publications of the Board,
as issued.
Royat AcapemMy or History AND ANTIQUITIES,
Stockholm, Sweden.—Publications of the Academy, as issued
Royal Historica, Socirery, London, G. B.—Pubiications of the
Society, as issued.
RoyaL Sociery OF ANTIQUARIES OF IRELAND.—Publications of the
Society, as issued.
Royan Socrery or Canapa.—Publications of the Society, as issued
Satem Pusuic Linrary.—The Library Bulletin, as issued.
SCRANTON Pusiic Liprary.—The Ninth Annual Report.
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.—Publications of the Institution, as issued.
ARCHELOLOGIE DE BRUXELLES.—Publications of the Society,
as issued.
pe DE Paris.—Publications of the Society, as
issued.
Sociérh NATIONALE DES ANTIQUAIRES DE France.—Publications of
the Society, as issued.
SocIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF SCENIC AND Historical PLACES
wp OB.JKCTS.—Report of the Committee on Stony Point Battlefield.
Sotpiers’ Homer, Trustees Chelsea.—The Seventeenth Annual
Report.
SovuTHERN HisToricaL Soctetry.—Papers of the Society, Vol. 27.
SPRINGFIELD Barrist AssocraTion.—Minutes of the Sixty-second
Anniversary.
SPRINGFIELD Crry Linrary Associarion.—Library Publications, as
issued.
Srare HisroricaL Society or lowa.—Publications of the Society, as
issued.
Srare Historical Society Or Wisconstn.—Proceedings at its Forty-
seventh Annual Meeting.
Syracusk CENTRAL Liprary.—The Annual Report of 1898-1899.
Texas STaTe HistToricaL Assocrarion.—Publications of the Associa-
tion, as issued.
'RAVELERS’ INSURANCE Company.—‘‘ The Traveler’s Record,” as issued
Unirep STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR —Three books: and
fifty-four pamphlets, relating to the Department.
UNITED STares DEPARTMENT OF Lanor.— The Bulletins, as issued.
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MustumM.—Publications of the Museum, as
issued.
UNITED STATES SUPERINTENDENT OF PuBLIC DOCUMENTS. — One
hundred and twenty-eight bound and sixty unbound publie docu-
ments.
Untrep Srares War DerarrMent.—Otlicial Records of the War of the
Rebellion, as issued.
UNIVeRsIry OF CaLivornia.—Publications of the University, as issued.
UNIversiry OF Nesraska.—Publications of the University, as issued.
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.—‘‘ Ceremonies attending the Unveiling
of the Statue of Benjamin Franklin, June 14, 1899”; and Annual
Catalogue for 1899-1900.
UNiversiry or TouLouse.—Four pamphlets relating to the University.
UNiversitry Vermonr.—The Annual Catalogue for 1899-1900.
Vermont Hisroricat Sociery.—Publications of the Society, as issued.
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VicToRIA AND ALBERT Museum, South Kensington, Eng.—Catalogue
of its collections.
VINELAND HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN Socrery. — Publications of
the Society, as issued.
Virermia HisroricaL Socrery.—Publications of the Society, as issued.
WASHINGTON State Hisroricat Socirery.—Publications of the Society,
as issued.
WrpNeEspay CLUB, Worcester.—All Saints Church, Worcester, Kalen-
dar for Lent, 1900.
Wes_LeyaNn Untversiry.—Publications of the University, as issued.
Westcuester Country Hisroricat Socrery. — Report of the Twenty-
fifth Annual Meeting.
West VirGIntA HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN Socirery. — Minutes of
the Ninth and Tenth Annual Meetings of the Society.
Worcester Boarp Annual Report; and Monthly
Mortality Reports.
Worcester, Crry or.—‘t The City Hall Memorial.”
Worcester Country Law Liprary.—Four books; and ‘* The Boston
Daily Advertiser,” in continuation.
Worcester CouNTY MECHANICS ASSOCIATION.— Ninety-seven volumes
of newspapers, in continuation.
Worcester Free Pusiic Linrary.— Twenty-three books; two hundred
and forty pamphlets; four maps; and ninety files of newspapers, in
continuation.
Worcester Parks CoMMIssiOnN.— Annual report for 1899.
WorcestTeR POLYTECHNIC INsTIruTe.— Twenty-four books; and ninety-
four pamphlets.
WorcEsTeR Sociery or ANtIQuITy.—Publications of the Society, as
issued.
WorcestER YOUNG MEN’S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION.—‘‘ Worcester's
Young Men,” Vol. 9, bound.
WYoMING COMMEMORATIVE AssoctaTion.—Publications of the Associa-
tion, as issued.
Universrry.—Publications of the University, as
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1900, | A Ph Hanthropist of the Last Century. BR:
A PHILANTHROPIST OF THE LAST CENTURY
IDENTIFIED AS A BOSTON MAN,
BY ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL.
Ir is always interesting to look back to the beginnings of
things, and all those who are interested in the education of
the Deaf-and-Dumb naturally desire to know something
of the origin of the art in America; and to look back to
those philanthropists who first urged the education of the
deaf in this country, and gave us information concerning
what was done in earlier times in Europe. Now, the curi-
ous fact is found that these early philanthropists appeared
anonvmously. The results of their efforts have been very
great. ‘Today, we have under instruction, in| American
Schools for the Deaf, more than ten thousand deaf chil-
dren, who, a few vears ago, would have been termed
Deaf-Mutes,” or Deaf-and-Dumb.” They are no longer
deaf-and-dumb, for more than sixty-one per cent. are now
taught to speak.
The first to urge the education of the Deat in this coun-
try, Was a writer whose articles appeared in the Boston
newspapers. Under the pseudonym Philocophos — the
friend of the Deat-and-Dumb—he published in the Ver
England Palladium, in 1803 (June 14), a card— To the
Reverend the Clergy (of every persuasion and denomina-
tion) of the State of Massachusetts "—asking for details
concerning the Deat-and-Dumb within their knowledge,
for the purpose of obtaining statistics to show that there
were in this country a sufficient number of Deat-Mutes to
Warrant the establishment of an American School for the
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American Antiquarian Society.
Deat. During the course of the vear 1803, a number of
communications from this writer appeared in the Palla.
dium.
In the same year (1803) the Palladium yublished 4
series of papers upon the De L’Epée method of instruet-
ing the Deat-and-Dumb, under the title: “ Extraets
from letters of the Celebrated Abbé De L’Epée, writ-
ten in 1776, translated by Francis Green, Esq., of
Medford.”
On the first of November (1803) a short note appeared
in the Palladium, which attacked the accuracy of the
statements made by Francis Green, by stating that “ the
method of instructing the Deat-and-Dumb ascribed to the
Abbé De L’Epée is now said to have been invented by M.
Perreire, a Spaniard.” Whereupon the anonymous writer
Philocophos wrote a letter to the editors (published 1803,
November 11), in which he defended the statement made
by Francis Green, and gave a one-column lecture upon
the art of instructing the Deaf-and-Dumb. This remark-
able letter showed that Philocophos was a master of his
subject ; and in it — tor the first time in America — was
brought together, by title and by specific reference, nearly
the complete literature of the world relating to the educa-
tion of the Deat-and-Dumb. I say “tor the first time in
America,” because a very similar list had appeared at an
earlier date (1801) in a book published in London, Eng-
iand,—to which, however, Philocophos did not reter. He
made no mention of the book, although it was—and still
is—a standard work, from which instructors of the deaf, in
English speaking countries, obtain their knowledge of the
De L’Epée method of instruction, and of the early works
relating to the education of the Deat-and-Dumb. This
hook —like the letter of Philocophos —was published
anonymously. It was an English translation of a work by
De L’Epée, entitled: —” The method of educating the
By the
Deat-and-Dumb; confirmed by long experience.
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1900, | A Philanthropist of the Last Century. BRS
Abbé De L’Epée, translated from the French and Latin,
London, 1801.”
The translation was reprinted in England by Arrow-
smith in 1819'; and in America, by the American Annals
of the Deaf, in 1860 (Vol. XII, pp. 1-182).
The anonymous translator, in his preface, brought
together the titles of nearly all the earlier books and
articles relating to the education of the Deaf-and-Dumb :
and yvet—like Philocophos—he omitted from his list an
arlier and well known book. This work was entitled :—
"Vox Oculis Subjecta: — Dissertation on the most
curious and important Art of Imparting Speech and the
Knowledge of Language to the naturally Deaf and (con-
sequently) Dumb: With a particular Account of the
Academy of Messieurs Braidwood of Edinburgh: and a
Proposal to perpetuate and extend the benefits thereot.
Written by a Parent. London, 1783.”
To this book the world is largely indebted for its
knowledge of the celebrated academy of Messrs. Thomas
and John Braidwood, of Edinburgh, opened in 1760,
where Deaf-Mutes were successfully taught to speak and
to understand speech by watching the mouths of others.
It also vives us our chief information of the early English
writers upon the subject: and, indeed, to the author we
are indebted for the preservation of much that had been
written in England in the seventeenth century; for he
quoted voluminously from the early writers.
To Dr. Joseph C. Gordon, Superintendent of the Illinois
Institution tor the Deaf-and-Dumb, we are indebted for
the discovery that the Translator’s Preface of the De L’ Epée
translation of 1801, contains internal evidence that it was
written by the author of “Vox Oculis Subjecta”: and to
Dr. Samuel A. Green, Librarian of the Massachusetts
‘See “The Art of instructing the Infant deaf & dumb” by John Pauncefort Ar-
rowsmith, London, 1819. To which is annexed the “ method of educating mutes of
amore mature age which has been practised with so much success on the con-
tinent by the Abbe de ’Epeée.”
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American Antiquarian Sor vely. April,
Historical Society, we are indebted tor the information
that “ Vox Oculis Subjecta” was written by his kinsman,—
Francis Green, of Medford, Massachusetts (the same who
published translations from De L’Epée in the New England
Palladium, in 1803),—and that Francis Green was also
the anonvmous writer Ph Hocophos.
Dr. Green also made known the fact that Francis
Green left an autobiography, which still exists in the
possession of a grandson, Commander Francis M. Green,
of the United States Navy. This unpublished auto-
biography, in the handwriting of Francis Green himself
—(written in 1806)—confirms and verifies the conclusion
that Francis Green,— Philocophos—the author of the De
L/Epée translation of 1801—and the author of ” Vox Oculis
Subjecta,” ' were one and the same person.
Francis Green was born in Boston in 1742. In 1745,
his father (Benjamin) accompanied Sir William Pepperrell,
as his private secretary, to Cape Breton, and after the fall
ot Louisburg he remained in that city, holding official
positions, and later he received a government appointment
at Halifax, N. S., where he settled permanently with his
family. Francis, however, spent a portion of his school
days in Boston. He was a pupil in Mr. Lovells school,
and at the age of fourteen years entered Harvard College.
The tollowing vear, 1757, his tather having previously
purchased for him an Ensign’s commission in’ the British
army, he was ordered to his regiment, where he served for
some time. He received his degree at Harvard in 1760,
and in 1766 sold his commission in the army, «returned
to Boston, married his cousin, Susanna (daughter of
the well-known patriot Joseph Green), and established
himself as a merchant in that city. He was an importer ot
veneral merchandise. He owned a vessel ** The Susanna,”
1A copy of “ Vox Oculis Subjecta,” containing many notes in the handwriting
of Francis Green, may be found in the Volta Burgau for the Increase and Diffusion
of Knowledge relating to the Deaf, 35th and Q Streets, Washington, D.C.
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1900. | A Philanthropist of the Last Century. 387
which plied between Boston and London, and his business
extended to several of the New England colonies. He had
five children ; two died in infancy. By a second marriage
he had six children. The youngest of these, Mathews
Wylly Green, was the father of Commander Francis M.
(ireen betore mentioned. As his political prejudices were
not in strict accord with those of John Hancock, Samuel
Adams, and others, but were more in sympathy with the
loyalist party, he removed from Boston when Gen. Howe
evacuated the town, and for several vears he appears to
have been somewhat of a wanderer. His wite died in
1775. In 1776 he was in Halifax, N.S. In 1777 he
was in New York. Here he lost one of his little boys by
accident; the child was shockingly burned and died in a
few hours. In 1778 Francis Green was proscribed and
banished, and in 1780 he went to England. His only
living son, Charles Green, was deaf and dumb; and in
February, 1780, when about eight vears of age, he was
placed under the instruction of the celebrated Thomas and
John Braidwood, in Edinburgh, Scotland. The Braidwood
Academy had then been established tor about twenty vears,
and had become famous all over the world for its successful
instruction of the deat and dumb. In May, 1781, Francis
(rreen paid a visit to Edinburgh to see his son: and the
little boy, anxious to exhibit his accomplishments, eagerly
aulvanced and addressed him by word of mouth :—*+ How
do vou do, dear Papa!” We may imagine the father’s
surprise and delight. “It exceeds the power of words,”
says Francis Green, “to convey any idea of the sensations
experienced at this interview.” He remained in Edinburgh
for about six weeks and was every day at the Academy.
He wrote a letter from London to his friend, Mr. Richard
Bagley, of New York, describing his visit and the im-
pression made upon his mind by what he saw. This letter,
although written in 1781, was not published until 1804—
twenty-three vears after its date—when it appeared in a
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medical journal (but without the writer's name), as an
article “On teaching the Deaf to understand Language and
the Dumb to Speak.” ' This article, ultimately, after
many years, had an influence on the foundation of the New
York Institution for the Deaf and Dumb.
In 1782 Francis Green again visited his son at the Braid-
wood School, and was greatly surprised and gratified by
the progress he had made. During his visits to Edinburgh
Francis Green had become aware of the tact that large
numbers of deaf children had been denied admittance to
the school because their parents were unable to pay for
their instruction: and he soon conceived the idea of
establishing a Charitable Institution which should furnish
free instruction for the deaf. This was the motive that led
him, in 1783, to publish his book, “Vox Oculis Subjecta,”
in which he developed his plan tor a public institution in
London to be supported by subscription. He was aware
of the tact that schools for the education of the deaf had
arisen in various countries during the preceding centuries,
and that these schools had perished when their founders
died: and he was disturbed by the thought that the Braid-
woods, “the present professors of this art, like all other
men ‘whose breath is in their nostrils,” may be suddenly
taken away before any successors are duly qualified.”
"To render this art universally successful,” he says, “it
ix necessary that some ingenious voung men should be
instructed and qualified to assist and succeed the present
protessors, and that a fund should be established under
the direction of proper managers, to be applied to the
purpose of educating those whose parents are altogether
unable to defray such expense, and to assist others who
can afford a part but not the whole, by which means a//
the deaf, however scattered, might be collected and taught,
| See “The Medical Repository, & Review of American Publications in Medicine,
Surgery, and the Auxiliary Branches of Science.” N. Y., 1804, Vol. IL. (for May,
Review, Mt. Airy, Philadelphia, Feb., 1900, Vol. II., pp. 66-68.
F
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1900. | A Philanthropist of the Last Century. 389
and consequently rescued from certain ignorance, from
idleness, and from want, as well as every defect in speech
(however inconvenient and violent) rectified.”"— Vow
Oeulis Subjecta,
To the great disappointment of Francis Green, the
Braidwoods did not take kindly to his well-meant plan for
the perpetuation and extension of their system, and pre-
ferred to zo about it in their own Way. They moved their
private school trom Edinburgh to Hackney, near London
(1783); and succeeded in creating a family monopoly of
the whole art of instructing the deaf in Great Britain,
which lasted at least until the vear 1815. Teachers were
even placed under heavy bonds to keep the methods of in-
struction secret. The Braidwoods published nothing, and
indeed, as Francis Green remarks, “so tar from allowing
the world at large the knowledge of their advances or the
henefit of their improvements, have rather, like Perreire
and Heinicke, been desirous of keeping them in obscurity
and mystery; and (to borrow the comparison of a recent
writer upon an occasion not very dissimilar) ‘like the
Jewish Talmudists, who dealt in secret: writings, of allow-
ing nO persons to be professed practical conjurers but the
Sanhedrim = themselves.."—De Epée, translation of
1801.
Francis Green was wotully disappointed with the Braid-
wood family; and in 1784 he returned to America and
took up his residence near Halifax, N.S. He retired to
his farm at Cole Harbor and became High Sheriff of the
County of Halifax. Here his deat son, Charles, joined
him, after completing his education at the Braidwood
School. Tle did not long, however, enjoy the pleasure otf
his son’s society, for, in less than a vear after his return,
the young man was accidentally drowned at Cole Harbor
While engaged in shooting. His death occurred in 1787
(August 2). In November following, his father resigned
the office of high sheriff, and for several vears afterwards
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we have no definite information concerning him. In 1799
and 1791 we find him in Paris, France, where he was 4
frequent visitor at the De L’ Epée School tor the Deaf and
Dumb, which was then carried on by the Abbé Sicard, De
I’ Epée having died in 178%.
The Abbé De L’Epée had been a philanthropist after his
own heart—a man who had devoted his life and his fortune
to the unfortunate Deaf-and-Dumb—a man who _ refused
payment for his services, allowing the wealthy to educate
their own children by other teachers, and devoted himself
to the poor, without emolument. Although the inventor
of the system of instruction which bears his name, charae-
terized by the use of a conventional language of signs,
De L’Epée was not wedded to anything save the good of
his pupils. He taught them to speak, and to read speech
from the mouths of others, as well as to communicate by
finger-spelling and signs :—But the Abbé Sicard had given
up teaching them utterance, conducting their education
solely by silent methods of instruction, a plan’ which
vrieved the kind heart of Francis Green, who had tender
recollections of the success attained in this direction with
his own son.
Returning to London, after his visit to Paris in 1790
and 1791, he became again imbued with the idea of estab-
lishing a charitable institution in London for the free
instruction of the deaf. He at once set about the under-
taking, and then found that a few gentlemen had already
hegun to take steps upon a similar enterprise. Without
inquiring as to how tar they were indebted to him for their
first ideas upon the subject, through his publication of
"Vox Oculis Subjecta” in 1783, he at once abandoned his
own plans, and united with them to bring about the practi-
cal execution of their ideas. These efforts were successful,
and in 1792, there was established in Bermondsey, near
London, under the patronage of the Marquis of Bueking-
ham, the first charitable institution for the education of
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the Deaf-and-Dumb ever opened in’ English speaking
eountries. The school still exists as the Old Kent Road
Institution in London. Francis Green’s name does not
seem to have been publicly associated with it in any way.
His philanthropy, however, was of so broad and generous
a character, that he was satisfied with the fact of the
existence of the school, without claiming that personal
recognition which was his due. He evidently, however,
Was proud of this achievement: for nearly all the copies
of “Vox Oculis Subjecta” which exist in this country,
contain a note, in the handwriting of Francis Green,
facing the title-page, to the following effect :-—
“PLS. Since the publication of the following a public
charitable institution has been happily effected in England
under the patronage of the Duke of Buckingham, and
other benevolent characters.”
In 1793, we find him again in his Nova Scotia home,
and in December of that vear, he became First Joint
Treasurer (pro fempore) of the Province of Nova Scotia:
ad in January, 1794, he was appointed a Justice of the
Court of Pleas. In 1796, his lands and buildings at
Preston, Cole Harbor and Dartmouth were purchased in
order to make a settlement for six hundred Maroons, who
had arrived from Jamaica, and now he determined to
return to the land of his nativity and to the city of his
birth. In June, 1797, he settled in Medford, near Boston,
which remained his home until the day of his death. He
visited Europe again about the beginning of the present
century, and was grieved to find that De L’ Epée, the great
philanthropist, was almost forgotten, even in his own
country, France, although only a few vears had elapsed
since he passed away.
Francis Green at this time seems to have formed the
resolution of rescuing from oblivion the writings of
De L'Epée. He translated his latest work into English,
ad published it in London in 1801; and after his return
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to America he continued his labors of love, by translating
and publishing, through the columns of the err England
Palladium, in 1803, extracts from the earlier Writings of
De L’Epée, which had not been reproduced in the former
work. At the same time, under the pseudonym Philp.
cophos, he urged the establishment of a school for the
Deat in America.
During three vears, 1808, 1804 and 1805, he continued
his public appeals tor an American School tor the Deaf;
and in 1805 he offered to donate for this purpose the
profits of a book he had translated (Tasso’s Jerusalem
Delivered).
“But” he says “the philanthropy and charity of the
present wra seem to be elbowed off from the stage by the
predominant speculations of the banking mania, and the
universal /izs/ of lucre. Neither Compassion, Humanity
nor Taste are likely toavail. “Cresert nuimmi, quant,
pecunia crescit. The lust of Luecre keeps pace with
the increase of Pelf.' Tempora! O Mores!’ Oh the
Times! Oh the Manners Autobiography, 1806),
These seem to have been his last words upon the subject.
Ile died in Medtord, Massachusetts, on the 21st of April,
1809, without having accomplished the object he had so
much at heart.
In regard to his claims to recognition? IT may say that
Francis Green was the unknown translator of De L’Epée:
and the anonymous author of “Vox Oculis Subjecta: a
Dissertation on the most Curious and Important Art of
imparting Speech and the Knowledge of Language to the
naturally Deaf and (consequently) Dumb.” He was the
first to collate the literature of this art; the earliest Ameri-
can writer upon the subject ; the first to urge the education
ot the Deaf in this country ; the pioneer promoter of tree
Crescit amor nummi quantum ipsa pecunia crevit. Jurenal, Sat. xiv., 189.
This succinct statement of his claims to recognition was prepared conjointly
by Dr. Joseph C. Gordon and A, Graham Bell. See Association Review, Vol. IL,
p. 61,
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schools tor the Deat—both in England and America: the
first parent of a deat child to plead for the education of all
deaf children.
It may be interesting to know, in this connection, that a
tablet has been erected to his memory “ By the Parents of
Deaf Children in his native City,” in the porch of the
Horace Mann School for the Deaf, 178 Newbury Street,
Boston, Massachusetts.
‘For further details concerning Francis Green, his publications, and labors for
the Deaf, see The Association Review, an educational magazine published by the
American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf, edited by
Frank W. Booth, Mount Airy, Philadelphia Penn, Vol. IL, pp. 33-69; 119-126
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WILLIAM PAINE.
BY GEORGE E. FRANCIS.
I wave ventured to bring before you some notes of the
life of Dr. William Paine, because his share in the forma-
tion of this Society and his usefulness and prominence as
2a member and as a man seem to render it proper that we
should show, even at this late date, our appreciation of his
services and character.
William Paine was born in Worcester, Massachusetts,
June 5, 1750. His father, Timothy Paine, and his mother,
Sarah Chandler, were both descended trom tamilies whieh
had held prominent positions in the colonies for a hundred
vears. The family name is believed to be derived from
the Latin Paganus, a villager; many varieties of it are
known, perhaps the most curious being the form Pagan,
Which is a surname now in use,
William was the oldest of ten children, and his early
life was quietly passed in the then small town of Worcester,
scarcely anything having been chronicled of it except that
he was taught Latin by John Adams, afterwards President,
but then reading law in the office of the Hon. James
Putnam.
“Tle was graduated at Harvard College in the class of
1768, his name standing second in a class of more than
forty, when they were arranged in the catalogue according
to the dignity of families.” !
He then began the study of medicine with a very dis-
tinguished physician, Dr. Edward A. Holvoke of Salem.
There was then but one medical school in America, that in
' Paine Genealogy, p. 57.
304 April,
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Philadelphia, and there the course of instruction had been
but partial; the first full course of lectures was begun
there in this same vear, 1768. It is not surprising that
the opportunity of study and practice after the usual
custom, With the famous Dr. Holyoke not further away
from Worcester than Salem, was preferred to the almost
untried experiment at the then very distant city of
Philadelphia. One very fortunate result, at least, may be
noted, that in Salem he made the acquaintance of the lady
whom he married a few years later.
In 1771, after about three vears of study, he returned
! to Worcester, with every prospect of becoming a leader
; in the medical profession.
January 18, 1773, he entered into a business partnership
which seems to me quite unique, and well worthy of vour
notice. The Indenture, which is now in the possession of
one of his descendants, is “ between Levi Shephard apothe-
| eary & Eben! Hunt, Physician, both of Northampton,
on the one part, and William Paine, Physician, of
Worcester, to continue as Traders in the Art, Mystery
& Business [of] an apothecary, and of the Practice of
Physick.” Each party put in two hundred pounds value.
Shephard and Hunt were to practise as apothecaries, and
aine to“ practise Physick afores! whenever he shall have
oppor! without any expence to said Shephard & Hunt,
except one half of the expense of a Horse and Horse-
keeping, and one half of v® Med® the said William may
use in his said Practice, which is hereby agreed shall be
taken out of the Shop by said D£ William at any time.”
Profits and losses were to be divided equally, and the
partnership was to terminate about ten vears later, on July
7,1783. In the Massachusetts Spy ot the latter part of
July, 1783, appeared an advertisement announcing that
this partnership had ended.
It seems highly probable that this business venture
brought very little profit to Dr, Paine, on account of the
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revolutionary struggle which began in the tollowing year;
and on the Sth of February, 1779, the agent of the estate
of Dr. William Paine, late of Worcester, was directed by
resolve of the Provincial Congress to put Levi Shephard "a
possession of one-half of a shop in Worcester, the property
of said Paine. This act may have been a confiscation, or
possibly the result of a lawsuit or of a friendly arrange-
ment. Whatever this may have meant the partnership
Was considered to be in torce till four vears later.
September 23d, 1773, Dr. Paine was married to ™ Miss
Lois Orne, daughter of Mr. Timothy Orne, deceased, a
voung Lady with a fortune of 3000 pounds sterling.” So
announced the Massachusetts Spy ot September 30, declar-
ing further that the wedding was at Salem. The announce-
ment in the Esser Gazette of September 28 states no
locality, and it is highly probable, if not quite certain,
judging from the marriage certificate, now in the posses-
sion of the family, that the ceremony took place at Hamp-
ton Falls. Six children were born from this union, the
youngest being Frederick William Paine, for many years
an active and honored member of this Society ; and his
son, Rev. George Sturgis Paine, continues the family
custom of useful membership.
William Lincoln, in his History of Worcester, stated
that “for the purpose of facilitating the negotiations of
this business (the pharmacy,) abroad, and ot perfecting
his medical education, Dr. Paine visited Europe, long
previous to the breaking out of hostilities.” It is diffieult
to verify statements or fix dates relating to this period ot
Dr. Paine’s life, but it is quite likely that the family tradi-
tion correctly attributes to Hon. James Putnam and Dr,
xine the joint authorship of the famous ” Protest” signed
hy fiftv-two loyalists of Worcester; and we know that ata
Town Meeting held in Worcester August 24, 1774, it was
“Voted: that as it is highly needful that those of the signers
who have not made satisfaction as aforesaid, should be
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known in future, it is therefore necessary that their names
should be inserted as follows, viz. :
James Putnam. Isaac Moore. Joshua Johnson.
William Paine. John Walker.”
A week later, August 31, 1774, the Convention of the
Committees of Correspondence for the County of Worces-
ter, “in County Congress assembled,” “at the house of
Mrs. Mary Sterns in Worcester,” ~ Voted to postpone the
consideration of the petition of Dr. William Paine,
respecting the establishment of a hospital for the small
pox, to the adjournment of this meeting.” No further
action appears to have been taken concerning the petition.
Smallpox was then quite prevalent in the State, and
this was not Dr. Paine’s first attempt to diminish its
ravages: the record ot a Town Meeting in Worcester,
March 7, 1774, informs us that “on the Eleventh Artikle
the Question was put whither the Town would allow Doct.
William Paine to Erect a Hospital for Inoculation in Said
Town, and it Passed in the Negative.”
Not long after September 1, 1774, Dr. Paine sailed for
England, and it is probable that the following winter was
passed in the study of medicine. The first number of the
Massachusetts Spy which was issued in Worcester bears the
date of May 3, 1775 and the copy in our Library has upon
it the certificate of Isaiah Thomas that it is the first thing
printed in Worcester. It contains this brief item: ” Messrs.
Chandler and Paine ot this town are arrived at Salem trom
London.” It will be remembered that the fight at Lexing-
ton had occurred but a tew weeks before: and while there
Was apparently no legal impediment to his return to
Worcester, it was doubtless a very prudent decision of Dr.
Paine not to make the attempt. His feeling of personal
lovalty to the English government was too strong to allow
him even to appear to vield to the revolutionary spirit
then entirely dominating his native town, and he wisely
and soou returned to England,
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His study of medicine there must have been pursued
with unusual zeal and success, for in November, 1775,
he received from Marischal College, Aberdeen, the degree
of M.D. This was certainly an extraordinary recompense
for not more than nine months of attendance, considering
the high attainments usually demanded for this degree,
which is much above the diplomas obtained by the great
majority of English and Scotch practitioners. But the
handsomely engrossed parchment is now in our Library,
hearing the signatures of the officers, and plainly showing
where the seal was once attached.
Soon atter obtaining this distinction, he received an atp-
pointment as ” Apothecary to the English torces in America,
and served in Rhode Island and New York till [January]
1781, when he returned to England in company with his
patient, Lord Winchelsea.” Lincoln's History states that
he sailed with Lord Winchelsea and family for England,
but the vessel being driven out of its course, they landed
at Lisbon. It seems certain that Dr. Paine passed several
months on the continent as physician attending this noble
family. While in England, in 1782, he is said to have
heen made Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians
of London.
October 25, 1782, he was commissioned ~ Physician to
Majesty's Hospitals within the district of North America
commanded by Sir Guy Carleton,” and he reported for duty
at Halifax, N.S. A letter addressed to him there, dated
New York, 26th October, 1782, is found among the Paine
papers deposited in our Library by our associate, Rev,
Gicorge S. Paine. This is from Dr. J. Mervin Nooth,
Supt. General, and begins: “Sir, I have herewith sent
vou the Instructions which are usually given to Hospital
officers on detach¢ Service, Ete.” This plainly marks the
heginning of Dr. Paine’s employment in this capacity. It
is evident that at first he was not pleasantly received by
' Paine Geneal,, 58, * Lhid,
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the General Commanding in Halifax. He carefully pre-
served copies of his letters to Dr. Nooth at this period,
and certain of them reveal a capacity for honest indigna-
tion under unjust treatment: “General Paterson was not
surprised at the Instructions I had the honor to
me if it was necessary. There is no reasoning
I made my bow and retired. * * *
has been very unpleasant, and it has required my
exertions to prevent offending. * * *
serious explanation concerning my Situation with
what passed between us on this occasion, for
I should have been immediately put in Orders.
ridiculous !”
care of sick and wounded soldiers. About the
his rank. Letters which have been preserved show
in the purchasing of stores and, to a lesser degree,
that during this vear at Halifax he had won the 1
Governor of the Province, who wrote trom Halifax, May
pleased at my being sent here, and affected to be much
receive
from vou. He added they precluded him from Employing
with a
great man, Who is determined to misconstrue everything.
My situation here
utmost
I shall patiently
wait for vour final orders; whatever you direct shall be
attentively executed.” Again: “I this day came to a very
M. G.
Paterson, in consequence of which he directed me to be
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put in orders. It is impossible for me to recapitulate
I very
candidly confess to you | was in such a Passion as made
me forget the Respect which was due to him as my com-
manding officer. But the most Extra’ part of this business
was that he told me that if IT had shown him my Commis-
sion When I first came here instead of Mr. Nooth’s Papers,
How
Presently matters ran more smoothly, and for about a
year Dr. Paine was active in the management of hospitals,
in the
end ot
October, 1785, these duties ceased, owing to the with-
drawal of troops, and he was placed on half-pay, retaining
clearly
‘espect,
friendship and confidence not only of his immediate
medical superior, Dr. Nooth, but also of Lord Wentworth,
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IS, 1786, “ Mrs W. is somewhat better than when I wrote
vou last, but expects from your advice only to establish
any health.”
“In the summer of 1784 Dr. Paine took possession of
La Tete, an island in Passamaquoddy Bay, granted him by
the English government for his services in the war.”! He
remained there less than a vear and then made his. resi-
dence in St. John, N. B., where he took up the practice of
his profession. He appears to have been hopeful of
managing his island profitably, and to have found the
climate, efc., agreeable ; but the chief cause of the removal
Was the protest of his wite that the children could not
receive a proper education in that isolated spot. At the
time of leaving the island there were three children living,
aved eleven, six, and two respectively.
There is abundant evidence of the high estimate placed
on his character and ability in the numerous offices which
he held during his residence in New Brunswick. “ He was
elected member of the Assembly of New Brunswick from
the county of Charlotte, and was appointed Clerk of the
ITouse.” “” He was commissioned as a justice for the county
of Sunbury.”? In October, 1785, he was commissioned
by Sir John Wentworth as Principal Deputy Surveyor
of Woods in the Province of New Brunswick, with the
special duty of registering “such white pine trees as may
he now or hereafter fit for the use of the Roval Navy.”
July 29, 1786, he wrote to a friend, Mr. John Brown:
“IT do a great deal of Business in my Profession but I get
very little tor it. The truth is we are all very poor, and
the most industrious and economical gets only a bare sub-
sistence. However it will soon be better as the Province
is daily filling with stock of all kinds.”
Early in 1787 Dr. Paine made application for leave to
visit and reside in New England while remaining on half-
pay, and a permit to that effect was issued by the War
' Paine Geneal., p, 77, *
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Office, Mav 5, 1787, and August 2 following, a similar order
was signed in Fredericton, N. B., by Tho® Carleton. In
the Paine Genealogy (p. 77), the statement is made that he
returned to New England because the act of banishment
had been repealed, but, so far as I can gather, that act was
in force for many vears later; probably it was understood
that it would not be enforced.
In Salem he devoted himself to the practice of medicine,
and no doubt he was received with special favor in the
town where he had been well known as student and,
consequently, companion and assistant to the justly famous
Dr. Holyoke, and where his wife had spent her early life.
He did not neglect other means of adding to his income.
Lincoln, in his History of Worcester, speaks of him as
“having good professional business and occasionally
writing marine policies” in Salem; while his letters to his
brother Nathaniel show that he was interested rather deeply
in business connected with sugar, perhaps a refinery.
July 17, 1793, his father, Timothy Paine, died, and he
soon removed to Worcester, and for the remaining forty
years of his life he resided in the paternal mansion on
Lincoln street, which is now owned, though not occupied,
by his grandson, Rev. George S. Paine. His father’s
property was large, and by will was equitably divided
among the heirs, each of the children inheriting a share of
the farm, which with the homestead covered 1230 acres.
In September, 1793, he bought the shares of his brothers
and sisters tor the sum of 2000 pounds sterling, but the
deeds were given to Nathaniel Paine in trust for William.
The vear 1812 was a critical one, bringing a most im-
portant question for Dr. Paine’s decision, for war arose
§ between Great Britain and the United States, and he was
still a halt-pay officer in His Majesty’s service. Tradition
tells us that he was notified to report for active service, and
that he determined to take his stand with the country in
which he was born and was now living, and that therefore
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he resigned from the British service. This is no doubt
correct, though no documents have been found here to
establish it directly ; but in June, 1812, he certainly peti-
tioned the Legislature “for its consent to his being
naturalized as a Citizen of the United States,” and it was
resolved * * * “that whenever the said William
Paine shall bring himself within the provisions of the
several statutes of the United States, which establish
uniform rule of naturalization, and shall make due applica-
tion to any Court of Record to be admitted a citizen of the
sume, the Legislature of this Commonwealth doth hereby
consent thereto.” This may have ended Dr. Paine’s
action in this laudable direction. I have not been able to
find any court record or any other evidence of his becom-
ing a citizen, except that on May 11, 180%, Nathaniel
Paine transferred to William the real estate which he had
been holding in trust since 1793; and ata later date deeds
were given by William in his own name. Nathaniel Paine
was an eminent lawyer, judge of probate for many years,
and it is impossible to believe that he would have assisted
or allowed his brother to take any doubttul action regard-
ing the tenure of land; but all the records appear to show
that at this time, and even later, William Paine was a
proscribed alien, by the unrepealed law of 1784 as well as
other statutes.
It was in 1812 that the American Antiquarian Society
was founded, and William Paine was one of the petitioners
for its incorporation. The sequel is best told in the words
of the manuscript record of the first meeting, and T tran-
scribe the record in tull because, for some unknown reason,
it has never appeared in print, and is scarcely alluded to
in the “Account” by Isaiah Thomas, which is the first
publication of the Society. Because of the omission of
the report of the first meeting an error has naturally crept
into the various accounts of Dr. Paine’s original relation
to this Society.
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1900. | Paine. 103
Ata meeting of the American Antiquarian Society at the Exchange
Coffee House in Boston, on Thursday, Nov. 19th [1812], convened
agreeably to the Act of Incorporation.
Present :
Isaiah Thomas, Esq’ Rev. T. M. Harris,
Rev. J. T. Kirkland, D.D. Benj" Russell, Esq.
Edward Bangs, Esq’ Mr. E. T. Andrews,
Rev. Aaron Bancroft, D.D. Doct. Redford Webster,
Prof. W™ D. Peck, Isaiah Thomas, Jr.
Isaiah Thomas was appointed Chairman of the meeting and Rev. Mr.
Harris Secretary.
Votes were brought in for a President of the Society and Isaiah
Thomas, Esq. was chosen. Prof. W™ D. Peck was chosen Vice Presi-
dent, the Rev. T. M. Harris corresponding Secretary, and Sam! M.
Burnside, Esq., recording Secy .
Voted, that the President, Judge Bangs, Dr. Bancroft, Timothy
Bigelow, Esq. and Professor Peck be a Committee to draw up regula-
tions and bye laws for the Society and be requested to report them the
next meeting.
Voted, that the President, Vice President, Corresponding Secretary
and Recording Secretary be Counsillors till the report of the Committee.
Voted, that whereas the name of Doct. W™ Paine of Worcester,
who was one of the petitioners for the incorporation of this Society,
has been, by some accident, omitted in forming the bill, that he be now
regularly admitted a member.
The Society then Voted that a nomination should be made of persons
to be admitted as members under the regulations to be reported by the
Committee, and the following were named, viz—
Col. George Gibbs of Boston, nominated by Maj. Russell
Hon. Oliver Fiske of Worcester, ee ** Rev. Mr. Harris
Rev. Joseph McKean of Cambridge )
Dr. John Green of Worcester I. Thomas, Esq.
Rev. W™ Bentley of Salem as ‘Judge Bangs
Hon. Judge Davis of Boston se oe Dr. Kirkland
Rev. W™ Jenks of Bath Major Russell
Rev. Dr. Holmes of Cambridge as ss Professor Peck
Rev. Dr. Morse of Charlestown “ 6 Mr. Andrews.
Then Voted to adjourn this meeting to the first Wednesday in
February next, to meet at the Exchange Coffee House in Boston at 3
o'clock, P. M.
Attest, THADDEUS M. HARRIS, Secretary.
A true copy of the proceedings of the first meeting as made by the
Secy, the Rev Mr. Harris.
Attest, S. M. BURNSIDE,
Rec. Secy.
It is quite possible that Dr. Paine’s name was omitted
trom the act of incorporation because of the recent calling
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of the attention of the Legislature to the fact that he was
not an American citizen.
In October, 1815, the regulations and by-laws came
into effect, and two Vice-Presidents were eclected—Prof,
Peck and Dr. Paine.
At the anniversary meeting in 1815 Dr. Paine made a
formal address, which was published by the Society. One
brief extract has a particular interest in this connection:
Less necessary is it to place betore vou the many signal
favors, from the hand of Providence, during the revolu-
tionary war with Great Britain. BatHed and discouraged
in her scheme of subjugation, she proffered and we
accepted, the rich blessings of peace on the basis of
national independence. You will remember, or your
fathers have told you of the names, the trials, and the
sufferings of those days, and the joys, the congratulations,
and the devout gratitude, with which peace was received.”
Dr. Paine’s name stands at the head of the first com-
mittee on ways and means for erecting an edifice for
deposits ; it appears also in the committee on publishing
in 181%, and in the first printed list of donors of books to
the Society. Many of the books torming his professional
library were given to this Society after his death, and are
now in the same alcove with books which had belonged to
Isaiah Thomas, and others. They are of considerable
value, being good copies of the best medical works of
that period,
He was made member of many societies besides those
already named. As early as 1790 he was elected an honor-
ary member of the Massachusetts Medical Society, and,
considering the cirewnstances, this may be accepted as
proof of his high position as a medical practitioner. He
was also member of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, of the Linnean Society of Boston, and of the
Essex Historical Society ; and, according to the account in
the Paine Genealogy, he was a Fellow of the Royal
Society of Northern Antiquaries of Copenhagen.
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1900. | William Paine. 105
Except the address to this Society in 1815, 1 have found
no printed evidence of his literary power: but the mass
of his correspondence which has been piously preserved,
reveals a ready and skilful command of language. His
own copy of a letter to a medical triend in New Bruns-
wick, contains a most graphic account of an epidemic ot
influenza in Salem in 1789. It is well worth publication
as a part of medical history, and it incidentally reveals
his powers ot accurate observation and clear description.
[See appendix. |
His church affiliation was, by foree of circumstances,
rather varied. He was originally trained in the Calvinistic
creed of the original parish in his native town: when in
the English army he attended the services of the Episcopal
or English Church, and later he was warden of Trinity
Church, St. John, N. B.; in Salem, also, he attended the
Episcopal Church ; but when he finally took up his residence
in Worcester, he joined the Second Parish (then Armin-
ian, now Unitarian), of which Dr. Aaron Bancroft was
the first minister.
Of his later life in Worcester there is but little to be
chronicled. He occupied the old) paternal mansion on
Lincoln street in a quiet, very dignified and almost luxuri-
ous manner, as befitted an honored country gentleman.
There are still a few persons living who can recall his later
years, When he used to start out every morning between
nine and ten o'clock in his well-known chaise to make a
round of calls. It is believed that most of these were
purely friendly visits among the relatives and connections
who then made up the greater part of the well-to-do
inhabitants of the town, and that only rarely was any
account presented. One who well remembers him states
that he was of medium height and of slight figure; his
white hair was brushed back from his head, made into a
cue and bound with black ribbon, with a bow at the end,
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Even at the age ot eighty his compiexion remained clear
and delicate. At this time he was a widower, living with
his married son, Frederick William, and having no house-
hold responsibilities.
His death occurred on March 19, 1833, at the ripe ave
of 83. It is probably owing simply to the different eus-
toms prevailing seventy vears ago that no eulogy or
funeral sermon has been found, nothing bevond the bare
death notice in the newspaper. It does not seem to he
recorded that this Society, which was indebted to him in
so many ways, took any action to express its sense of the
loss of his companionship and aid.
Four likenesses of him are preserved in the family :
one representing him as a young man in the court dress
ot a medical officer, as he was presented to King George
IIT. and Queen Charlotte, no doubt in 1782: a miniature,
painted at a later date; a full-size portrait, painted by
Harding, in his later life; and a silhouette likeness cut in
paper,
We cannot study the records of this long, active and
eventful lite without being convinced that William Paine
Was aman of high character and deep and strong convie-
tions; of keen intellect, well stored with the fruits of
habitual observation, reflection and study: that he was
unusually well qualified as a physician, inspiring the
confidence, respect and affection of his patients; but, |
think, we must also be struck by his aptitude tor business
affairs. From the beginning of his practice, when he
started the first pharmacy in Worcester County, through
his period of active service in the English army, during
his life in the Provinces, and later, in Salem and in
Worcester, we find him always active and prominent in
business affairs; and though he was, perhaps, of rather
sanguine temperament, he was usually successful in these
enterprises.
Strongly conservative and aristocratic by nature, it was
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natural that he should take the side of established authority
during the strife of the Revolution, and that he should not
have allowed hardship or exile to change his views. When
peace Was definitely established it was equally natural and
quite proper that he should prefer to live among his
kindred. And when, in 1812, he was forced to make
choice between the English government, whose pay he had
heen receiving for twenty-five vears, and the Republic
which had sheltered him among his kindred and_ friends
for the same quarter of a century, the fact that he took
his stand with his home simply shows that his original
convictions had not hardened into obstinacy, and that
reason and good sense were still, as ever, the guides that
he preferred to trust.
APPENDIX.
Copy of letter trom Dr. William Paine to a “ medical
friend in N. B.”—
Salem, January the 8'', 1790.
Dear Sir,
* * * [shall attempt to give you aconcise History of the In-
fluenza as it appeared at Salem in the Mv of Nov’ and December, and
prevailed more generally than | ever knew any epidemic. The Autumn
was very wet, and the Weather very changeable, and I do not recollect
a Season in America so rainy as the last. The Weather in general was
unusually warm. * * *
This Disease made its first appearance at Salem on the 29'' of Octo-
ber, and by the 15'' of Nov’ became very General. At this Time Cough
became very frequent attended with Catarrhal Symptoms, and so many
were seized with it that it obtained with us the Name of the Washington
Cold, as the President at that time made his tour through the several
Northern States, and the People were supposed to have caught cold by
being much exposed either in walking in Procession, or by being Spec-
tators of them as the weather was cold and rainy. Like contagion it
seemed to spread amongst all ranks and conditions and spared neither
age nor sex, yet it was observed that children were less liable to be
affected with this Epidemic than adults. It was computed that two
thirds of the Inhabitants of Salem were affected nearly together. The
Universality of this Epidemic was beyond Example, yet the Bills of
Mortality were not increased. Its violence lasted about five weeks.
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The attack with us was in general very sudden, and attended with the
Symptoms that usually precede Fever, such as Shivering, heat, Pain jn
the Back and Limbs, stitches in the Muscles serving to respiration:
and attended with a discharge from the Eyes and Nose of acrid Lymph,
and in some Instances it appeared to corrode the Part it flowed over;
sneezing, hoarseness and a severe Cough which threw up great quanti-
ties of Mucus. The Taste and Smell were much impaired. Few were
free from Fever, yet I seldom heard a Patient complain of Thirst, but
I saw many attended with some Symptoms similar to what we meet
with in the Nervous of [or?] Slow Fever, such as great anxiety,
amazing dejection of Spirits, Pain and Giddiness in the Head, a loath-
ing of Food and a white Tongue, lassitude and restlessness, much more
than could be conceived of from the Degree of the other Symptoms.
Headache and a sense of stricture in the Forehead were frequent, but |
saw but two Patients that complained of a soreness about the Cheek
Bones under the Muscles, which was particularly noticed by Sir George
Baker when this Epidemic prevailed in England 1783. Many complained
of a sore throat, but altho’ I inspected several Patients with this Com-
plaint I only saw two that had any ulceration.
It was rare to see two Patients with Symptoms exactly similar. The
Skin was in general dry in those Persons that were immediately under
my care. Several were seized with vomitings and almost all were
costive from the beginning of the Complaint. In some Instances the
Patient was seized with a spontaneous purging. This was my own
case. I was waked in the Night with severe Pains in my Bowels, and
in the space of six Hours had as many as eight stools. The discharge
was extremely hot and as yellow as an Orange, attended with a violent
Tenesmus. I drank a wineglass of the spirituous Tincture of Rhubarb,
and at Night took an anodyne draught that perfectly relieved me; and
next day I had nothing to combat with but extreme Weakness. I now
supposed that I should not again be visited by this Epidemic; but I
was disappointed for six days afterwards I had severe Rigors, violent
ain in my Head, Breast and back, my eyes were sore and my pulse
beat 120 in a Minute, but were by no means full or tense. My skin was
very dry attended with a tickling cough and I expectorated with
difficulty. My debility was so great that I felt as if I had been ill fora
Month with some severe indisposition. The violence of these Symp-
toms abated in a few Days by keeping within Doors very warm, using
Squill Pills and Ipecac with mild Opiates at Night, diluting freely and
abstaining entirely from animal Food, but it was nearly six Weeks
before I recovered my usual Strength.
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1900. ] Some Facts about John and Sebastian Cahot. 409
SOME FACTS ABOUT JOHN AND SEBASTIAN CABOT.
BY GEORGE PARKER WINSHIP.
A crew of English sailors, in the midsummer of the year
1497, brought their little craft up the Severn and alongside
one of the old Bristol wharves. In reply to the greetings
of those who welcomed them home, they announced that
they had sailed through shoals of countless fish to a land on
the further side of the North Atlantie.'| Ten months later
their commander, the Italian merchant adventurer John
Cabot, sailed away again from these same Bristol wharves,
in charge of five ships carrying men and goods suitable for
the exploration and settlement of the western lands he had
visited a year before. Three or four vears after this,
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in 1502, an expedition was fitted out by some Bristol
merchants and sent to the new world, Almost nothing is
known about this adventure,—as to why it was projected,
its intended destination, or what came of it; but it is a
reasonable surmise that the expedition was sent to search
for some traces of the fleet which John Cabot had led
'Al ditto messer Zoanne.... li compagni chi sono quasi tutti inglesi, et da
Bristo.... et affermanno che quello mare coperto de pessi li quali se prendenno
non solo cum la rete, ma cum le ciste, essendoli alligato uno saxo ad cid che la
cista se impozi in laqua, et questo io Iho oldito narrare al dicto messer Zoanne.
Et ditti Inglesi suoi compagni dicono che portaranno tanti pessi che questo regno
non havera pili bisogno de Islanda, del quale paese vene una grandissima mercantia
de pessi che si chiamanno stochfissi, From the second dispatch regarding Cabot
sent by Raimondo di Soncino to the Duke of Milan, dated from London, 18 Decem-
ber, 1497, as printed in HARRISSE, /. ef S. Cabot, pp. 324,325. It has frequently
been translated into English, and may be found in most modern books about the
Cabots. There is repeated evidence of the impression made upon the earliest
English visitors by the vast shoals of fish which frequented the western Atlantic
from Cape Cod to Labrador, See note post, p.425. The descriptions in Peter Martyr,
Ramusio, and even in the legends to the Cabot 144 map, were probably derived
from the experiences of voyages subsequent to this one of 1497,
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westward in 1498, and from which no news had then, nor
has since, been received. !
Eighty vears later, in 1580-84, Dr. John Dee and
Richard Hakluyt undertook to stir up the English people,
' The statement in the contemporary Cronicon regu Auglic, that the fleet of
1498 “departed from the West Cuntrey in the begynnyng of Somer, but to this
present moneth came nevir knowlege of their exployt,” is as true now as when it
was first written. Information in regard to the voyage of 1502 or 1503 consists at
present of little besides the charters which authorized the undertaking. Letters
patent were granted by Henry VII., dated 19 March, 1501-2, to three Bristol mer-
chants—Ward, Ashehurst and Thomas—and three Portuguese from the Azores,
authorizing them in the usual terms to venture whithersoever they pleased:
plenam ac liberam auctoritatem, facultatem et potestatem committimus nayi-
gandi et se transferendi ad omnes partes, regiones et fines Maris Orientalis, Occi
dentalis, Australis, Borealis et Septentrionalis.... ad inveniendum, recuperandum,
discoperiendum et investigandum Insulas, patrias, Regiones sive provincias quas-
cunque Gentilium et Infidelium in quacunque Mundi parte positas que Christianis
omnibus ante hee tempora fuerunt et in presenti sunt incognita. In the similar
grant to John Cabot and his three sons, dated 5 March, 1495-6, they are given
authority: navigandiad omnes partes, regiones et sinus maris Orientalis, occi-
dentalis et Septentrionalis....etc. Frequent attention has been called to the
probably significant omission in the charter of 1496 of permission to explore
towards the south, the region in which Spain had already found the way to her
new world empire. See the text, carefully transliterated from the original manu-
script, in WEARE, Cabot’s Discovery, pp. 96-97. In the draft of the charter of
1501-2 occurs the curious passage, the meaning of which has been often discussed,
securing to the Anglo-Portuguese syndicate possession in whatever they might
discover: ** Et quod nullus... eos eorum aliquem de et super possessione et titulo
suis.... aliqualiter contra voluntatem suam expellat quovis modo seu aliquis extra-
neus aut aliqui extranei virtute aut colore alicujus concessionis nostra sibi Magno
Sigillo Nostro per antea See BippLe, Memoir of Sebastian Cabot, p.
where this charter was first printed. It is a reasonable supposition that the
strangers referred to, who had previously received grants, were the Cabot family.
The evidence that a voyage was made in accordance with this patent of 1m
consists of an entry, under date 1502, in FABYAN’S Chronicle, as quoted by Stow,
Chronicle, 1580 edition, p. 875: * Thys yeare were brought vnto the Kyng three men
taken in the new founde Ilands, by Sebastian Gabato, before named in Anno 1468
misprinted for 1498], these men were clothed in Beastes skinnes, and eate raw Flesh,
but spake such a language as no man could vnderstand them ”’.... This evidence
is apparently confirmed by the fact that, on 9 December, 1502, a second charter was
issued to the same persons, with the addition of another Bristol merchant, Hugh
Elliott. The venturers returned about the middle of September, for Fernandez
and Gonsalvez received pensions from the English crown by a grant dated 2%
September, 1502. The entries in the Privy Purse expenses record payments on
“4 September, 1502, to the merchants of Bristol that have been in the New-
found-land, £20"; and on 7 January, 1502-3, * to men of Bristol that found the Isle,
£5."" There is also a warrant, dated 6 December, 1503, for the payment of the
pension of £10 yearly to each granted in September, 1502, to Fernandez and Gon
salvez, or Guidisalvus as his name was now spelt, “in consideration of the true
service they have done to us to our singular pleasure as captains unto the New
Found Land.” See BrAZLEY, Cabot, pp. 118-122. Mr. Beazley overlooks the
obvious possibility that the young Sebastian Cabot may very likely have accom-
panied Fernandez or Gonsalvez, in some minor station. There is nothing improba
ble in the statement of Fabyan that Sebastian was selected to present the American
natives to the King,
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1900.) Some Facts about John and Sebastian Cabot. 411
and especially England’s Virgin Queen, to take an interest
and a share in the exploitation of America. As the basis
of all their arguments, after the obvious opportunities for
a profitable adventure, they set forth the fact that the
northern portions of the continent belonged to England by
right, because they had heen discovered by John Cabot.!
Three hundred years after this, in 1889, one of the
Justices on the bench of the Superior Court of the City
of New York ordered the Manhattan Elevated Railroad
Company to pay heavy damages for the depreciation in
the value of property along its lines on the Bowery,
because John Cabot brought the English civil law to this
part of the world before the arrival of Henry Hudson, in
the hold of whose vessel lurked the Dutch Roman Law.”
' Dr, Dee’s map, which was prepared, apparently, for the eye of the queen, is in
the British Museum, The only reproduction of which Lam aware is a photographic
copy, the size of the original, made for Mr. Fred W. Lucas of London, and very
generously placed by him at my disposal. On the back of the map is written: “A
brief Remembrance of sundry forein Regions, Discovered, inhabited, and partly
Conquered by the Subiects of this Brytish Monarchie.”” Two of the reasons justi-
fying the British claim are: “2. Cirea an, 1444. M: Robert Thorn his father, and
Mr Eliot of Bristow discovered Newfownd Land 4. Cirea an, 1497, Sebastian
Caboto, sent by King Henry the seventh did Discover the Newfownd Land, so far
along and abowt the Coasts next to Laborador tyll he came to the Latitude of G74.
And styll fownd the Seas open before him.” A short time before writing this, on
#8 November, 1577, according to his Diary, which was printed by the Camden
Society in 1842, Dr. Dee “Spake with the Quene hora quinta.... declared to the
(Quene her title to Greenland, Estotiland, and Friseland.”
Hakluyt’s particuler discourse concerning.... Westerne discoueries"’ was
written in 1584, “at the requeste and direction of the righte worshipfull
Mr Walter Raghly now Knight.” It was not printed until 1877, when Dr. Leonard
Woods and Charles Deane edited it for the Maine Historical Society. In the third
chapter, p. 19, Hakluyt wrote that * the contries therefore of America where unto
we have just title, as beinge firste discovered by Sebastian Gabote, at the coste of
that prudent prince Kinge Henry the Seaventh."’ Mr. Deane also notes, on p. 1,
that * in Chapter XVIII of this Discourse, Hakluyt examines the title of England
to this territory, and, as will be seen, relies principally on the discovery by the
Cabots.” The chapter in question contains an extract from Ramusio, which refers
to Cabot’s discovery of the Northwest passage. Another instance is referred to
in the following note.
* The decision of Justice C. H. Truax in the case of Mortimer ef a/. +. New York
Elevated Railroad Company ef a/., which was recalled to my notice by Dr. kK. C.
Babeock of the University of California, is in the Reports of Cases in the Superior
Court of the City of New York.—New York, 1890, lvi. (Jones and Spencer, XX.
29-271. It appears that the counsel for the Elevated companies had been in the
habit of pleading, in suits for damages brought by owners of property along the
lines of the Elevated structure, that prior to 1664 the land of the Bowery street
was owned absolutely in fee by the Dutch government of Manhattan island, It
would seem as if the court made up its mind to produce a decision which should
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In the summer of 1497, when John Cabot came back
from his successful westward voyage, there were several
Italian and Spanish gentlemen, diplomatic agents and
active, intelligent merchants, residing in England. These
gentlemen heard the news of the town, and they promptly
despatched to their masters, patrons and brethren, letters
containing long accounts of the stories which were cireu-
lating in regard to the new discovery, and of their efforts
to learn the truth in regard thereto. These letters were
filed away in due course in the public and private archives
at Seville, Venice and Milan, where they awaited the
curious researches of modern historical investigators,!
John Cabot disappeared from sight in 1498, but he left
behind him a son, Sebastian, who talked freely, and per-
haps not always discreetly, about his own and _ his father’s
exploits. The men who knew Sebastian personally—
put an end to this very bothersome argument. Judge Truax stated that “ the
English always claimed this portion of North America by right of prior discovery
of this country by John and Sebastian Cabot.... The English claimed, and began
to claim shortly after this time, that the Cabots had visited the whole coast from
Florida up to Labrador”; the cited authority being Edward Hayes’ account of
Gilbert’s voyage, written in 1583 and copied from Hakluyt in Payne; Elizabethan
Seamen,. * In 1498 Sebastian Cabot sailed westward until he came to what is now
Newfoundland, From there he proceeded to the mainland, made several landings,
dealt with the natives, and followed the coast southward, probably as far as Chesa-
peake Bay.” Bancroft, Valentine’s History of New York, and Harris's, Voyages,
1705. Supplementary authorities cited are Lossing’s Kucyclopedia, Roberts in
the American Commonwealth Series, Fernow in the Narrative and Critical History,
Mr. Gerard in his Tiles to Real Estate, and the Supreme Court of the United States
in Martin «. Waddell, 16 Peters, 408.
' It is most unlikely that the few letters which have been brought to light during
the last fifty years are all that were written about the Cabot discovery in the
autumn of 1497, Of the letters now known, that of Lorenzo Pasqualigo to his
brothers in Venice, dated in London, 25 August, 1497, was first printed, in Italian,
in 1837, and in English in 1856; the dispatch of Raimondo di Soncine to the Duke
of Milan, dated 24 August, 1497, was first printed in English in 1864, and in Italian,
said to be translated from the earlier English version, in 1880; another dispatch
from Soncino to Milan, dated i8 December, 1497, was printed in Italian in 1866, and
translated into English by Professor Nash, for Winsor’s, Narrative and Critical
History, in 1884; a report by Pedro de Ayala to the Spanish government, dated 25
July, 1498, together with the covering dispatch by Ayala’s superior, Ruy Gonzales
de Puebla, was first deciphered and turned into English in 1862, and a Spanish text,
presumably worked out from the original cipher dispatch, was printed in 1882;
there is record of an earlier dispatch from Gonzales de Puebla to Ferdinand and
Isabella, dated 21 January, 1496, in which he mentioned Cabot, but this document
has not yet been found,
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Peter Martvr ot Angleria, Francisco Gomara, Giovanni
Ramusio and Richard Eden—recorded in their published
conversations with him. Some of these conversations, we
have reason to suspect, were held over the nuts and raisins
of a good dinner: others took place, we know, in the
course Of social chat at a house party in Northern Italy :
still others we may faney on the comfortable benches of
some cheery Spanish tap-room.' A certain amount of
' Raimondo di Soncino’s delightful account, at the end of his December, 1497,
letter, recounting what he had found out about John Cabot’s plans, is printed in
most books about Cabot. He tells of the ten and twelve course dinners, keeping
him at table three hours at a stretch, which he was obliged to endure in order to
find out what his master wished to know. The tantalizing “‘ conversation with an
anonymous guest at the house of Hieronimo Fracastor”’ at Caphi near Verona, is
in the first volume of Ramusio’s Collection of Voyages, Il. 414 D-415 A. It has
been discussed more elaborately, and with less appreciation of the actual value of
the information afforded, than any other single piece of Cabotian literature. As I
have said in my Cabot Bibliography, p. 85; the style in which this conversation is
recorded, the apparently direct personal intercourse between the several communi-
cants of the information, the use of the rhetorical present tense which seems to
give the exact words used by Cabot, the evident respectability and authority of the
unnamed gentleman, and even the ostentatious disavowal of any pretensions to
exact recollection—all these tend to obscure the absolute unreliability of the
entire passage. The length of time that had elapsed, the absence of anything that
might have fixed the specitic details clearly in the memory, the very eminence of
individuals which has so often been held to relieve them from the necessity of
detailed exactness, the essential levity of the occasion when Ramusio received the
jnformation, all these considerations need to be kept clearly in mind, together with
the most important fact of all, that Cabot, the Mantuan gentleman, and Ramusio,
were each, on every occasion when the information was transmitted, chiefly
interested’ in something—the best way to reach the Spice Lands from Europe
which had only the slightest connection with the details about Sebastian’s birth-
place, his share in the voyage of 1497, and the other Cabotian questions over which
modern historical controversies have raged.
Another glimpse of social life, on the outskirts of the Spanish Court, is afforded
by Gaspar Contarini’s letters to the Council of Ten at Venice, written in 1522 and
123, in which he telis of trving to find out whether Sebastian Cabot was in attend-
ance on the court at Valladolid, and where he was living, and of Cabot’s subsequent
eall upon him, while he was at dinner on Christmas Eve. Contarini’s letters have
heen translated into English by Sir Clements Markham, for the Hakluyt Society,
and may be consulted in Mr. Raymond Beazley’s Cabot volume in the series of
“ Builders of Greater Britain.”
Ramusio corresponded with Sebastian Cabot in regard to certain geographical
questions, and also, in all probability, about some property said to have been left
by Cabot’s mother, the settlement of which was entrusted by the Venetian Council
of Ten to Ramusio (see note post, p. 420). Peter Martyr (see note 1 post, p. 424),
and Gomara were both engaged in duties about the Spanish Court for several years
when Cabot was in the Spanish service. All of Eden’s books contain evidence of
his intimate acquaintance with the “ woorthy owlde man yet lyuing Sebastian
Cabote,”” at whose deathbed heattended.
volumes the impressions which they received from their
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contusion resulted in the subsequent recollections,!
Toward the end of the fifteenth century, Richard Hakluyt
noticed this lack of agreement in the published sources of
information about Cabot, and when he set about the
preparation of his great Collection of Voyages, one of his
first tasks was an attempt to straighten out these contra-
dictory narratives. He was misled into several erroneous
statements at first, but in the end he succeeded in finding
out very nearly what we now recognize as the truth in
regard to the English discovery of America. ‘The important
facts are stated by Hakluyt, in nearly every instance cor-
rectly.2. For a hundred and fifty vears there was no
' The best illustration of this confusion is in Ramusio’s report of the conversa
tion at Caphi. Ramusio wrote that his informant quoted Sebastian as saying
that his father, John Cabot, died about the time that the English court began
to discuss the news of Columbus’s discovery, and that as he felt a desire to achieve
something equally great, he induced Henry VII. to furnish him with two small
ships, with which in the early summer of 1496, he followed the American coast
northward to 56° where it turned toward the east, and that he thence turned
back and sailed down the coast as far as Florida. Returning to England, he found
the country in the throes of civil rebellion and war with Scotland, so that he
offered his services to Ferdinand and Isabella, who sent him ona voyage of dis-
covery to the coast of Brazil. It is supposed that this last sentence contains
references to Perkin Warbeck’s rebellion in June, 1497; to the truce with James
IV. of Scotland in September of the same year; to Sebastian’s arctic expedition
of 1509; to his employment by Ferdinand of Spain, tsabella having died in 154,
in 1512; and his voyage to La Plata in 1526. It is comparatively easy to under
stand how this confusion arose; it is far more difficult to understand how men
of considerable historical reputations have convinced themselves that this
narrative is an important source whence they might derive exact and accurate
information.
2 In his Divers Voyages, imprinted at London in 1582, Hakluyt published the
Letters Patent of 5 March, 1495-6 (misprinted 1594 in the side-note to the English
translation); the * note out of Fabyan” referring correctly to the 1498 voyage and
to the three savages presented to the King im 1502; and Ramusio’s abstract of a
letter from Sebastian Cabot regarding his voyage to 67) north; together with the
important information that Cabot’s papers were then extant in the possession of
William Worthington. In addition to these documents and extracts, he printed in
the Principall Navigations of 1589 an abstract of the patent granted by the King
in February, 1498, the text of which was not recovered until Biddle published it in
1831, thereby proving the probability that there was a Cabot voyage immediately
following the discovery; an extract from the Cabot map, giving the date 14% for
the discovery; the conversation with Ramusio’s anonymous gentleman; the
accounts of Cabot’s Arctic Voyage, written by Peter Martyr and Gomara; and the
account of the voyage of Cabot and Pert in 1516. In the * note out of Fabyan,”
the text is corrected by inserting the name of John Cabot as the leader of the
expedition, although in this and also in the enlarged edition of 1600, the name of
Sebastian is carelessly retained in the heading. These passages are all reprinted
in the third volume of the Voyages, published in 1600, with the correction of the
date to 1497 in the extract from the Cabot 144 map. Hakluyt did not pretend
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occasion to question the accuracy of the facts as placed on
record by Hakluyt.
In 1753, the British Commissioners appointed to confer
with the French representatives, in accordance with the
Treaty of Utrecht, drew up a plain, straightforward state-
ment of facts upon which, by the right of discovery,
England based her claim to North American territory.
They set out, clearly and without thought of guile, so far
as can be judged, the facts in regard to the discovery made
by John Cabot in 1497. Their report was based merely,
and entirely, upon Hakluyt and the authors whom Hakluyt
had used. The facts as given in this report are the facts
which, after another century and a half of prolonged
interest in Cabotian problems, are now thought to be the
actual truth as to John Cabot’s achievements. A careful
reéxamination of the report reveals almost nothing which
has since been proven to be untrue in) connection with the
discovery of 1497. In reply to this Memoir, however,
the French Commissioners, in 1757, published some
Remarks, in the form of a commentary, which are a model
of diplomatic argumentation and logical subtleties.
Making use of all the devices of argumentation and
sophistical logic, the Frenchmen pointed out that there
are conflicting statements in regard to what John Cabot
actually accomplished. They observed that the various
early treatises do not always agree in the date of the
discovery. They made much of the fact that there is
confusion in some of the narratives in assigning the credit
for the successful vovage to John or to Sebastian. — In
briet, the French negotiators undertook to depreciate the
value and the effect of the English argument. They
succeeded, as Frenchmen are apt to succeed, the
reader of their commentary finishes it with a strong im-
provide a connected narrative in any of his publications, but he merely set forth
the sources of information as he found them, editing them so as to assist the
reader, and, as will be seen in a subsequent note, post, p. 424, correcting errors which
seemed to him obvious.
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pression that evervthing is exactly the reverse of what the
Englishmen had said it was.'
The work of the French diplomats of 1757 naturally
met with approval on the continent. French historical
' Three volumes of the Mémoires des Commissaires Sur les Possessions
les droits respectifs des deur Couronnes en Amérique were printed in 1755, and, in
several editions, are frequently met with. The fourth volume, the Cabotian
interest of which was brought to my attention by Mr. Henry N. Stevens of London,
was published in 1757, and is found only in the original official French quarto
edition. This volume contains the * Second Memoire des commissaires Anglois,
Sur les Limites de VAcadie, Du 23 Janvier, 1755. Avec Les Observations des
Commissaires du Roi, en Réponse.” This is signed, p. 513, at * Paris, 23d January,
1753," by Mildmay, Ruvigny, de Cosne; and the French commentary is, p. 538,
* Fait a Paris le premier juin mil sept cent cinquante-six. Signe De Silhouette.”
The remainder of the volume, pp. 539-654, is occupied by a list of authorities cited
by the English commissioners and illustrative documents added by the French
representatives Article XXIV., pp. 458-470, is a reply by the English side to
the “historical summary Account of the tirst Voyages made by the English
and French for the Discovery and Settlement of North-America,”’ which
formed part of the first French Memoire, in this official edition, 1755, vol. L,
pp. 10-37. Several paragraphs in this Article are devoted to establishing the sig-
nificance of the discovery made in 1497 by John Cabot, a Venetian in the service of
England, accompanied by joint Adventurers, native Subjects and Merchants of
England, * It is admitted that England did not set a great value at first upon the
discovery made in 1497, nor was it for many years carried any farther.” It is shown
that the north-west passage is not so much as mentioned in the commission under
which Cabot sailed, and the discovery is claimed to confer a right to the territory
from Florida to 58° northern latitude. In their observations, pp. 470-496, the French
commissioners begin by discussing the navigation and discoveries of Sebastian
Cabot, whose name was not mentioned by the Englishmen. They then proceed:
* On peut, avec raison, ¢leyer plus d'un doute, tant sur lépoque de ce voyage que
sur les terres qu’on prétend avoir été apergies par Cabot dans le cours de sa
navigation. Peut-étre méme n’est-il pas bien certain qu'il soit le premier qui les
ait découvertes. Pour se former de justes idees sur cette matiére, il est neéecessaire
de diseuter les différentes pieces & les differentes autorites.”” The spirit in which
they went about their examination is admirably shown by the very first argument,
The authorities, they say, are collected by Hakluyt in his third volume, in the
section which is entitled * Voyages, etc. (intended for the finding of a Northwest
passage) to the North parts of America, to Meta incognita, and the backe-side of
Gronland, as farre as 72 degrees and 12 minuts: performed first by Sebastian
Cabota...." “Ce titre n'annonce le voyage de Cabot, que comme un projet de
navigation pour découvrir le passage du nord-ouest, & non comme un projet pour
établir des colonies dans de nouvelles terres :"’—as if Hakluyt’s heading settled the
whole question. Asa matter of fact, as will be seen, the statements in the heading
are probably exactly true, because an arctic voyage was made by Sebastian,
although neither Hakluyt nor the negotiators of 1755 were aware of it. This
titular argument is followed by one even more curious and ingenious, to wit, that
the abstract of the Letters Patent of 3 February, 1497-8, “‘apprend deux faits
importans: le premier, qu’en 1498, Jean Cabot, pére de Sebastien Cabot, n’etait
point encore mort; le second, que Cabot n’avoit point abandonné Vidée de son
projet, mais qu'il ne Vavoit pas encore execute au commencement de 1498; que par
consequent on n’en peut placer la date, ni en 1496, ni en 1497." These two illustra-
tions fairly represent the skilful ingenuity with which the next twenty pages of
the volume are filled.
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writers and makers of biographical dictionaries patriotically
took up the work, and gave wider circulation to the views,
positive and negative, set forth in this historical coup (dat.
These views, becoming the accepted historical tradition in |
France, spread across the channel, and exerted a con- |
siderable influence on English writers of the early part of
the nineteenth century. Eventually, one of the French /@
works fell into the hands of Richard Biddle, a Pittsburg,
Pennsylvania, lawyer, who had taken up his residence in
England for the purpose of pursuing historical investiga-
tions preparatory to writing a treatise on the progress of
early discovery. Mr. Biddle read the account of the
Cabots in the Biographie Unirerselle, and he immediately
recognized that many of its statements were incorrect.
He determined to right a great historical injustice. He
gathered authorities, drew up his brief, and in 1831 pub-
lished his Wemorr of Sebastian Cahot.' This volume
corrected many ot the errors in the earlier works, but Mr.
Biddle, with a lawyer's acumen, having once started out
to correct, kept at it until he had revised very nearly
everything in his predecessors, whether it was right or
wrong before he touched it. The confusion of 1755
became worse contounded. Biddle’s work, however, was
of the masterly, masterful sort, obviously one of those
publications known technically as ** an important contribu-
'Biddle’s Memoir was published in Philadelphia and London in 1831, and
reissued in London in 1852 with one leaf cancelled. It immediately attracted much
attention from the Reviews, and its influence is plainly seen in the increased space
accorded to Cabot in histerical and geographical treatises which appeared in the
succeeding years. One statement in his preface, p. ii., is, if possible,even more true
of what was published in consequence of his work than of what preceded it; that
“amidst a great deal of undeniably fine writing on the subject, (of the Cabots
it would seem to have secured to itself less than any other of patient and anxious
labor. The task of setting facts right has been regarded as an unworthy drudgery,
while an ambitious effort is witnessed to throw them before the public eye in all
the fantastic shapes, and deceptive colouring, of error.’ Biddle lavished an
immense amount of painstaking research upon his volume, which is a mine of
information from which succeeding writers have drawn material for which they
have rarely given him due credit. The hopelessly confused manner in which Biddle
presented his argument, the absence of chronological arrangement in the narra-
tive and of any index, renders it extremely difficult to discover specific statements
in his text, or to check the appropriations of other writers.
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tion,” and a due attention to preliminaries resulted in the
acceptance of his argument by the reviewers, who pub-
lished résumés of his opinions in the quarterlies and the
principal magazines of that day. A powerful influence
was thus created, which effectually dominated the histori-
‘al traditions of the succeeding generation. This influence
culminated in the Remarkable Life of Sebastian written
by Mr. Nicholls of the English Bristol, who carried the
glorification of Sebastian Cabot almost to the point of
sanctification.' Naturally, Mr. Nicholls’s book produced a
reaction, which received an impetus from the finding, not
long before its appearance, of the news letters and diplo-
matic despatches sent from England to Spain and Italy in
the vear of John Cabot’s diseovery.? This reaction found
its first expression in an article published under the heading
of “Our Golden Candlesticks” in the Boston Daily
Advertiser, in March, 1871, being Henry Stevens's effective
little critique reprinted with the title “Sebastian Cabot—
'This effort to * clear away the misrepresentations with which ignorance, preju-
dice, and malignity have overlaid his life and actions, and to bring out the man
from the shroud in which oblivion had partially enwrapped him,’ was published in
1869. It was, Mr. Nicholls says, ‘a labor of love; for, like some glorious antique in
an acropolis of weeds, he grew in beauty as we lifted off the aspersions which had
been cast upon him, until, as the last stain was removed, and our loving work was
done, he stood before us in the majesty of his true manhood.’ An interesting pas-
sage is that in which Mr. Nicholls, on p. 187, explains Eden's account of Cabot’s
death bed, on which * the good olde man, in that extreme age, somewhat doted, and
had not yet euen in the article of death, vtterly shaken of all worldlye vayne
vlorie Eden’s Taisnierus, 4 very necessarie . Booke concerning Navigation,
sig. 1.3. “ Perchance Eden understood him not... In the infinite ocean of the
love of his Saviour he found no variation, but a solid data, from which neither
length, or breadth, or depth, or height could separate him; which, passing all
human understanding, was partially revealed in the glimpse which his dying eye
caught of the Spirit World, beyond the river, and so, joyously and trustfully, like a
child in his old age he sank to his rest.”
2 See note, ante, p. 412. Most of these first attracted attention when published in
the Rolls Series of State Papers and Manuscripts relating to English Affairs, from
foreign archives. Mr. Bergenroth’s Spanish series began in 1862, and the first vol-
ume of Mr. Rawdon Brown’s collections from the libraries of northern Italy
appeared in 1864. “ The recent discovery in the Bibliotheque Imperial of a map of
Cabot, dated 144," in which Mr. Nicholls found the key to the Cabotian enigma,
which apparently justified his volume, took place in 1843, although Mr. Nicholls’s re-
mark is justified by the fact that it was twenty years later before historical students
began to realize the real significance of the information afforded by this carto-
graphic record.—See Mr. Charles Deane’s remarks in the Proceedings of this
Society for April, 1867, pp. 48-50.
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John Cabot = 0.” Not long after this, Henry Harrisse took
up the subject, and produced his valuable Jean et Sébastien
Cabot. A portion of this volume was expanded into that
superb piece of work, Harrisse’s Discovery of North
America, and the remainder, the biographical portion,
vrew into his John Cabot and Sebastian his Son, which
appeared in season to add materially to the excitement of
the Cabot quadricentennial celebrations.' Lf Mr. Harrisse
had lost his interest in the Cabots when he finished proot-
reading this last volume, it is probable that it would have
remained tor a very long while the definitive work on
the subject—a most desirable situation. In it, Mr. Har-
risse expressed decided opinions in regard to Sebastian's
character and achievements, but there was not sufficient
evidence of personal animus to discredit seriously Mr.
Harrisse’s judgment of that over-rated personage. As it
happens, however, Mr. Harrisse had grown in fame, and
in years, during the interval between his two Cabot vol-
umes. Realizing his dominant position as the foremost
authority on all that concerns the period of discovery, it
may be that Mr. Harrisse was nettled by the knowledge
that certain writers of standing as scholars had not accepted
his dicta as definitively determining the judgment of pos-
teritv. At any rate, his Cabot book soon gave birth to a
flock ot lesser writings, scattered in the periodicals ot
England, Germany, France and America, in which Mr,
Harrisse asserted with increasing vehemence that Sebastian
Cabot was one of the most unmitigated rascals of all history.
It is, he contends, ** proved beyond cavil and sophistry that
Sebastian Cabot was only an unmitigated charlatan, a
mendacious and unfilial boaster, a would-be traitor to
Spain, a would-be traitor to England.”? Such talk as
'The dates of publication are, respectively, 1882, 1892, and 1896,
* These are the closing words of an article on * The Outcome of the Cabot Qua-
tercentenary,”’ in the 4inerican Historical Review for October, 1898, Vol. 1V., p. Ol.
lam aware of few more instructive studies than that of the way in which the views
of this master of historical learning gradually took shape, at first from increasing
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this naturally counteracts itself. [It is time for some effort
to set things right once more, as they have not been right
since 1755.
John Cabot’s earlier life is, so far as historical students
are concerned, fairly well established. He was born in or
near Genoa, somewhat betore the middle ot the fifteenth
century. He moved to Venice, probably while stilla young
man, and there he married a woman whose property has
occasioned her son considerable trouble.! This son,
information, as his studies for his successive volumes made him more and more
familiar with every intricacy of the subject, and then under increasing provocation
when, his studies completed, he began to realize that he had not succeeded in con-
vinecing the scholarly world of the justness of his conclusions. Mr. Harrisse entered
upon this second state of mind with the preparation of a series of articles, expanded
from chapters in his John Cabot and Sebastian his Son, which were printed in
Drapeyron’s Revue de Géographie in 184-97, He next challenged the date June 4,
declaring that the landfall could not have taken place on that day, in the Forwm
for June, 1897, NX XIILI., 462-475. Then came an animated controversy with Messrs,
G. E. Weare and G. R. F. Prowse in Nofes and Queries, for 26 June and 14 August,
1897, Sth Series, XI. 501 and NIL. 129-132, in which he convinced himself that the
name Mathew as that of Cabot’s ship was a forgery of Chatterton. His opinion that
the landfall must have been on the Labrador coast was set forth in the Nachrichten
of the Gittingen kgl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften for 1897, pp. 526-348. He
found support for the belief that Cabot returned from his second voyage, in the
so-called “* Cabot Roll,” which proves that Cabot’s pension was paid in 1499, in an
article printed in the American Historical Review for April, 1898, ILL., 449-455, The
latest of his Cabot publications of which Lam aware is in the Transactions of the
Royal Society of Canada for 1898, 2d Series, 1V., Sec. I1., 105-106, in rectification of
some statements in which Dr. 8S. G. Dawson had disagreed with him.
1 Sebastian’s supposed treachery to Spain and to England is inextricably mixed
up with his efforts to secure from the Venetian authorities some acknowledgment
of his claims to property derived from his mother: fa dato bona speranza de
recuperar la dote di vostra madre, et ameda, according to the letter written from
Venice in the name of Cabot’s Rhagusan friend, 28 April, 15253, in Harrisse’s J, ef
Cabot, 353. Nearly thirty years later the Council of Ten at Venice wrote to their
Ss.
ambassador in England, under date of 12 September, 1551, /. ef S. Cabot, 361;
quanto alla richiesta che vi é stata fata da quei Signori circa li crediti che pretende,
e ricuperatione de beni, li risponderete che noi desideramo in tutto quello che
potemo far cosa grata a quella Maesta, e a loro Signorie ma che non essendo il
detto Caboto conosciuto da aleuno de qui, saria neccessario che esso medesime
venisse per giustificare la sua persona et le ragion sue, essendo quelle cose di che
si parla molto vecchie. The same despatch bearer probably carried a letter of
similar date from the Reverend Peter Vannes, the English Ambassador at Venice,
to the Council of Edward VI.: * Touching Sebastian Cabot’s matter, concerning
which the Venetian Ambassador has also written, he has recommended the same to
the Seigniory, and in their presence delivered to one of their secretaries Baptista
Ramusio, whom Cabot put in trust, such evidences as came to his hands. The
Seigniory were well pleased that one of their subjects by service and virtue should
deserve the {English} Council’s good will and favour; and although this matter is
about 50 years old, and by the death of men, decaying of houses and perishing of
writings, as well as his own absence, it were hard to come toany assured knowledge
thereof, they have commanded Ramusio to ensearch with diligence any way and
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1900.] Some Facts about John and Sebastian Cabot. 421
Sebastian, Was born in Venice about 1475, being one of a
family which contained at least three sons. The father,
Giovanni or Zuan, was engaged in mercantile affairs, and
made voyages to Mecca and to the cities of Spain.
Eventually he went to England, where he established
himself at London and Bristol! In Bristol, his plans
for adventuring into the unknown world took shape, and
he was enabled to put his ideas to the test of trial.
Apparently, he persisted for nearly a decade in his efforts
to find land westward from Ireland. At last, one morning
in June, 1497, he succeeded, and a few weeks later, he
received from the English King the reward for his
discovery.”
The story of Cabot’s voyage of discovery is told in a
great many books, and there is no occasion for rehearsing
knowledge possible that may stand to the said Sebastian’s profit and obtaining of
right.”"—in Turnbull, Foreign Calendar, 1861, p. 171. It is not easy to believe that
aperson as inefficient and unsuccessful as the Cabot described by Mr. Harrisse
could have deceived successfully the representatives of both Spain and England in
amatter of this sort. As will be seen by the quotation from Pasqualigo in the next
note, John Cabot’s Venetian wife accompanied him to Bristol, England.
'Soncino wrote in December, 1497, **messer Zoanne.... dice che altre volte
esso é stato alla Meccha.”’ Ayala described him, in July, 1498, as “otro genoves
come Colon que ha estado en Sevilla y en Lisbona.”” VPasqualigo, in August, 1497,
spoke of Cabotas being “con so moier venitiana e con so fiolia Bristo.” It is
unfortunate that there is no means of proving the truth or error in Strachey’s
interesting allusion to John Cabot as “a Venetian indenized his (Henry VII.)
Subject & dwelling wthin the Black friers,”’ London, in 1495: Strachey; /Mistoris
of Traucile, edited by R. H. Major, for the Hakluyt Society, London, 1849, pp. 6-7.
?Soncino stated that Cabot was influenced by what Spain and Portugal had
accomplished: “el quale visto che li Serenissimi Re prima de Portugallo poi de
Spagna hanno occupato isole incognite, delibero fare uno simile acquisto per dicta
Maesta.”” He goes on to describe the discovery: “li compagni chi sono quasi tutti
inglesi, et da Bristo....1li principali dell’ impresa sono de Bristo, grandi marinari.”’
Ayala, in his letter of July, 1498, makes the statement in regard to the preliminary
efforts during the preceding six or seven years: ** Los de Bristol, ha siete alos que
cada allo an armado dos, tres, cuatro caravelas para ira buscar la isla del Brasil y las
siete cludades con la fantasia deste Ginoves.”” The Cabot 144 map is the authority
for the date, early morning of 24 June, as that of the discovery. The dates, 2 May
aad 6 August, 1497, for the departure and return of the Cabot ship, rest upon a
manuscript chronicle, known as the Fust or Toby chronicle, which was destroyed by
fire in 1860, ancl which Mr. Harrisse has ingeniously imagined might have been a
forgery by Chatterton; see note 2, ante, p. 419. This same chronicle is the authority
for the name Mathew as that of Cabot’s craft. No doubt has yet been thrown upon
Mr. Craven Orde’s copy, from the original entries of the privy purse expenses of
Henry VII., of the entry, under date of 10 August, 1497,**to hym that founde the new
Isle, £10." It is merely an assumption of probabilities which connects this entry
with Cabot’s voyage of discovery.
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familiar details.' A single point is all that calls for eon.
sideration. Countless paragraphs have been written about
Cabot’s voyage up and down the American coast, ranging
in and out of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, southward to
the point of Florida and north to Cape Chidleigh jn
Labrador. As a matter of fact, I see no reason for sup-
posing that John Cabot spent more than a few hours on
American soil during his first visit to this continent. The
mission of the voyage was accomplished as soon as land
was discovered westward from Europe. Cabot had ful.
filled his purpose as soon as he had stepped on shore,
Further exploration could add nothing of comparable
significance to what he already knew, and this knowledge |
might easily be lost to Europe by any attempt to increase :
it. There is no convincing reason why Cabot and his )
companions need have spent more than a few hours on |
shore or.along the American coast. The stories which |
they told after their arrival home, so far as these have '
heen preserved to the present day, suggest only the short- |
est possible delay at the goal of the voyage, and a hurried
return with the news. ? t
'The essential details are all derived from two documents, which are mutually
contradictory in a most important point. Every student of these documents must q
have his own explanation, which will, in the majority of cases, commend itself to
his favor just in proportion as it differs from every other elucidation of the puzzle. |
Pasqualigo wrote on 23 August, 1497, that Cabot said he had sailed for 300 leagues
along a coast 700 leagues distant: “e dice haver trovato lige 700 lontano de qui u
Terraferma el paexe del Gram Cam andato per la costa lige 300, On the following
day Raimondo di Soncino wrote that Cabot had discovered the seven cities 40 ™
leagues from England: ed ha scoperto due isole fertili molto grandi, avendo del p
pari scoperto le sette citta quattrocento leghe dall’ Inghilterra dalla parte verso ee
occidente.” This distance is confirmed by Ayala, who, writing on 25 July, 1498, a
implies that the King told him that the new lands were 400 leagues distant. “El
Rey de Ynglaterra me ha fablado algunas vezes sobre ello, Spero aver muy gran al
interesse. Creo no ay quatro cientos leguas.”’ li
* In Pasqualigo’s letter, the passage quoted in the preceding note continues: ou
se
e che e desmontato e non a visto persona alguna, ma a portato qui al re certi lazi
ch’era tesi per prender salvadexine, e uno ago da far rede e a trovate certi albor
tagiati, siche per questo iudicha che ze persone. Vene in nave per dubito ete H
stato mexi tre sul viazo e questo e certo.... Sto inventor de queste cose a impian- pm
tato suli terreni a trovato una gran + [cross] con una bandiera de Ingeltera se
e una de San Marco,” Soncino’s account of Cabot’s landing and exploration we
reads: “ infine capitoe in terra ferma, dove posto la bandera regia, e tolto la posses- _ ila
sione per questa Alteza, et preso certi segnali, se ne retornate.... Et dicono che la of
ca
® terra optima et temperata, et estimanno che vi nasca el brasilio et le sete.... Ma
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John Cabot set about preparing for his second recorded
voyage very soon after his return from the discovery.!
Early in 1498 he received the royal authorization, and it
was doubtless Eastertide before he was ready to depart.
When at last the five ships were ready, they cast off,
dropped down to the Severn, out through the Bristol
Channel, and so around the southern point of Ireland,
where they ran into a furious storm, which drove one of
the vessels back on to the Irish coast in serious distress.”
This is the last that has ever been heard of the fate of that
expedition. Not one word has yet become known which
throws any further light on what happened to John Cabot
and his fleet. There are, in the sixteenth century books,
a number of undated accounts of Cabot voyages. It was
supposed that these described the voyage of 1494 or 1497,
until fifty years ago, when the accounts of what actually
took place in the latter year were found at Venice.
Thereupon these undated accounts were all fitted on to this
1498 voyage. The hopeless confusion which resulted may
perhaps be disentangled by applying certain of these narra-
tives to a voyage made in 1508.
Sebastian Cabot in 1508 tried to find a way to Cathay
across the Arctic circle. He sailed into the north until his
progress was blocked by bergs and field ice at 58° or 60°
north latitude, and then, being forced to turn back, he
messer Zoanne.... pensa da quello loco occupato andarsene sempre a Riva Riva
pit verso el Levante.”’ The Cabot 144 map merely states the time of the dis-
covery, and then goes on with an account of what was known about the country half
acentury later.
'Pasqualigo, 23 August, 1497, reports that the King had promised Cabot ten ships
and all the prisoners, except traitors, to man his fleet. “ The English run after him
like mad people, so that he can enlist as many of them as he likes, and a number of
our own rogues beside."’ Soncino, 24 August, had heard that the King meant to
send him out next spring with fifteen or twenty ships.
*The letters patent are dated 3 February, 1498. The Fabyan Chronicle, quoted by
Hakluyt, gives the departure as the “ begining of May.” The payment of Cabot’s
pension, for the half year ending 15 April, 1498, is of little definite value, as will be
seen, Ayala, in July, reports that the five ships were provisioned for a year, but
were expected back in September. He also tells of the storm: Ha venido nueva,
_ launa en que iva un otro Fai Buil [¢f. the phrase “ otro como Colon ” as descriptive
of Cabot} aporto en Irlanda con gran tormento rotto el navio, El ginoves tiro su
camino.
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kept on toward the west until he reached a coast line Which
' A tew of the
details of this voyage have been preserved in a report
he followed southward for some distance.
from Mare Antonio Contarini to the Venetian Senate jp
1536, in which he stated that Cabot was authorized by
Henry VII. to take two ships and that ” with three hundred
men he sailed so far that he found the sea frozen, and he
was compelled to return without having accomplished his
object.”* Peter Martyr turnishes the additional informa-
tion that when the immense icebergs torced Cabot to turn
back he was so tar north that there was continual daylight
in the month of July, and that he afterwards made land at
a point where the sun had melted the snow, leaving the
ground bare. As he tollowed down the coast, he encoun-
tered vast shoals of large fish, whose countless masses
actually stayed the free progress of his little craft. Along
' Peter Martyr gave the date of this voyage in his Seventh Decade, De Orbe Novo.
This was written in 1524, and in the second chapter he speaks of a voyage made by
Cabot sixteen years before: anno ab hine sexto decimo ex Anglia. Unluckily Rich-
ard Hakluyt corrected this statement, so that in the edition of the ecades, which
he published in Paris in 1587, this same passage reads, p. 471, Bacchalaos anno abhine
Vigesimo sexto ex Anglia per Cabotum repertos. Hakluyt’s statement is the more
nearly correct, according to what is now known, but the important fact remains
equally true that Martyr, at whose table Sebastian was a welcome and a frequent
guest, associated his northwestern voyages with the vear 1508. This date is con-
tirmed by a passage, which was first made public in 1893, from Mare Antonio
Contarini’s report to the Venetian Senate regarding his diplomatic mission in
Spain. Contarini stated that Cabot made a voyage of exploration under the
auspices of Henry VIL. of England, but that on his return he found that his royal
patron was dead. Henry VIIT. died on 21 April, 1509. As I have shown in the Geo-
graphical Journal, London, February, 1899, XIIT,, 204-209, the date of this voyage
was comparatively widely known during the second half of the sixteenth century.
In 1578 George Beste described a Cabot voyage of 1508, with considerable detail, in
his Tree Discovrse of the late Voyages of Discoverie, for the finding of a passage
to Cathaya by the Northwest, A year later, at Geneva, Vrbain Chauveton published
a French version of Benzoni’s ** New World,” to which he made extensive additions,
including an account of Cabot’s voyage, dated 1507, with details which were evi-
dently not derived from Beste, nor from Ramusio’s Swmmario of Peter Martyr, to
which it apparently gives a reference. Chauveton’s additions were translated into
Latin and German for De Bry’s editions of Benzoni, in the * Grands Voyages,”
part LV., issued in 1593 and 1504,
-Cum 300 homeni navigé tanto che trové il mare congelato, ande convenne al
Caboto ritornarsene senza havere lo intento suo, cum presuposito pero di ritornar-
sene a quella impresa a tempo che il mare non fosse congelato. Trove il re, morte,
ed il figlio cutarsi poco di tale impresa: Berchet, Fouti Italiani per la storia della
scoperta del nuovo moudo, in the Raccalta di documenti published by the Italian
royal Columbian commission, Rome, 1893, pt. vol. L., p. 187
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the shores large bears were observed, which lay in wait for
the fish, leaping into the shallow water, as they saw their
chance and drawing their prey to land after much spattering
and struggling.'| The main facts about this vovage were
confirmed, also, to a certain extent, by Richard Eden, who
states in a note to one of the narratives of the expedition,
that “ Cabot touched only in the north corner and most
(Mr. Harrisse pointed out in his Cobol, p. 150, the connection between Contarini’s
reportand the undated narrative in Martyr’s Decades, Dee. IL, 4ib.VL,which reads
primo tendens cum hominibus tercentum ad septentrionem donee etiam iulio mense
nastas repererit glaciales moles pelago natantes: & lucem fere perpetuam: tellure
tame libera gelu liquefacto. (Quare coactus fuit uti ait uela uertere & occidetem
sequi... Baecallaos cabottus ipse terras illas appellauit: eo que in earum pelago
tantam reperit magnorum quorundam piscium; ... multitudinem: ut etiam illi
nuigia interdum detardarent ... ipsi piscibus uescantur. Inter densa nanque
piscium illorum agmina sese immergut ursi: & singulos sing’ li complexos: un-
guibusque inter squamas immussis in terram raptat & commedunt; Martyr, De orl
novo,—Aleala, DAG, 1. 52. Another and much more realistic account of these fish
and bears is contained in the perplexing Swmimario of the Decades and other earli-
est treatises on the new world, which appears to have been compiled by Ramusio,
and was printed at Venice in 1554. On 1, 65(** 59") there is an Italian version of the
passage from Martyr, the latter portion of which reads, in English: “And on
account of that ice he was compelled to turn about, and make his way along the
coast Which at first ran for a ways toward the south, then changed to westward, and
because he found vast numbers of very large fish in that region, which swam in
shoals near the shore, and as he understood that the inhabitants called them Baccalai,
he called that the country of the Bacealai (or codtish?). He had a little inter
course with those inhabitants, whom he found to be fairly intelligent and who
covered their whole body with skins of different animals. In that place, and for
the rest of the voyage, which he made along that coast toward the west, he said
that he found the water always ran toward the west, toward the gulf that the
mainland is said to make there. We must not omit a sport which Sebastian
Cabot said he had seen together with his whole company, to their great amusement,
when the numerous bears that are found in that country come to catch these bac
calai fish in this way. All along the shore there are many large trees whose leaves
fall down into the sea,and the Bacecalai come in shoals to eat them. The bears, who
like these tish better than anything else, hide themselves upon the banks, and when
alotof these fish, which are very large and have the appearance of tunnies, have
come near, they dash into the water and seize one of them, sticking their claws undet
their scales so as not to let them go, and strive to drag them on to the shore. But
the Bacealai, which are very strong, rush about and plunge into the sea, so that, as
the two creatures are fastened together, it is very great sport to see them, now one
under the water and now the other above, splashing the water in the air. But in
the end the bear drags the baccalao to the shore, where he eats it. This is thought
to be the reason why such a large number of bears do not make any trouble for the
people of the country.”
Gomara in 1552, Historia general de las Indias, cap, XXXIX., and Galvano in
163, Tratado de todos os descobrimentos, |, 2. or pp. 87-89 of the Hakluyt Society,
1862, edition, recorded the main facts regarding this voyage, but without giving any
additional details, except the degree of north latitude, which they state was 58
or 60°,
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barbarous parte” of the new world “from whence he was
repulsed with Ise in the moneth of July.”!
Sebastian Cabot may have made another attempt, beside
the voyage of 1508-9, to find a way through the northern
seas. In a letter to Ramusio, Cabot mentioned the fact
that he had once sailed for a long time west and north,
until he reached latitude 674° north on June 11. The sea
was still open before him, and there seemed to be nothing
to prevent him from proceeding onward to Cathay, when
he was forced to stop and turn back on account of some
trouble with the ship-master and mutinous sailors.
There are two other accounts of an English arctic voyage
made during the early years of the sixteenth century, which
Was interfered with by a mutiny of seamen. One is in the
fascinating “Interlude of the iiii. Elements,” in which the
author, Rastell, describing America, tells how
But yet not longe a go
Some men of this contrey went
By the Kynges noble consent
It. for.to serche to that entent
And coude not be brought therto
But they that were the venteres
IIaue cause to curse their maryners
Fals of promys and dissemblers
That falsly them betrayed.
Which wold take no paine to saile farther
Than their own lyst and pleasure.”*
The other is in Eden’s dedicatory epistle to his translation
of Munster’s Tvreatyse of the Newe India,—London, 1553,
where he remarks that “manlve courage, vf it had not
heen wating in others, at suche time as our souereigne
Lord of noble memorie, Kinge Henry the VIII. about the
'* Rycharde Eden to the reader” on 1. sig. ¢j., in his translation of Martyr's
Decades of the Newe Worlde,— London, 155.
'* Come mi fu seritto, gia molti anni sono, dal Signor Sebastian Gabotto,” in the
preliminary discourse to Ramusio’s Terzo Voleme delle Navigationi et Viaggi
Venetia, 1556, 1. 4.
Printed probably between 1510 and 1520, and reprinted in Dodsley’s Old English
Plays, Hazlitt’s edition, I., 1-50,and by the Percy Society.—London, 1848, vol. XXIL,
pp. 28-33,
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1900.) Some Facts about John and Sebastian Cabot. 427
same yere of his raygne, furnished & sent forth certen
shippes under the gouernaunce of Sebastian Cabot yet
lining, & one syr Thomas Perte, whose faynt heart was
the cause that that viage toke none effect.” This passage
suggests Robert Thorne’s statement, in connection with
some adventure of the two old Bristol merchants, his
father and Hugh Eliot, that “if the marriners woulde then
haue been ruled, and folowed_ their pilots mind, the lands
of the west Indies, from whence all the gold commeth, had
heen ours.” !
In 1512 Sebastian Cabot left England and entered the
service of the King of Spain. There he continued for
thirty-five years, enjoying, so far as the extant evidence
shows, the unbroken confidence of those in supreme
authority in the Spanish empire. In 1530 their faith in
him was tested to the breaking point, after his return from
La Plata, whither he had conducted a costly expedition
which ended in complete disaster. A bitter attempt was
made to ruin him, and he suffered legal condemnation for
'From the * Book" or letter written by Thorne in Seville about 1527, and printed
in Hakluyt’s Divers Voyages,—London, 82, Shortly before the date of the letter,
Thorne had sent two of his agents on one of the vessels which accompanied Sebas-
tian Cabot on his unlucky expedition to La Plata, toward the expenses of which
Thorne and his partners made a considerable contribution.
No convincing indication of the date of this voyage has yet been discovered.
Chauveton, as previously noted, tells of a voyage by Cabot to 67° north in 1507. The
date 1517 would seem at first thought to be implied by Eden’s “ King Henry the
VIIL., about the same year of his reign,’’ were it not that Richard Eden was far
too serious and too sensible a student to juggle with words in the fashion needed
to obtain the eighth year of Henry VIII. There are many reasons for doubting the
possibility of an English voyage having been made in 1517 by Sebastian Cabot, who
had entered the service of the Spanish crown five years earlier. Mr. Harrisse has
devoted much skilful research to proving that Sir Thomas Perte or Spert could
hardly have engaged in any voyage away from England at that time. Dr. Errera
of Turin—an Italian student who is doing some very excellent work in the line of
geographical history—suggests with a good deal of reason that the obvious inter-
pretation of Eden’s statement is “ about the first year of Henry VIII.”’ This takes
us back to 1509-10, and implies a probable connection between the events of the
mutinous voyage and those of the iceberg expedition of 1508-9. An open sea at
67 north on June 11, and icebergs in July at 60° are by no means mutually im-
possible. The two narratives are, however, so clearly distinct in nearly every
respect, that it seems much safer to consider them as referring to separate adven-
tures, and to confess frankly that we have no means for determining the date of the
June voyage to 67° north, unless we accept Chauveton’s 1507, for which the most
that can be said is that it has not been disproven.
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his share in the failure. But he was immediately restored
to his position at the head of the Spanish navigation
bureau, and the sentence of temporary banishment, which
would have interfered with the performance of his official
duties, was not enforced. Little is known about. the
details of his career during the next tew years, but that
his services were valued by those who were most interested
in what he was doing, may fairly be inferred from the
fact that the emperor made repeated efforts to induce
Cabot to return, after he retired fifteen vears later. In
1547 Sebastian Cabot went back to England, and there he
assumed a position of influence, which he retained for the
next ten years, as the recognized leader in the maritime
aftairs of the kingdom. He inspired and supervised the
preparations for the voyages undertaken by Chancellor,
Willoughby and Burrough, who opened to England the
northeastern route to the markets of Russia. The story
of these voyages is told in many books, and there is no
occasion for repeating the details, or for analyzing the
significance of facts about which there is no dispute.
It is sufficient if the preceding pages show that the
story of the Cabots contains some elements of actual
human interest, and that what they did, in) 1497, 1508,
and 1553-55, justifies the reputation which John and
Sebastian Cabot have enjoyed tor three hundred years, as
two of the most eminent of England’s sea-faring men.
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1900. | Isaiah Thomas and His Worcester Imprints. 120
SOME NOTES ON ISATAH THOMAS AND HIS WORCESTER
IMPRINTS.
BY CHARLES L. NICHOLS.
Isaran Tuomas, Printer, Worcester, Massachusetts. In
this simple manner the author of the History of Printing,
published in 1810, announced himself; and it seems not
inappropriate in presenting to this Society a copy of the
Bibliography of the Town of Worcester, which contains a
list of his Imprints, that a few moments should be devoted
to Isaiah Thomas as a printer in Worcester.
Brissot de Warville wrote of Worcester in 1788: “ This
town is elegant and well-peopled; the printer Isaiah
Thomas has rendered it famous throughout the continent
of America. He has printed a large part of the works
Which appear; and it is acknowledged that his editions
are correct and well edited. Thomas is the Didot of the
United States.”
Such is the estimate, by a contemporary, of the founder
of this Society : and it is my desire to gather together from
contemporary sources, as far as possible, the recorded
knowledge of the surroundings in which, and the mate-
rials with which, he accomplished the results that drew
forth the commendation noted above.
Samuel F. Haven, our former, revered librarian, once
said, “a newspaper is the autobiography of the com-
munity in which it is published.” We instinctively turn
to the Massachusetts Spy, a caretul examination of which
reveals so much of interest and value in the life of Isaiah
Thomas during his early years in Worcester, and illus-
trates so well his work as a printer, that it is difficult
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430 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
to select the more important incidents without doing
injustice to him or taxing your patience beyond the proper
limit.
I. Of his Press.
We learn from the ‘* Memoir of Isaiah Thomas by
his Grandson Benjamin Franklin Thomas” that, after
three months’ partnership with Zechariah Fowle in the
publication of the Massachusetts Spy in Boston, Thomas,
in the fall of 1770, bought out the interest of his partner,
together with the types and press on which he had worked
as an apprentice. This press,—the famous Blaew press of
about 1680,—bequeathed to this Society by Thomas, is
now in our possession; and while he undoubtedly had
others as his business in Boston increased, it must have
been this press which was taken, in 1775, by Col. Timothy
Bigelow and Dr. Joseph Warren, across the river to
Charlestown, to be conveyed later to Worcester for the
use of the Provincial Congress and the furtherance of the
cause of Liberty. It has been stated that this press was
in the hands of the British for a year and obtained from
them after the evacuation of Boston. The uncertainty
regarding the future of Boston and his love ‘for the press
of his childhood would have naturally inclined Thomas to
save that press rather than any other. When he returned
to Boston in the following vear to secure, after the evacua-
tion of the British, what he could from the wreck of his
affairs, and removed to Salem to establish a printing-oflice,
we learn that these materials were sold for debt, and he
was obliged to join his family at Londonderry, New
Hampshire. These reasons seem to me suflicient evidence
that this press was the first one used in Worcester and was
the one repaired by Benjamin Franklin during his visit to
Worcester in 1776. From this date, through his early
struggles to establish a lucrative business, this press was
in constant use, even when, in later years his business
was so extensive that he had under his control sixteen
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1900.) Jsaiah Thomas and His Worcester Imprints, 431
presses constantly employed, seven of them in Worcester.
In his History of Worcester County, in 1793, Peter
Whitney writes, “His manufactures employ and support
a large number of people; and it may justly be said that
the business of no one person has added more to the
consequence and advantage of the town and county of
Worcester than his.”
II. Types.
The type for this press was saved from his stock at the
time the press was removed from Boston in 1775, and was
used by Stearns and Bigelow and, later, by Anthony Has-
well, to whom his business was leased for two years.
Upon his return to Worcester, in 1778, he says that he
found them worn down and very imperfect, and in an
editorial, July 2, 1778, he writes, “Isaiah Thomas,
Printer, the original proprietor and publisher of — this
7
paper, resumes the printing business,
prospect of speedily procuring a good set of types but
the purchase will amount to a very considerable sum; in
the mean time, he hopes the readers will excuse its
appearance if it does not look as well as when formerly
published by him.” We learn through his History of
Printing that this new type was purchased from a lot
secured by the capture of a British vessel from London.
It is impossible to determine, however, from the appear-
ance of the paper just when the new type was first used,
probably because the quality of the paper was so poor.
In a note written on the title-page of a sermon by Joseph
Buckminster, printed by Thomas in 1779, he says,
“Printed in the Time of the Revolutionary War. In
this part of the country no good paper or types to be
had.” ‘
The Spy dated April 10th, 1781, states that he intends
shortiy to use new, legible and elegant type, which he has
lately procured with ‘great expense for that purpose. When
the war was over there were frequent importations of type,
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and many reterences to the tact in the Spy. In the issue
for December 30th, 1784, is the advertisement: “ Isaiah
Thomas has just received from England a beautiful set of
Musical Types, by which he is enabled to print any kind
of Church and other Music, and can aftord to do it cheaper
than such work has been heretofore done in this country
from copper and pewter plates. Also a large assortment of
all Kinds of Printing Types.” In 1786 he printed * Zaus
Deo! The Worcester Collection of Sacred Harmony,” of
which Christopher C. Baldwin wrote, “I believe this is
the first specimen of music printed from Types in this
country. Before, it has been engraved.”
In 1785 his stock had been so much increased that
Thomas published “A Specimen of Isaiah Thomas's Print-
ing Types. Being as large and complete an Assortment as
is to be met with in any one Printing-office in America,
Chiefly manufactured by that great Artist William Caslon
Esq. of London,” efe.
The text is printed on right-hand pages only and, curi-
ously enough, the pagination is incorrect (a fact noted on
the last page by Thomas) in this book of fifty pages, pub-
lished to exhibit the skill and resources of the printer.
To the copy in the possession of this Society Thomas added
this note: " £2000, sterling and upwards, were added to
this Specimen, in types, from Fry’s, Caslon’s, and Wilson’s
Foundries between 1785 and 1784.' A great addition, and
a far greater Variety of Types were added to the following
after 1785. When complete the Printing materials were
estimated at Nine Thousand Dollars.”
These notes are given to show the spall beginning of
his press in 1775 and the remarkable extension of his
printing business in 1785, a period of ‘ten years, eight of
which were oceupied with a demorabizing war. In_ the
report of our Librarian in 1884, he tates that this book
had recently answered difficult questions as to the history
‘1786 was probably intended.
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of one of the oldest and best type foundries in England.
Thus showing the completeness of Thomas's collection of
types, as well as the importance of preserving in our
libraries even this class of literary material.
II. Office.
Lincoln’s History of Worcester states that the press
taken from Boston by Col. Bigelow Was transported to
Worcester, set up and worked, at the beginning, in a base-
ment room ot the Colonel’s house, which stood on Main
Street opposite the Court House. The colophon of the
first number ot the Spy, May 3rd, 1775, states that it is
printed by Isaiah Thomas, Near the Court House, and that
expression remained unchanged for many years. When
he first occupied the building, so long known as the Isaiah
Thomas Printing office near the Court House, it has not
been possible for me to discover. In the issue of the Spy
for June 21st, 1776, however, we find “The Publishers of
this Paper hereby intorm the Public that Mr. Isaiah Thomas
having relinquished the Printing Business in Worcester,
they shall continue the same af the Printing-office lately
improved by said Thomas,” ete. It was signed by Daniel
Stearns and William Bigelow. This proves that the build-
ing so long a landmark on Court Hill (now occupied as a
dwelling on Grove Street opposite the entrance to Rural
Cemetery) was in existence in 1776, and the print copied
in the Reminiscences of Caleb Wall shows that in 1802 that
office stood quite near the Brick Court House. For some
years Mr. Thomas had a storehouse close to (ten feet from
the rear wall) and in the rear of the Court House, built in
1751. In 1799 this storehouse was struck by lightning,
and in the Spy for July 3rd and 10th appeared a detailed
account of the accident and a minute description of the
building, its location and contents. Among other things
stored in this building at this time were the cases of the
l2mo. edition ot Thomas’s Bible, which fortunately escaped
injury and were later transported to Boston. In the small
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building, known as the Printing-office, was done all the
printing of Isaiah Thomas and his apprentices. In one
corner of it was located the Post-Office of the Town of
Worcester from 1775 to 1801. There also was located,
for many years at least, his book-store and the bindery
connected with his printing business.
In Carls Tour in Main Street, Worcester, it is stated
that in his most prosperous days Mr. Thomas employed
one hundred and fifty men in his various departments
of printing, binding, paper-making and delivering by
post-riders.
Some references may be interpreted to imply that later
than 1790 the Thomas book-store was a separate building
adjoining his Printing-office, but it has not been possible
to determine this. It is known that his son had a book-
store in 1795 opposite the Prison in Lincoln Square at the
sign of Johnson’s Head, but this seems to have been
separate from that of the elder Thomas.
IV. Paper.
In the journal of the Committee of Safety ot the Prov-
ince, is the following, dated April 29th, 1775: ™ Letters
from Col. Hancock now at Worcester were read, whereupon
voted that four reams of paper be immediately ordered to
Worcester for the use of Mr. Thomas, Printer, he to be
accountable.” On the 12th of May the Committee of
Safety voted a still larger amount for the same purpose.
This was the first supply of paper for the Massachusetts
Spy in Worcester and for the printing ordered by the
Provincial Congress. It came from Milton, the four paper-
mills of which furnished the paper for the Province at that
time. That this source was later made use of by Thomas
is shown by the apology printed in the Spy, September
20th, 1775, which says: “This paper was changed from
the Wednesday to Friday issue and a single sheet in conse-
quence of disappointment by an accident, of paper from
Milton which did not arrive in season.” On the 30th of
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May of this year the Worcester County Convention passed
the following: ‘* Resolved that the erection of a paper-mill
in this County would be of great public advantage, and if
any person or persons will undertake the erection of such
a mill and the manufacture of paper; that it will be
recommended to the people of the County to encourage
the undertaking by generous contributions and subscrip-
tions.” Without doubt this resolution was inspired by
Thomas, and on the 5th of July of the same year the
printer advertised that he knew of a person ready to
begin this work.
Little encouragement was given however, for on Feb-
ruary 7th, 1776, the Spy states: “ We are sorry we cannot
oblige our customers with more than half a sheet this
week owing to the want of paper. The present scarcity
throughout this county will certainly continue unless a
paper-mill is established in this neighborhood.” After
some months of difficult and unsatisfactory labor, Mr.
Abijah Burbank, of Sutton, produced in June, 1776, a
sample of ordinary paper from the mill he established
inthat town. The following notice appeared in the Spy,
June 11th, 1778. “Abijah Burbank, hereby informs the
Public that he has lately procured a workman who is a
compleat master of the art of paper making and hopes
for the future (provided the good people of this County
will be careful to save their rags) to be able to supply
them with as good paper as any paper-maker in the State
and at least as cheap.” This mill was located on the site
of the Lapham Mill in Millbury, then a part of Sutton,
and at its greatest capacity turned out 1500 pounds of
paper per week. The scarcity of rags and the misfortunes
attendant upon a new enterprise rendered the supply irreg-
war and the quality uneven, and we find an occasional
threat to seek another source unless improvement followed.
The inadequacy of the supply from the Sutton mill as
Thomas’s business increased, or his desire to control the
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price and quality caused Mr. Thomas to look about for
himself, and it was doubtless this project which induced
him to purchase in 1785 a lot of land in Quinsigamond
Village near the scrap yard of the present steel works,
The unsettled state of the country and the impoverished
condition of the people evidently delayed the plan and
he finally sold the property in 1787. On January 31st,
1793, he again purchased this land and erected upon it a
paper-mill (the second in this County), a print of which is
preserved in the collection of the Worcester Society of
Antiquity.
The mill turned out about 1400 pounds of paper per
week, and employed ten men and eleven girls. Among
the workmen here was Mr. Zenas Crane, who went from
this mill in 1799, to establish those paper-mills in the
western part of the State which have become so famous by
his enterprise. In 1798, Mr. Thomas sold his mill to
Caleb and Elijah Burbank, who carried it on in connection
with those at Sutton established by their father, until 1834
when it was sold to the Quinsigamond Paper Company.
V. Binding.
One more department was added to his business when
in 1782 the Spy of April 11th added to its colophon
the words, Book Bindery; and from time to time we find
advertised in the paper the need of a competent book-
binder. How long he was able to carry on this part of
his business alone is not known, but Peter Whitney in his
History calls it very extensive. That the work turned out
by him was excellent, and equal to any in America at that
time, is proven by many bound volumes in the possession
of this Society. Perhaps the finest examples of Thomas's
work as a binder are the copy of the Folio Bible of
1793, presented to the Society by him; and another
specimen of the same Bible, formerly owned by William
Andrews one of the Boston partners of Isaiah Thomas,
and now in the possession of Senator George F. Hoar.
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VI. The Worcester Imprints of Isaiah Thomas.
The titles of the Worcester Imprints of Isaiah Thomas
contained in the Bibliography of the Town of Worcester
were obtained chiefly from the rich collection bequeathed
to this Soviety by Mr. Thomas, from the library of the
Worcester Society of Antiquity, the Free Public Library
of Worcester, the State Library of Massachusetts and the
Congregational Library of Boston. The catalogues of
Brinley, Sabin and numberless sale collections have been
scanned for verification or for new titles.
From 1775 to the year 1802, at which date Isaiah
Thomas resigned the printing business to his son, two
hundred and fifty separate titles were recorded, to which
number seventy-five more titles of various editions may be
properly added, making a total of three hundred and
twenty-five books, pamphlets, newspapers, broadsides,
étc., Which were printed by or for Isaiah Thomas. In
1778, after his resumption of the printing business, we
find a sermon with the imprint “I, Thomas & Co.” The
latter referring without doubt to Anthony Haswell, who
remained in his employ for a short time. With this ex-
ception the imprint of all books until 1792 was Isaiah
Thomas ; and from that date the name varied frequently.
Isainh Thomas and Leonard Worcester have twelve titles ;
Leonard Worcester, for Isaiah Thomas, has eight; Isaiah
Thomas, Jun., for Isaiah Thomas, supplies twenty-four
titles: Thomas, Son & Thomas (Alexander), nineteen :
lsaiah Thomas, Jun., for I. Thomas & Son, two; for
Isaiah Thomas by Jas. R. Hutchins, one; while five titles
state * Printed for Isaiah Thomas’ without giving the name
of the printer. From 1775 to 1780 the words Massachu-
setts-Bay are invariably employed, the term Massachusetts
heing used subsequent to that year, the Constitution ot
the Commonwealth of Massachusetts being ratified in 1780.
Without attempting to give any exhaustive description
of these works, it is my desire to call your attention to
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some of the more important books or classes of books
which made the press of Worcester famous at that period,
Upon the copy of the Spy, May 3, 1775, in the posses.
sion of this Society, is written by Thomas. “ This js the
first Thing ever printed in Worcester,” and it is oatural that
this newspaper should first engage our attention. 4 eare.
ful study of the notices, advertisements to the public, od
appeals by the printer, reveals much of interest and value
in the struggle for recognition which Mr. Thomas made in
the early years of his life in Worcester. The two great
difficulties against which he strove were lack of paper and
want of patronage. Of the former we have already
spoken, and the constant advertisement, “Cash paid for
rags at this Printing Office,” is sometimes replaced by the
more telling appeal to “the fair daughters of Liberty” to
save their rags for the printer and thus prevent the press
from standing still for want thereof. During the first
vear two incidents occurred to mar the harmony between
Mr. Thomas and his public. The Rev. Ebenezer Chaplin,
of Sutton, having been refused the columns of the Spy
for some of his effusions, preached a sermon affirming that
the motto “ Do thou great liberty,” e¢c., was rank idolatry,
and that the editor was an Atheist as well as a Tory.
This called torth a flaming editorial trom Mr. Thomas and
a reply from the Church at Sutton, which took up the
quarrel of its pastor. Injurious as such an attack must
have been, it had no such evil consequences as the second
incident. In the Spy of March Ist, 1776, we find the
following editorial; “ The Printer is sorry to say, especially
at this Crisis of affairs, that the cruel hand of Oppression,
in conjunction with unmerited malice, prevented him from
publishing a paper last week.” Again on the 12th of
April, we learn that the printer was unable even then to
settle his affairs. “It was his misfortune,” he wrote, “to
fall into the hands of a mortal whose Pharaoh-like heart
was bent on cruelty and oppression.” This attachment of
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his property scattered his customers and was the probable
cause of the two years lease of the Spy which followed.
From his return in 1778 are to be found frequent appeals
for support. In the issue for December 21st, 1780, he
wrote that the Spy in 1774 had a list of 3500 subscribers in
Boston ; that in Worcester in 1775 the number was 1500,
and the same in 1776. In 1778 and 1779 he had 1200:
in 1780, during the first three months, he had but 150
subscribers, during the next quarter 500, and since that
time 271 only. In conclusion he states, “it is always
allowed that 600 customers with a considerable number
of advertizements will barely support the publication of
a newspaper,” and agrees to continue if 750 subscribers
are guaranteed,
Soon after this date (1781) the Spy was enlarged, the
type improved, better paper secured and arrangements
were made to obtain subscribers in Boston ; and from this
time we hear no more suggestions of lack of patronage.
A very interesting editorial appeared October 16th, 1783,
upon the value of the newspaper, in which he says, “ the
press is the Palladium of Liberty,” and calls attention to
his paper as a model of excellence, as it undoubtedly was
at that period.
From this date we find long lists of importations from
Enzland, including books and materials of his own trade ;
and for two years the tide of prosperity was at its highest
point. Then came the reaction, and an editorial on July
28th, 1785, says, “The present scarcity of money will
in all probability be the only means to bring us to our
senses. We have made large importations from Great
Britain and elsewhere and have little besides cash to make
payment. All the circulating currency in United America
is now thought insufficient to pay what we owe for foreign
luxuries. * * * This will of course set us at work
and it is to be hoped make us industrious. * * *
Nature has furnished us with soil and climate which will
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produce all the comforts of life, nay more; if we but |
cultivate our lands instead of acting the prodigal and the
spendthrift they will afford us all the rich luxuriance we
can desire.” The issue of October 27th, contains another
strong appeal for the cultivation of our lands, and a series
of articles was begun upon agricultural subjects. He
says, “TuHar people whose imports exceed their exports
cannot grow rich, They must look tor poverty and ruin
which will inevitably be the result.” As if to prove his
own change of heart, he ceased to advertise long lists of
hooks imported and began more freely to reprint the works
formerly obtained trom London.
Thus we might follow these confidences of Mr. Thomas
with his Public from year to year, but enough has been
given to illustrate his open dealing in his own affairs and
his deep interest in the new Republic.
On the 24th of May, 1775, appears an address in the
Spy by Joseph Warren, President ot the Provincial Con-
gress, to the people of Great Britain, upon the unwar-
ranted assault of the British Troops, and calling tor justice.
This is followed, July 5, by the advertisement of the
publication of “A Narrative of the Excursions and Ravages
of the King’s Troops under the Command of General
Gage, on the Nineteenth of April, 1775. Together with
the Depositions Taken by order of Congress To support
the Truth of it.” This book of twenty-three pages was
printed in order to prove that the first blood was shed by
the overt act of the British troops, and copies were sent to
King George and his ministers to show that fact, and to
the Governors of the different Provinces to prove the
need of united action. This, the first book printed in
Worcester, holds, therefore, an important position in the
annals of our country !
; Two Almanacs, published in Worcester in 1775, have
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latter containing a description of the battle of Lexington by
the Rev. Mr. Gordon of Roxbury. The first of the series
of Thomas Almanacs proper was printed in 1778, and they
continued from that date without intermission until 1820.
In addition to the usual calculations, these almanacs con-
tained information of greater value and more solid
character than the others. In the issue for 1784 is given
the full text of the Articles of Peace, in that for 1786 the
Declaration of Rights, and each year had its particular
attraction to excite an abiding interest in his almanac.
The Thomas Almanacs were published in October of the
previous year, and reference to the Spy shows that fre-
quently a second and even a third edition was published
before December, when the other almanacs were issued,
thus proving the business acumen of Mr. Thomas as their
contents did his superior literary taste.
In his History of Printing, Isaiah Thomas wrote, “The
books printed during a century in New England were
nearly all on religion, politics, or for the use of schools” ;
and these three classes were fully illustrated in his own
imprints in Worcester. The sermons printed by him are
an almost complete ecclesiastical history of Worcester
County: while Hart’s Hymns, 1782; Ballou’s Hymns,
1785; Watts’s Psalms, 1786; Brady & Tate’s Psalms,
1788; with the Worcester Collection of Sacred Harmony,
1786 ; and French’s Psalmodists’ Companion, 1793,—show
the books used in worship by the churches of that
period.
The Constitution or Frame of Government for the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts (ratified in 1780) was
printed in 1787. The Perpetual Laws of Massachusetts
from 1780 to 1788 were gathered together and printed by
Thomas in 1788, and a second volume, carrying the collec-
tion to 1798, appeared in 1799. Jonathan Jackson's
“Thoughts Upon the Political Situation,” efe., came out
in 1788, as did Minot’s History of the Insurrection in
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442 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
Massachusetts in 1786. In 1790 a fine edition of Black-
stone’s Commentaries was printed in four volumes.
These will give an idea of the more weighty political
and legal treatises which issued from his press. When we
turn to the purely literary side, we find among the finest
specimens of his work are the Masonic orations. An
enthusiastic Mason, he compiled the *‘* Constitutions of
the Ancient and Honorable Fraternity of Free and Ae-
cepted Masons” in 1792, and, six years later, printed a
second edition, edited by Thaddeus M. Harris. In 1793
appeared Peter Whitney’s History of Worcester County.
Millot’s Elements of General History, in five volumes,
in 1789; Josephus’s Works, in six volumes, in 1794; St.
Pierre’s Studies of Nature, in three volumes, in 1797;
and Charlotte Smith’s Elegiac Sonnets in 1795,—are some
of the reprints noted in this list.
The last is one of the finest productions of his press,
the paper being made at his own mill, the illustrations
being engraved in Worcester and the printing done on the
old press of his youth. The preface to this book evidences
his love tor his art and reminds one of the introductions
written by Baskerville to whom Thomas has been likened.
Samuel Sewall’s Carmina Sacra, printed in 1789, con-
taining Latin versions of the Psalms and a Greek ode, is
another choice specimen of his presswork.
In 1780, to eke out his small income from printing,
Isaiah Thomas entered into partnership with Joseph
Trumbull in the drug store started in 1772 by Dr. William
*aine, and continued his interest in that business for
several years. Whether this gave him the impetus, or
his natural tendency to search for and secure the best
in every branch of knowledge, is not known, but from his
press came reprints of some of the finest medical works of
the day. Cullen’s First Lines of Physic, in 1790; Bell's
Surgery, in three volumes, in 1791; Hamilton’s Female
Family Physician, in 1793; White’s Pregnancy and
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Smellie’s Plates, in the same year,—illustrate his judgment
and skill, as well as show the high character of the medical
profession in Massachusetts at this period.
His own meagre training at school and his restless search
for knowledge in consequence, prepare us for the deep
interest he displayed in all educational matters, as well as
in the publication of school books. Twenty titles are
recorded of such productions, mainly reprints, but several
the product of our own talent. Among the first stands
Perry’s Spelling Book. In the Spy of March 3d, 1785,
appeared an editorial, signed by an old schoolmaster,
giving strong reasons for the superiority of this over all
other spelling books, and stating that the expense of impor-
tation alone prevented its use in Andover and Leicester
Academies. The same month was advertised the First
Worcester Edition of Perry’s Spelling Book, and from
this time, a new edition appeared almost yearly until 1804,
when it was reconstructed and improved. I have been
unable to find any clue to the size of the editions of the
Thomas imprints, except in the case of this book. In the
Improved Edition of 1804 the preface states, “ Fourteen
editions of this useful book have issued from our Press in
Worcester (constituting at least 300,000 copies)”; and in
1805 the preface states that 20,000 copies of that book
had been sold the previous year.
In the fall of 1785 Thomas published a Spelling Book
designed by himself, which he states, in the Spy of
November 24th, was intended to be used by teachers not
having had a classical education, and which would serve as
a good introduction to Perry’s. His manuscript note in
the copy belonging to this Society states that it was rather
hastily compiled and set aside with the publication of
Perry’s work. In 1788 Perry’s Royal Standard English
Dictionary appeared (the first in America), and its dedi-
cation was “To the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences.” Cnriously enough, there is in the possession
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of this Society the galley proof of a letter to Isaiah
Thomas, dated 1787, from Benjamin Franklin, accepting
the honor of the dedication of this dictionary to him.
self,
Ash’s Grammatical Institutes, or an Easy Introduction
to Dr. Lowth’s English Grammar appeared in 1785, and
was used with the Grammar in Perry’s Spelling Book until
Webster's work and Lindley Murray’s popular Grammar
came into use. It was the custom then, however, to use
the Latin grammar, and, in 1786, the popular Introduction
to the making of Latin, by John Clarke, was reprinted,
In the year 1794 Caleb Alexander, a minister at Mendon,
published “A Grammatical Institute of the Latin Language,”
a book founded on Clarke’s work, but much improved,
In 1795 he published “A New Introduction to the Latin
Language,” efc., which he claims is the first work of its
kind in America. “A Grammatical System of the Grecian
Language ” appeared in 1796, which, the Spy says, is the
first Greek Grammar in America.
Caleb Alexander published, also, the first American
translation of Virgil, in 1795, and “A Young Ladies and
Gentlemen's Spelling Book in 1799,” and was the critical
editor of the Greek Testament of 1800.
These three, although Worcester imprints, did not
appear from the press of Isaiah Thomas, but are given to
show the versatility and classical education of this preacher
of Mendon.
Nicholas Pike’s Arithmetic was published in 1787, in
Newburyport, by Thomas, and at once replaced the half-
dozen inferior ones then in use. In 1795 a second edition
was published in Worcester, and in 1797 an improved
edition was published under the supervision of Ebenezer
Adams, Principal of Leicester Academy, and its popularity
continued far into the new century.
These examples will show the care with which Thomas
selected the best books in these branches, and the active
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outlook he kept for the improvements demanded by the
necessities of his public.
Of the various editions of the Bible printed by Isaiah
Thomas so much has been said that nothing of interest
can he added. The Hieroglyphic Bible, printed in 1788,
filled “with Emblematical figures for the Amusement of
Youth,” is one of the rarest bibles printed by Thomas in
Worcester, and shows a remarkable relaxation in the age
which printed for its children “A Token for Children by
James Janeway (1795),” The History of Holy Jesus
(1786) and Watts’s Divine and Moral Songs for Children
(1778). The same year which saw a broadside, “The
Confession and Dying Words of Samuel Frost, who is to
be Executed This Day, October 31, 1793, for the Horrid
Crime of Murder,” the colophon of which reads: Printed
and Sold at Mr. Thomas Printing office in Worcester.
Price 6d. Also A Poem on the QOceasion, Price 3d,
records “ A Faithful Narrative of the Wonderful Dealings
of God towards Polly Davis of New Grantham in the
ele,
State of Newhampshire Taken from her own Mouth’
This latter represents a class of literature for the conver-
sion of youth to that gloomy form of religion which is,
happily, being replaced by a more vital and practical
Christianity in our own generation.
But we must stop here to consider that class of books
which has made Isaiah Thomas more noted than any,
perhaps all others, which he printed. 1 refer to the Juve-
niles reprinted from the Carnan and Newbery Chap-books.
Those exquisite gems of faney, bound in flowered Dutch
gilt paper have a life of their own, apart from all others,
and it seems to me not inappropriate that the art of making
these gilt covers even, should have been lost. They are
matchless !
I have little patience with the modern Folk
Lore Study which so materializes these tales as to render
them attractive to childhood because they recall a prenatal
stage in the unthinking mind of youth. No! I prefer to
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thank Heaven with Southey and Charles Lamb that we
could be fed with such manna rather than the depressing
though well-intended writings of James Janeway and Mrs,
Barbauld.
While the authorship of many of these little books can
he ascribed directly to John Newbery, as that extract from
Dr. Primrose’s Diary shows, in which he states that he
found Newbery working up the story of Tommy Trip, and
others bear the earmarks of Newbery’s advertising genius,
like the allusion to Dr. James’s Fever Powders in Goody
Two Shoes; a more careful study of these toy-books
deepens the impression that Oliver Goldsmith lent to
many the freshness of his matchless wit as well as the
beautiful simplicity of his literary style.
In the Boston Chronicle for August, 1767, I find adver-
tised by John Mein, Giles Gingerbread and Tommy Trip,
with other gilt covered little books for children, so early
did the Boston booksellers recognize the value of these
books; and from this time frequent importations are
recorded. Among the earliest importations of Thomas
after the peace of 1783, we find a variety of small gilt
books for children, and in 1784 he prints a long list of
these juveniles just received from London. What caused
him to reprint these books is not known. It may be the
recollection of Tom Thumb’s Folio, which he set up in
1762, when an apprentice for Andrew Barclay. It is
more than probable, however, that the conviction which
was forced upon him at this period that the imports of the
country had become a serious menace to her prosperity,
set into activity his fertile mind with the well known
result.
On the 27th of June, 1786, the following advertisement
appeared in the Worcester Magazine: “A large Assort-
ment of all the various sizes of Children’s books, Known
by the name of Newbery’s Little Books for Children, are
now republishing by I. Thomas in Worcester, Massachu-
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setts. They are done exactly in the English Method, and
it is supposed the paper, printing, cuts and binding are
every way equal to those imported from England. As the
subscriber has been at great expense to carry on this
particular branch of Printing extensively, he hopes to
meet with encouragement from the Booksellers in the
United States.”
In 1784, the Royal Primer appeared ; in 1785, two other
juveniles were printed, one being Mother Goose, the
history of which has been so fully treated by William
H. Whitmore. From the date of the above notice they
increased rapidly in numbers,—in 1786, eleven; in 1787,
twenty-two; in 1788, eight; in 178%, four; in 1794,
seven; in 1795, two; and in 1796, four. Sixty-one titles |
can be referred to Thomas without question and about
twenty more have the weight of probability. How large
the editions of these juveniles were it is impossible to
determine, for no reference has been found in the columns
of the Spy, and single copies of many are the sole proofs
of their existence. It is not surprising, however, that
they are so rare, for childhood, like nature is prodigal of
its resources,
These notes have been placed before you with no
attempt at completeness, but with the avowed purpose of
culling from the productions of the press of our first
printer, Isaiah Thomas, such titles as may arouse your
interest ina branch of book-lore too little studied at the
present time—local bibliography.
|
|
|
448 American Antiquarian Society. | April,
THE MASCOUTINS.
BY LUCIEN CARR.
In the accounts that have come down to us of the first
settlements in Canada and the United States, mention is
made, more or less frequently, of a tribe or, possibly, it
would be more correct to say a band, of Indians who lived,
at different times, in different places, were known by dif-
ferent names and who virtually disappeared early in the
eighteenth century. Who they were, where they lived and
what became of them, has been, either directly or indirectly,
a subject of frequent inquiry ;' and as the results have not
always been satisfactory, it has occurred to me that it
might not be amiss to devote a few moments to an exami-
nation of the early records, with the view of finding out
exactly what they tell us of these people, and whether it is
of such a character as to justify us in forming definite
conclusions as to their career and probable fate.
Beginning with Champlain,? from whom we first hear of
them, we are told that “they call themselves Assistague-
ronons,” a Huron word which means in French “ gens de
Jeu,” or, as we should say, Fire Nation. This was in or
about the year 1615, and at this time they were living some
' Among the best of these is the paper by William Wallace Tooker, in which he
contends, and with a fair measure of success, that the Fire Nation and Bocoota-
wanaukes of Strachey (Historie of Travaile into Virginia) were one and the same
people. The Indians of Ohio by M. F. Force; An Inquiry into the Identity and
History of the Shawnee Indians by ©. C. Royce; and the Story of a Mound or the
Shawnees in Pre-Columbian Times by Cyrus Thomas—may all be consulted to ad-
vantage. In fact, anything and everything that tends to throw light upon the
fortunes of these Parthians of History, as the Shawnees have been called, will be
found of interest by those who hold, as Lam disposed to do, that the Fire Nation,
Mascoutins, or to give them the name by which they called themselves, the Prairie
people, were an offshoot of that tribe.
2 Voyages, Tome I., pp. 357, 358; Paris, 1830,
of
tw
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1900. The Mascoutins. 449
ten days’ journey distant from the Cheveux Relevés, with
whom they were at war, as indeed they also were with the
Huron tribe of Neuters. Some twelve or fifteen years later,
A. D. 1632, Sagard! repeats almost verbatim what is said
of the hostile relations existing between them and these
two tribes, though he speaks of them as the .Vation de
Feu, and tells us that instead of ten days, they were two
hundred leagues and more from the Cheveux Relevés, as the
Ottawas® were then called. Little as this is, it is practi-
cally all that was known of these people prior to the visit
of Nicolet in 1634-5, for up to that time, it is not probable
that a single member of this tribe, except the child men-
tioned by Le Jeune,* had ever been seen by a white man ;
and the accounts of Champlain, Sagard and even of
Raguenau * are too indefinite to warrant an opinion as to
where they lived, though there is reason to believe, as we
shall see later on, that they, or the confederacy to which
they belonged, once held the region south of the Lakes
and north of the Ohio, including the peninsula of southern
Michigan.
However, be this as it may, there seems to be no doubt
that when visited by Nicolet, they were living in what is
now known as Wisconsin and probably on Fox River.
Indeed, it is from him that we get the word Mascoutins,°
which, we may remark in passing, really means Prairie
'Le Grand Voyage du Pays des Hurons, L., pp. 53, 147, 148: Paris, 1865,
i“* * * QOndataouaouat de la langue Algonquine, que nous appellons les
cheveux relevez 4 cause que leur chevelure ne descend point en bas, mais qu’ils
font dresser leurs cheveux, comme une creste qui porte en haut,’ Jes. Relation,
164, p. 9: Quebec, 1858. “ L’ancienne demeure des Outaouacs estoit un quartier du
lac des Hurons d’ou la crainte des Lroquois les a chassez, et ot se portent tous leurs
desirs comme a leur pais natal’’; Relation, 1667, p. 17. Cf. Relation, 1670, p. 78;
1671, p. 47.
’ Relation, 1632, p. 14: Quebec, 1858.
‘Speaking of the Attistaehronon and others, we are told; ‘* Toutes ces nations
sont sedentaires * * * elles cultivent la terre, et par consequent sont remplies
depeuple * * * iln’y a point de doute que ces peuples ne soient au nord de
la Virginie, de la Floride, et peut estre encore de la nouvelle Mexique”’; Jes. Rel.,
160), p. 35: Quebec, 1858.
5 Jesuit Relation, 1640, p. 35, where they are called Rasaoua Koueton, and are
said to speak Algonquin, and to live in the neighborhood of the Winnebagos, who
were on Green Bay. Vimont credits his knowledge of these people to Nicolet.
j
45 Antiqua wan Socee ty. April,
People,' and was the name by which they knew themselves,
though owing to a mistake in substituting the word Jch-
koute, tire, for Machkoute, prairie, the Hurons and
Troquois called them Assista Ectaeronnons? from Assista,
fire, and Hronon, Nation.* This, as we have seen, signifies
in French, Nation du Feu; and though it was evidently a
mistake, and the name, like Sioux, Moki, e/c., was unknown
to the people themselves, vet it was maintained, especially
by the authors of the Jesuit Relations, long after Perrot,
Allouez and others had made us familiar with their true
appellation.
Continuing our investigations, we find that these people
spoke Algonquin,‘ and that they were always at war with
the Neuters, by whom they seem to have been terribly
punished. To take but one instance, we are told that, in
1643, a war party of two thousand Neuters attacked one of
their palisaded villages which was defended by nine hun-
dred warriors. After a siege of ten days, it was carried
by assault, in the course of which many were killed, and
eight hundred men, women and children were taken pris-
oners. After burning seventy of the best warriors, they
1 La Nation du Feu porte ce nom par erreur, s’appellant proprement Mascou-
tench, qui signifie une terre déchargeée d’arbres, telle qu’est celle que ces peuples
habitent; mais parce que, pour peu de lettres qu’on change, ce mesme mot signifie
du feu; de la est venu qu’on les appelle la Nation du Feu"; Jes. Rel., 1671, p. 4:
Quebec, 1858. Charlevoix, Histoire de la Nouvelle France, V., p. 277: Paris, 174.
Marquette in Dis. & Exploration of the Mississippi, p. 13: New York, 1852.
2 Perrot, Memoire sur les Mceurs, Coutumes et Religion des Sauvages, pp. 237)
277: Paris, 1864. Jes. Rel., 1670, p. 99: Quebec, 1858.
Sagard L., p. 53: Paris, 1865,
‘ Jes. Relations, 1640, p. 35; 1641, p. 59; 1646, p. 77.
'*Ces peuples de la Nation Neutre ont toujours guerre avec ceux de la Nation
du Feu”; Jes. Rel., 1644, p. 98. In Relation, 1641, p. 72, there is an account of a
successful foray made by the Neuters, in which 170 of the Nation du Feu were
taken prisoners and “ treated with the same cruelty that the Hurons show towards
their captives.’ In the same Relation, p. 72, we are told that there is reason to believe
“qu'il n’y a pas long temps qu’ils ne faisoient tous qu'un Peuple, et Hurons et
Iroquois, et ceux de la Nation Neutre; * * * mais que par succession de temps,
ils se soient esloignez et separez les uns des autres, qui plus, qui moins, de demeure
Winterets et d’affection: de sorte que quelques uns sont devenus ennemis, d’autres
Neutres, et d’autres sont demeurez dans quelque liason et communication plus
particuliére.” Called Neuters because they refused to take part on either side
in the war that broke out between the Hurons and Iroquois. Cf. Relation, 1648, pp.
45, 46, for their country.
Jatt
far
we
Iro
to)
nov
par
The
Ohi
mol
dre
@SSd
Ma:
war
tins
leur f
vaing
bruit
de tor
etonn
heant
man,
Natio
|
depuii
hatur
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que nm
et Fra
of Fo)
claim
|
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the
aft
qu
he
Fir
Th
|
Re
|
|
The Mascoutins. 451
1900.
put out the eyes and cut off the lips of the old men, and
then left them to drag out a miserable existence.’ Shortly
after, in 1651, the Neuters were destroyed by the Iro-
quois,? and this, of course, put an end to the war that had
been going on so long between them and the Nation of
Fire, or the Mascoutins as we shall hereafter call them.
This, however, can hardly be considered as a benefit to the
latter tribe, since it simply brought them face to face with a
far more terrible enemy. Indeed, for the next fifty years,
we seldom hear of them except in connection with some
Iroquois foray. Even in the far distant home in Wisconsin
to which they had fled, they were not safe ; for the Iroquois
now had guns,® and possessed of this advantage, their war
parties swept undisturbed from the Niagara to the Illinois.
The whole of this region and even far to the south of the
Ohio, they claimed by right of conquest,‘ and what is
more to the point, they made good this claim, for a hun-
dred years and more, by force of arms. But it is unnec-
essary to pursue this branch of the subject further. As
Mascoutins, these people played a subordinate part in the
war with the Iroquois, and just at present, it is as Mascou-
tins that we are dealing with them.
Returning from this digression and taking up the thread
' Relation, 1644, p. 98: Quebec, 1858.
"Relation, 1651, p. 4.
Rel., 1643, p. 62. In the Relation, 1660, p.6, we are told “les Hollandois * * *
leur fournirent des arms & feu, avec lesquelles il leur fut aisé de vaincre leurs
vainqueurs, qu’ils mettoient en fuite et qu’ils remplissoient de fraieur au seul
bruit de leurs fusils; et c’est ce quiles a rendus formidable par tout et victorieux
de toutes les Nations avec lesquelles ils onten guerre; * * * Et ce qui est plus
etonnant, c’est que de fait ils dominent a cing cents lieues 4 la ronde, estans
heantmoins en fort petit nombre ” efe. Cf. Charlevoix, V., p. 208: Paris, 1744. Park-
man, Jesuits in North America, chap. XXXIII.: Boston, 1885. Colden’s Five
Nations, p. 30: New York, 1866.
‘Les Lroquois entendu leurs territoires jusqu’a la riviére des Illinois
depuis Van 1672, qu’ils subjuguérent les anciens Chaouanons les propriétaires
naturels du pais et de la riviére Ohio et avec les quels ils ont été incorporés. Ils
pretendent qu'il leur appartient par droit de conquéte aussi bien qu'une grande
partie du Mississippi. Nous avons payé de notre sang, disent-ils, et il est juste
que nous le possédions ": Palairet, Description Abrege des Possessions Angloises
et Frangoises du continent Septentrional de l’ Amérique, p. 41,1756. At the treaty
of Fort Stanwix they sold all that region now known as the State of Kentucky.
claiming it by right of conquest: Butler, Kentucky, p. 378: Louisville, 1834.
452 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
of our narrative, we are told that living west of Lake
Michigan and in close proximity to the Winnebagos, were
the “ Ouchaouanag” (Oshawano or Shawnee!), and what
makes the statement of vital importance in this connection
is the fact that they are said to be “a part of the Nation of
Fire.”? This, so far as I have been able to discover, is
the first instance in which the identity of these two tribes
is asserted; and as it is the key-note of my argument, I
may be pardoned for insisting upon the fact that the state-
ment is positive, and that it was made by Father Lallement,
one of that glorious band of missionaries to whom we are
indebted for much of what we know of the early history
of the lake region. Moreover, it is inferentially confirmed
by others of the Jesuit Fathers, for, obviously, if, as we
are told, the Ontouaganha were the same as the Nation of
Fire,’ and the Chaouanons were the same as the Ontoua-
ganha,* then the Nation of Fire and the Chaouanons
(Shawnees) must have been one and the same people.
Under ordinary circumstances this evidence would be
considered conclusive ; and with this point gained, I might
well afford to rest the argument, at least until it can be
shown that there is an error in the record. To do so,
however, would be to leave several lines of investigation
untouched ; and as this would not comport with the purposes
of this inquiry, it behooves me to examine, somewhat
closely, these additional sources of information, in order
to compare the possible results with the conclusion toe
which a study of the Jesuit Relations led. To this end,
then, let us first take up the enforced wandering life of
these people—for they can hardly be said to have hada
permanent place of abode—and see whether it throws any
light upon their tribal affinities. Thus, for example, leaving
out all unnecessary details and confining ourselves to what
is said of the Mascoutins, we find that when first visited by
' Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes, V., p. 41.
? Relation, 1648, p. 62. i Lhid.,, 1660, p. 7. § Lhid., 1672, p. 25.
Wi
sO
go
tre
fot
at
the
he
lig
the
fro
(ue
Yo
son
sou
mo
and
whe
the
“to
con
the
sug
rem
peo
'R
Lake
inter)
Comp
yp
|
|
|
h
=
1900. |} The Mascoutins. 153
the white men, as indeed we have already seen, they were
living in Wisconsin and probably on Fox River. At all
events, it was near Green Bay, or Lac des Puants as it
was then called; and here they were in 1658! when
Dreuillettes reported them as being among the tribes that
had been recently discovered, and endeavored in a vague
sort of way to fix their place of residence. So far as it
goes, this account is correct; and vet it is not the whole
truth, for upon an examination of the record, it will be
found that their original home was not on Fox River. As
amatter of fact, they had fled here to escape the fury of
the Iroquois,? and we do not know how long they had been
here, nor exactly where they came from. Speaking in the
light of later information, it is probably sate to say that
they had originally come from the east, as the pressure was
from that direction, and it must have been after the Iro-
quois had made good their occupation of Northern New
York. In support of this theory, we have the evidence of
- in which they are placed in the
some of the oldest aps,"
southern part of Michigan, and it is borne out by the testi-
mony of the Ottawas, who “attributed the small mounds
and garden beds of the Grand River Valley and else-
where,” the bone caves of Michilmacinac, and the bones in
the trenches on Menissing or Round Island, Lake Huron,
“to the Mushkodainsug, People of the Prairie, whom they
conquered and drove off.”* Admitting this evidence, and
the identity of the names Mascoutins and Mushkodain-
sug would seem to warrant it, and we are carried back one
remove in our search for the primitive home ot these
people, and towards the east. When next we hear of
' Relation, 1658, pp. 21, 22.
*“These incorrigible warriors pushed their murderous raids to Hudson's Bay,
lake Superior, the Mississippi and the Tennessee; they were the tyrants of all the
intervening wilderness’: Parkman, Jesuits in North America, p. 445: Boston, 1867.
Compare Tailhan in Perrot, pp. 269, 271: Paris, 1864.
‘See Maps in Winsor’s Cartier to Frontenac, pp. 179, 210, 216: Boston, 184.
‘Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes, I., p. 307.
»
—
454 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
them, in 1668 or 9, Perrot! was visiting them; and if we
may judge from the feasts, dances and other honors
accorded him, he must, from an Indian point of view,
have been royally entertained. At this time, they were
certainly on Fox River, living in the same village with the
Miamis; and here they were in 1670? when visited by
Father Allouez in the course of his ministrations. Ip
June, 1673,° Marquette stopped with them when on his
way down the Mississippi, and among other things, he
tells us that they had been joined by the Kickapoos,
so that, now, there were three tribes living in the village
and apparently in perfect harmony.
In the Relations of these two Jesuit Fathers, supple-
mented largely by Perrot, we have a good account of these
tribes—their manners and customs, form of government,
religion and material condition. In some respects it is,
perhaps, too highly colored; and yet there are but few of
us who are familiar with life on a prairie who will not
endorse Marquette’ when he says: “I felt little
pleasure in beholding the position of this town; the view
is beautiful and very picturesque, for from the eminence
on which it is perched, the eve discovers on every side
prairies spreading away beyond its reach, interspersed
with thickets or groves of lofty trees.” Being somewhat
of a practical turn of mind, he adds: “the soil is very
good, producing much corn; the Indians gather also
quantities of plums and grapes, trom which good wine
could be made, if they chose.” — Flattering as is. this
picture, it is surpassed by Allouez,? who tells us that
“this region has something of the beauty of the earthly
paradise, though the road to it,” owing to the rapids in
‘La Potherie, II., pp. 103, et seq.: Paris, 1722. Compare Tailhan in Perrot, pp.
271, et seq.: Paris, 1864.
2 Relation, 1670, pp. 94, 99, and 1671, p. 45: Quebec, 1858.
* Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi, p. 13: New York, 1852.
* Thid., p. 14.
» Relation, 1671, p. 43.
the
ou
hu
are
or
wh
for
Ki
the
nec
not
any
ing
hee
far
pra
adn
not
tion
etfe
lise
off
like
"the
fort.
kille
pole
gest
their
imag
mani
this
fort,
'K
'@
th
|
|
is
1900. ] The Mascoutins. 455
the river, portages, e/c., “may be likened to the one that
our Saviour says leads to heaven.”
From this time on, and for the next forty years, we hear
hut little of these people. In the maps of the day they
are put down as living about where they were in Mar-
quette’s time ; and it is probable that they remained here
or in the vicinity until early in the eighteenth century,
; when we find them settled on the Wabash, near the French
fort Vincennes, and in the immediate neighborhood of the
Kiekapoos. Tlere they were when Mermet! came among
; them, and, if we may credit his account, they were a stiff-
necked people, much attached to their superstitions and
not overly disposed to profit by his instructions. Being
anxious for their conversion, he adopted the plan of engag-
ing one of their medicine men in what seems to have
heen a public discussion; and although he succeeded, so
far as the argument went, in silencing his adversary, yet,
) practically, this was all he gained, for he was forced to
; admit, somewhat regretfully, that his Indian hearers “ were
not less attached than before to their ridiculous supersti-
) tions.” What, however, the worthy Father could not
) effect by argument, was brought about by a contagious
disease, which desolated their village, and each day carried
off many, including some of the medicine men, who “ died
like the rest.” For the purpose ot checking the disease,
) “their medicine men removed to a short distance from the
. fort, to make a great sacrifice to their manitou. They
, killed nearly forty dogs, which they carried on the top of
poles, singing, dancing and making a thousand extravagant
gestures. The mortality, however, did not cease for all
their sacrifices. The chief of the medicine men then
imagined that their manitou, being less powerful than the
manitou of the French, was obliged to vield to him. In
this persuasion he many times made a circuit around the
fort, crying out with all his strength: ‘We are dead;
' Kip, Jesuit Missions, p. 203: New York, 1846.
|
456 American A ntiquarian Socrety. [ April,
softly manitou of the French, strike softly—do not kill us
wll.’ Then addressing himself to the missionary : * Cease,
good manitou, let us live; you have life and death in your
possession; leave death—give us life.” The Missionary
calmed him, and promised to take even more care of the
sick than he had hitherto done; but notwithstanding all
the care he could bestow more than half in the village died.”
Here, then, reduced in numbers to less than half their
strength, we take our leave ot these people, tor we do not
hear of them again, at least not as Mascoutins. Whether
they were absorbed by the Kickapoos is uncertain, though
it is extremely probable that they were. Such an oceur-
rence would have been according to Indian custom;! and
as these two peoples belonged to the same stock, spoke the
sume language, and had lived for upwards of fifty years
in the same village, or as near neighbors, there can be
nothing impossible or improbable in the suggestion that
they had, at last, decided to join forces and become, for
all political purposes, one people. Ilowever, this is nota
point on Which it is hecessary to insist. Its interest is
incidental and it might be omitted altogether without
affecting in any way the strength of our argument.
What we cannot afford to ignore, is the statement that
some six or seven days’ journey southwest by west of the
Pottowatomi village of St. Michel, were thirty villages of
Atsistagherronons. In the same Relation mention is made
of a village of Makoutensak three days’ journey by water
from St. Michel and more inland.? If these two state-
ments mean anything, they justify the inference that, at
(est la coutume de ces Peuples, mesme des intideles, lorsqu’une nation
se refugie dans quelque pais estranger, que ceux qui les recoivent les distribuent
incontinent dans diverses maisons, ol: non seulement on leur donne le giste, mais
aussi les necessitez de la vie, avec une charite qui n’a rien de barbare, efe.,
* * * Jai ven les Hurons pratiquer tres-souvent cette hospitalité: * * *
sept et huit cents personnes trouvoient dés leur abord, des hostes charitables qui
leur tendoient les bras, qui les secouroient avec joye, et qui mesme leur distribu
sient une partie des terres deja ensemencees, atin qu’ils pussent vivre, quoy
qu’en un pals estranger, comme dans leur Patrie.” Jesuit Relation, 1650, p, 2;
Quebec, 1Sd8. * Relation, 1658, pp, 21, 22.
Natic
popu
total
their
the w
ae
coun)
that |
anotl
peop!
them
Beari
que v
lieues
ou la
au
1670, |
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ane
1900. | The Mascoutins. 457
this time, these people were divided into two bands, and
that the one to the southwest was much the larger. That
these latter were the same as the Chaouanon, who lived
thirty days’ journey east-southeast of the Illinois,' hardly
admits of a doubt. The names—Atsistagherronons,
Ontouaganha, Chaouanons—indicate it, for they are
synonymous ; and, besides, there was not in all this region
adozen, much less thirty, villages of Atsistagherronons,
though Shawnees were known to be on the Ohio? or
Ouabouskigou,® and in large numbers. But even if this
were not the case it would not affect our contention that
the Mascoutins and Shawnees spoke the same language.
That rests upon different grounds ; and it is made evident
by the fact that the Mascoutins and Kickapoos both spoke
Algonquin and were mutually intelligible.‘ So too did
the Shawnees,® though they may have used a different
dialect. This is certainly clear enough, but it is not the
only proof we have bearing upon this point. The Saes
and Foxes,® for example, according to their own account,
' Relation, 1670, p. 91.
*“The next south of this is the vast river Hohio * * * Formerly divers
Nations dwelt on this river, as the Chawanoes (Shawanees) a mighty and very
populous people, who had above fifty towns, and many other nations, who were
totally destroyed or driven out of their country by the Lrocois, this river being
their usual road when they make war upon the nations who lie to the south or to
the west." Coxe, Corolana in Hist. Coll.: Louisiana, Part II., p. 229.
5“We came toariver called Quaboukigou * * * this river comes from the
country on the east, inhabited by the people called Chaouanons, in such numbers
that they reckon as many as twenty-three villages in one district, and fifteen in
another, lying quite near each other; they are by no means warlike, and are the
people the Lroquois go so far to seek in order to wage an unprovoked war upon
them.”” Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi, pp. 41,42: New York, 1852
Bearing upon this point is the following: ‘* Tirant un peu plus vers le Couchant
que vers le midi, une autre bande d’lroquois va chercher, jusques & quatre cents
lieues (ici une nation qui n’est criminelle que parce qu’elle n’est pas Lroquoise;
ou la nomme Ontouagaunha”™ efc. Relation, 1662, p. 2: Quebec, 1858.
. Les Kikabou qui parlent méme langue que les Machkouteng ”’: Relation,
1670, p. 100. In the Relation, 1672, p. 41, Father Allouez tells us that there were in
“cette bourgade des Maskoutench, qui est la Nation du Feu, trois peuples de
langues differentes,” having apparently forgotten his statement that the Kickapoo
and Mascoutins spoke same language. There are many reasons for believing this
latter statement to be correct. ;
5“Oulanomme Ontouagaunha, comme qui diroit la o& on ne sait pas parler,
4 cause de l’Algonquin corrompu qui y est en usage.” Relation, 1662, p. 2:
Quebec, 1858.
® Morse, Appendix to Report, p. 122: New Haven, 1822.
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458 American Antiquarian Sociely. | April,
were related by language to the Kickapoos, “could con-
verse with them” as they phrased it, and it is a fair
inference that the Shawnees could do the same, since
they “were descended from the Sauks.” Moreover, in
classifying these tribes according to language, Gallatin!
puts the Shawnees, Kickapoos, efc., efc., into one group,
which he styles the Western Lenape; and if to this we
add the fact that, according to the account that the
Shawnees ? gave of themselves, they and the Kickapoos
were originally one people, and that in 1811, just before
the battle of Tippecanoe,? we know that bands of the
two tribes occupied neighboring sites if not the same
village, it will be seen that the evidence points most un-
mistakeably to their identity both politically and linguist-
ically. If this be admitted, it must follow that the
Mascoutins and the Shawnees spoke the same language,
for things that are equal to the same thing are equal to
each other, and the language of these two tribes did not
differ materially from that of the Kickapoos.
Thus far in the course of this investigation, I have
approached the subject from one side only; and whilst it
has led to results that are believed to be decisive, yet it is
incomplete in so far as there are certain features in the
early history of the Mascoutins that it does not account
for. To fill this gap, let us take up the story from the
Shawnee point of view, and see whether and how far it
will help us to complete the record. And here I must
premise that it is not my intention to attempt anything
like a connected account of this erratic tribe. Force,
Brinton and others have practically exhausted the field;
and if, in some respects, they have left us but little wiser
than we were, it has not been due to any shortcoming on
their part, but rather to difficulties that are inherent in the
subject. For this reason, then, I shall limit myself to
1 Archxologia Americana, II., p. 60: Cambridge, 1836,
* Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes, [V., p. 255.
Schoolcraft, VI., p. 379. North American Review for January, 1826, p. 97.
I!
|
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su
w
wl
| th
|
an
an
by
wn
Ir
Mi
li
Th
Col
wh
it
his
ane
firt
Sat
by
ay
eX]
col
for
Ad
Sept
for
1900. ] The Mascoutins. 454
such portions of the history of the Shawnees as fits in with
what we have been told of the Mascoutins, in order to see
whether it is of such a character as to justify the conclusion
that these two apparently different tribes were but different
hands of one and the same people.
The first that we hear of them is from Perrot,' who
gives us to understand that they lived south of the lakes,
and that, after a war which had lasted many years, they
and their allies were driven away—" towards Carolina "—
by the Iroquois. Of the beginning of this struggle it is
unnecessary to speak in detail. Suffice it to say that the
Iroquois, defeated and driven from their home near
Montreal by the Adirondacks, fled to Lake Erie. This
brought them into collision with the Shawnees, and, being
again worsted, they were obliged to take refuge south of
Lake Ontario, in what is now the State of New York.
This, in brief, is the substance of the story ; it is, of
course, traditional, and yet it is repeated by La Potherie,®
who states it as a fact, and by Charlevoix,® who introduces
it with the remark that it is the only part of Troquois
history that has come down to us clothed with an appear-
ance of truth. Ina general sort of way, too, it is con-
firmed by Colden,* who tells us that the Shawnees, called
Satanas by the Iroquois, lived on the shores of the lakes ;
by John Bartram,® who says they were the first people
against whom the Troquois turned their arms after their
expulsion trom Montreal; and, finally, by Morgan,® ac-
cording to whom, the Troquois had a tradition that they
formerly lived near Montreal and were subject to the
Adirondacks. These are the principal writers who have
'Memoire sur les Moeurs, Coustumes et Religion des Sauvages de I’ Amerique
Neptentrionale, chap. 1V.,and 79: Paris, 1864. Compare Charlevoix, I1., p. 244,
for end of the War.
* Histoire de ! Amerique Septentrionale, L., p. 289, ef seq.: Paris, 1724.
’ Histoire de la Nouvelle France, V., pp. 24, ef seq.: Paris, 1744.
‘ History of the Five Nations, pp. XIIL., and 6: New York, 1866,
Observations made by Mr. John Bartram in his Journey from Pensilvania to
Onondago, p, 23: London, 1751.
* League of the Lroquois, p. 5; Rochester, 1851.
460 American Antiquarian Society. [ April
treated of this matter, and on examining their several con.
tributions to the story, it will be seen that it comes down
to us as a closely connected whole and with a strong
presumption in favor of its truthfulness.
Exactly when these tribal upheavals took place is un-
certain. Perrot gives no date; neither does Charlevoix,
though he thinks “it could not have been very long ago,”
From other sources, however, there comes a ray of light,
and, following it, we are led to the conclusion that it must
have been in the latter part of the sixteenth century ; for
in 1535. in the time of Cartier,' the Troquois were living
at Montreal ; in 1609? they were established in New York,
Waging an apparently successful war with their old enemies,
the Adirondacks ; so that their flight from Montreal, their
collision with the Shawnees and their subsequent settle-
ment on the southern shore of Lake Ontario must all have
occurred between these two dates. From this time on,
we have, relatively speaking, plain sailing. The war that
had been going on for so many years, with varying for-
tunes, between them and the Shawnees, was still in
progress, though it is evident, from contemporary records,
that towards the middle ot the seventeenth century, the
Iroquois were, as the old Father expressed it, “at the top
of the wheel.” In fact, after the destruction of the Eries
in 1656,4 the whole of the region north of the Ohio and
from the Niagara to the Illinois was, virtually, uninhabited.
The Iroquois had conquered and driven off the tribes that
lived here, and for a hundred vears and more they held it
as a hunting-ground, °
1 Les Sauvages m’ont monstre quelques endroits, o& les Hiroquois ont autre-
fois cultive la terre:’ Relation, 1636, p. 46. Cf, preceding notes and text.
‘Champlain, Voyages, pp. 199, ef seg. Paris, 1830.
Relation, 1660, p. 6.
pp. 30, 31: Quebec, 1858.
'« The Iroquois, after expelling the Hurons and Exterminating the Eries who
inhabited the country bordering on the Great Lakes, which now bear their names,
events which happened about the years 1650 to 1660, took possession of their vast
territory and retained it for more than a century after. Their hunting country,
which they once occupied, is now embraced in the state of Ohio, and while in their
possession was called Carrahague ”; Appendix to Morse’s Report, p. 60. According
put
ace
Bri
bles
Ils
vale
p.
les
Pot!
appl
cote
cher
avoi
avoi
fallu
soier
Poth
inha
estar
dau
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(
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the
1900. | The Mascoutins. 161
Of the tribes that had once dwelt here, the Shawnees
were now and had been for some years a broken and scat-
tered people. De Laet,! ezrea 1632, puts a band of them
on the Delaware, and another, known to us as Pequods,”
in Eastern Connecticut. In the course of the succeeding
century, they are found in Georgia, Carolina, Virginia,
Illinois, efc.,® though the bulk of the tribe, judging from
the number ot their villages, was on the Ohio or rather the
Cumberland. Of their allies, those who once belonged
to what Rafinesque * calls the Shawnee confederacy, and
had been expelled trom the region south of the Lakes,
we know but little. Perrot’ tells us that some “ were
destroyed ” whilst “ others were obliged to abandon their
country”; and curiously enough, La Potherie® makes use
of much the same language when speaking of the Mascou-
tins, Kickapoos and Miamis whom he found living in the
village on Fox River. Moreover he tells us that after the
to Brant, the famous Lroquois chieftain, “all the country south of Buffalo Creek
and Lake Erie was obtained by the joint exertions of the Five Nations * * * so
that by our success, all the country between that and the Mississippi became the
joint property of the Five Nations. All other nations now there by permission of
the Five Nations”: Life of Red Jacket, p. 117; Archwologia Americana, IL., p. 72.
'New York Hist. Collections, New Series, Vol. L., pp. 303, 307.
* Brinton, The Lenape and their Legends, pp. 29, 30: Philadelphia, 1885.
‘Force, Indians of Ohio, pp. 12-40; Pamphlet, Cincinnati, 1879.
‘Ancient Annals of Kentucky, p. 25; Frankfort, 1824. Not much faith is to be
put in these annals, and yet it has not been very long since we distrusted his
account of the Walam Olum, or Bark Record of the Delawares, which Squier and
Brinton have accepted as genuine.
'* Toutes ces guerres servirent bien a aguerir les Lroquois, et a les rendre capa-
bles de combattre les Algonkins, qui portoient auparavant la terreur chez eux.
lis sont venus & bout de les detruire, et plusieurs autres nations ont éprouve la
valeur de ces redoutable enemis, qui les ont contraint d’abandonner leurs pays.”
p. 12: Paris, 864. “ * * * ils se renderent maitre de ces lacs d’ou ils chasserent
les Chaouanons, qui n’étoient accoutumez qu’a tuer des ours et des cerfs"*: La
Potherie, 1., p. 293: Paris, 1722.
*“Les Miamis, les Mascoutechs, les Kikabous, et cinquante cabanes
approcherent ete suivante de la Baye, et firent leurs deserts 4 trente lieues a
cote des Outayamis, vers le sud. Ces peuples que les Lroquois étoient venus cher
cher, avoient passe dans le sud du Mississippi apres le combat dont j’ai parle. Ils
avoient vi avant leur fuite des couteaux, des haches entre les mains des Hurons qu’ils
avoient négociez avec les Francois,” efc.: La Potherie, L., p. 102. “ Peu s’en
fallut que les Outagamis, les Maskoutechs, Kikabous, Sakis et Miamis, ne s’en
soient défaits il y a quelques années, ils sont devenus un peu plus traitables:" La
Potherie, 11., p. 77: Paris, 1722. In the Relation for 1672, ». 41, Allouez speaks of the
inhabitants of the village of the Mascoutins and “ particuliérement de ceux qui
estant arrivez de nouveau des quartiers du sud n’avoient jamais eu connaissance
d'aucun Frangais.”’
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162 American Antiquarian Society. April,
war “of which he had spoken” and “their deteat,” they
had wandered tor a time “in the south, near the Missis-
sippi,” where the Shawnees then were; that they had but
recently arrived on Fox River; and that the Lroquois, who
never thought themselves sufficiently avenged until they had
completely destroyed their enemies,' were still in’ pursuit
of them, as they were of the Shawnees.
Indefinite as this is, it is, except in the case of the
Andastes, all that is Known of the allies of the Shawnees,
in the war they waged with the Troquois for the Possession
of the region south of the Lakes and north of the Ohio.
It is not conclusive, and yet it gives good grounds for the
belief that the Miamis and Kickapoos had belonged to a
confederacy or league of which the Shawnees were the
ruling spirits ; that they had been expelled from the region
south of the Lakes at the same time that the Shawnees
were; that, after more or less wandering in the south,
bands of them were found in Wisconsin, living in the same
Village with the Mascoutins ; and that, finally, in the war of
1812, between the United States and Great Britain, they
followed Tecumseh and a discontented portion of — the
Shawnees into the British camp. So much may, we think,
he sately accepted, It certainly indicates a long and close
alliance between the Miamis and Kickapoos on one side
and the Shawnees and Mascoutins on the other: and whilst
jt does not, of itself, justify us in asserting that the
Mascoutins were a band of Shawnees, vet when we remem-
her that they were never heard of except in connection with
the allies or enemies of the Shawnees, that the two peoples
spoke the same or closely related dialects of the same
language, and add to it the tact that according to the Jesuit
Relations, Mascoutin and Shawnee were but different names
for the same people, it would seem as if there could no
longer be room tor doubt.
(+ ailleurs les sauvages ne se croyent jamais bien vengés, que par la destruc-
tion entiére de leurs enemis; et cela est encore plus vrai des Iroquois”; Charlevoix,
Nouvelle France, V., p. 298: Paris, 1744.
Ay
TH
An
pul
18!
Ma:
fro’
nec
Ane
the
date
Are
T
mee
pre
Nov
seri
embh
Don
the
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April, 1900, ] Andros Records. 163
ANDROS RECORDS.
BY ROBERT N. TOPPAN.
Tut Records of the Council meetings under Governor
Andros, presented today, are a continuation of those
published in the Proceedings of this Society for October,
1899. They are taken from the Council Records of
Massachusetts, Vol. I1., in manuscript, at the State House ;
from the Massachusetts Archives, also in manuscript ; and
from Vol. III. of the printed Colonial Records of Con-
necticut. They end a short time before the overthrow of
Andros by the uprising of the people on April 18th, 1689,
the last recorded entry, that has been found, bearing the
date of March 27th, although there is an allusion in the
Archives to a meeting on April 11th.
Taken in connection with the Records of the Council
meetings under President Joseph Dudley, the temporary
predecessor of Sir Edmund Andros, printed in the Pro-
ceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society for
November, 1899, they form an interesting and valuable
series for the student of the early history of Massachusetts,
embracing the period of the formation of the short-lived
Dominion of New England, which included New York and
the Jerseys within its extensive limits, and which fell
asunder after the downfall of Andros.
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Wednesday
the fourth day of May 1687.'
Present: His Excellency St Edmond Andros Knt &c.
Joseph Dudley Wayte Winthrop Barn : Lathropp
Will™ Stoughton Richt Wharton Nath: Clarke
Thomas Hinckley John Usher John Albroo
Walter Clarke Bartho Gedney Edw : Randolph. Esqr
' See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVLL., p. 121, for the same.
52
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164
Mr West ad-
mitted Depty
Secty
Thos Waters
Pardoned
Felony.
Jurors
to be returned
for the
pream Court
of Essex.
Fees for the
Colle and Sur-
veyor of
Customes
ferred,
American Antiquarian Society, [ April,
Mr Randolph Secr: acquainted the Councill, that hee
had deputed John West in his Offices of Secretary &
Register, which was approved & allowed of; and the oath
of Allegiance and that for the faithfull Discharge of said
Offices was adminstred to the said John. West accord-
ingly.
On the Petition of Thomas Waters a Prisoner con-
demned for Fellony the last Supream Court; Ordered
that a Repreive be granted him.
Ordered; That Leift Jeremiah Neale, Marshall wth the
advice of Capteo W™ Browne Justice of the Peace, doe
returne the severall Juryes to serve att the Superiour
Court to be holden in the County of Essex the eleventh
instant and to attend the service of the said Court.
Mr Randolph presenting a paper of Fees for his Office
as Collector &c. itt is Referred to Mt Wharton, Mr Usher,
Mr Gidney, Mt Lathropp and Mr Nathaniel Clarke or any
three of them to Examine the same and Report to this
Board what fitt to bee allowed.
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamberin Boston on Fryday
the sixth day of May 1687.'
Present: His Excelley St Edmund Andros Knt &ca
Joseph Dudley
W™ Stoughton
Thos Hinckley
Walter Clarke
Severall Acts
to be Ingross-
ed.
Juries to be
returned
the Supr Court
at Charles
Towne,
Jonath: Ting
Barn: Lathropp
Nath: Clarke
John Albroe
Edw: Randolph
Waite Winthropp
Rich : Wharton
John Usher
Barth? Gidney
The severall Acts following weare read & Ordered to be
ingrossed vizt: An Act for regulateing the Assize of
Caske and preventing Deceite in Packing of Fish, Beefe &
Porke for sale. An Act for the Regulateing of Cattle,
Corne, Fields and Fences. An Act for the due regulation
of Weights and Measures.
Ordered: That John Greene Marshall of the County of
Middlesex with advice of one of the Justices of Peace doe
returne the severall Juryes at the Superiour Court in the
said County to be held at Charles Towne on Wednesday
the 18th Instant and to attend the service of the said
Court.
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Munday the
oth day of May 1687.”
Present: His Excelley St Edmond Andros Knt
' See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CNX VIL, p. 122, for the same.
* See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVIL., p. 123, for the same.
viz'.
An!
ing €
Act
Weig
Act
Catth
Wolves
be In
Lea’
Hutel
build:
Ac
Wolves
Att
the on
! See
* See
4 See
West D
comple
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A
posses
= ferred
Att
day tl
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for 1
\
1900. | Andros Records. 165
Joseph Dudley John Pincheon Jonath: Ting
W™ Stoughton Wait Winthrop Barn: Lathropp
Thos Hinckley Rich: Wharton Nath: Clarke
Walter Clarke John Usher John Albroo
Edw: Randolph Esqrs
Resolved and Ordered: That noe Mackerell be taken
before the first of July, except for Baite or spending
while fresh, nor with a Sceane att any time under penalty
of forfeiture of Fish, Craft and Vessell as formerly
untill an Act for Regulateing the Fishery shall be passed
Order touch-
ing Fishing.
Att a Councill held att a Councill Chamber in Boston on Tuesday the
10th day of May 1687.'
Present: His Excelley St Edmond Andros Knt
Joseph Dudley Waite Winthrop Barnabas. Lathropp
W™ Stoughton John Usher Nath: Clarke
Thos Hinckley Rich: Wharton John Albroo
John Pincheon Jonath: Tyng Edw: Randolph Esqrs
Acts past The Severall Acts following were passed, vizt
viz'.
An Act touch- An Act for reguiateing the Assize of Caske and prevent-
ing Cask. ing Deceite in Packing of Fish, Beefe and Porke for sale
Act touching An Act for regulation of Weights & measures.
Weights.
Act touching An Act for regulateing Cattle, Corne, Fields & Fences
Cattle we.
— touching An Act for Destroying of Wolves was approved &
Wolves, &c. to
ordered to be ingrossed.
be Ingrossed.
On the request of Mr Eliakim Hutchinson Ordered:
That hee have liberty to build a Stable of Timber &
boards about eighteene Foote square, in an out field as
Desired.
An Act concerning possession was read, & Debate had
thereon, and Deferred till further consideration.
Leave to Mr
Hutchinson to
build a stable
Act about
possession «le-
ferred
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Wednes-
day the Eleaventh day of May, 1687.*
Present: His Excelley Sir Edmond Andros Knt.
Thomas Hinckley John Usher Nath: Clarke
Waite Winthrop Jonath: Ting Edw: Randolph
Rich : Wharton Barn: Lathropp Esqrs
Act about An act for destroying of Wolves was passed.
Wolves past.
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Saturday
the one and Twentieth day of May 1687*
'See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CNX VIL, pp. 123, 124, for the same.
* See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CNX VIL., p. 124, for the same.
‘See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CNX p. 334. This draft signed by John
West D. Secry ” is not complete. See also ibid., vol. CNX VIL, p.125. This draft is
complete.
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466
American Antiquarian Society.
April,
Present: His Excelley St Edmond Andros Knt &c.
Joseph Dudley
W™ Stoughton
Robert Mason
John Fitz Winthrop
Mr Mason
& Mr Green
sworn of the
Councill,
Declaration
for liberty of
conscience
read.
Letter about
the Treaty of
Neutrality.
Both to be
published,
John Usher
John Walley
John Green
Edw: Randolph Esqrts
John Pincheon
Waite Winthrop
Rich: Wharton
Robert Mason and John Greene, Esq's tooke the oathes
of Allegiance, and that for performing the duty of Coun-
cellors, being both Lately arrived from England.
His Majties Letter for Liberty of Conscience to his
Inhabitants of Rhoad Island was read.
His Majties Letter for publishing the Treaty of Peace
with the French and the said Treaty were likewise Read.
Ordered ; That the same be published here on Munday
next att Change time and in all other Ports with all
convenient speed.
And that the severall Acts lately passed and the Proclamation about
Mackerell Fishing be likewise published here.
Upon his
Letter
Mr Usher’s
bond about the
Canary Ship to
be delivered
up.
Fees for the
Military Com-
missions to be
paid by the
Counties.
His Majties Letter for delivering up a Bond by Mr John
Usher to the President on the Account of some Canary
Wines seized was Read.
Ordered: That the said Bond be delivered up accord-
ingly and all proceedings on that account Cease.
An account being presented by Mt Randolph Secry for
severall Commissions of the Peace, Militia Commissions
and other publicque writeings for which desired satisfac-
tion.
Resolved and Ordered: That Joseph Dudley, Robt Mason, John Fitz
Winthropp and John Usher, Esq's or any three of them doe examine the
same and proportion what due to be paid by each County, and present
the same to this Board on Wednesday next.
And that Mr Addingtons account for writeings be likewise stated by
the said persons.
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Wednesday
the 25th day of May 1687.'
Present: His Excellency St Edmond Andros, Knt &c.
Joseph Dudley
Robert Mason
Richa Wharton
John Greene
Edw: Randolph
Esqrs
John Usher
John Hincks
John Walley
' See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVIL., pp. 126, 127, for the same.
Fe
Cust
appr
day
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Ind
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ille
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Ind
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tob
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Gov
sell
vide
the
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Pub
| ses t
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Sess
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gros
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Com
&e. |
by
ties.
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1900. ]
distress upon
Mr Upton for
Indian Pur-
chase adjudg-
ed illegall.
The Act abt
Indian pur-
chases to be
ingrossed.
Severall Acts
to be prepared.
The Records
of the last
Governts to be
brought to the
Secretary.
Asmall Ves-
sell to be pro-
vided to keep
the Coast.
Licenses for
Publick Hou-
ses to be grant-
ed in open
Sessions.
Act about
Wills to be en-
grossed,
Mr. Rand-
olphs acct for
Comises Laws
&e. to be paid
by the Coun-
ties.
accordingly.
Fees for the
Custom Office
approved.
' See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVIL., p. 128, for the same.
Andros Records.
Capt" Browne one of the Select Men of the Towne of
Reading appeared in the behalfe of the said Towne pur-
suant to his Excys order, on Complaint of John Upton
for haveing a Distresse made on his goods by the Con-
stable by order of the Towne to pay the Indians for
purchase of their Lands &c. but produced nothing to
Justifie their proceedings.
Resolved: That the Distresse made by the Constable on said Upton is
illegall, and hee to have his remedy att Law for recovery of his Damage
sustained thereby.
An Act for the regulateing of the purchase of Lands
from Indians was read and and ordered to be Ingrossed.
Resolved, That an Act be prepared for regulateing the
Assize of Boards—And an Act that none keepe schoole
or Teach, Educate or Instruct youth, but such as shall be
allowed.
Ordered: That all publicque Records in the Last Gov-
ernments now annexed under this Dominion be brought
to this Towne and putt into the Custody of the Secrty or
his Depty
Resolved upon the Mocon of Mr Randolph that itt is
necessary a small Vessell be provided for his Majties ser-
vice on the Coasts and Ordered accordingly.
Ordered. That all Lycences for Publique Houses be
granted in open Sessions and to such onely as are persons
of good repute and have convenient Houses and att least
Two Bedds to entertaine Straingers and Travellers, for
which to give security by Recognizance, except att Boston
and Charles Towne where none to be Lycensed without
the approbation of the Treasurer.
An Act for probate of Wills and granting letters of
Administracion was read and ordered to be Ingrossed.
Mr Randolphs account of what due from the severall
Countyes and Provinces for Commissions, Lawes &c.
was brought in and allowed to be paid by each County
and Province accordingly.
His accounts of Incidents was alsoe allowed & Ordered to be ratified
The account of Fees presented by Mr Randolph for his
Custome Office, being considered off, were approved &
allowed.
Att the Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Wednes-
day the first day of June 1687.'
467
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LOS
American Antiquarian Society.
[ April,
Present: His Excellency St Edmond Andros Knt .
Joseph Dudley Waite Winthrop John Hincks
W™ Stoughton Rich: Wharton Rich¢ Arnold
Robt Mason John Usher Edw: Randolph Esqrs
Petition of The Petition of Edward Wanton of Scituate in behalfe
senegal of himselfe and other Quakers who have had their goods
eintaters seized to pay the Ministers Rates praying to be relieved
Rates therein was read.
The Consta- Ordered: That the Constable of the said Towne have
ble to returne not’:se hereof and make returne to his Excellency in con-
acet of hispro- - gient speed of his proceedings therein.
ceedings.
Severall acts
past. viss. An Act for Probate of Wills & granting Administra-
touching Wills.
The severall Acts following were passed (vizt )
tions.
Fishing. An Act for regulateing the Fishing Trade & Fishermen.
Indian pur- An Act for regulateing the purchase of Lands from
chase. Indians.
Leave to Mr. The Pecon of Richard Wharton for liberty to build a
Wharton to Wooden Salthouse neere Fort Hill is granted, Provided
build a salt- the building intended do not annoy the South Battery or
Fortifications there.
Att the Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Wednes-
day the two and twentieth day of June 1687.'
Present: His Excellency Sir Edmond Andros Knt .
Joseph Dudley Wayte Winthrop John Albroo.
W"™ Stoughton W™ Bradford John Greene
Thos Hinckley Nath : Clarke Edw: Randolph
Walter Clarke Richard Arnold Esqs
Judgt be- The Towne of Scituate being ordered to answere the
peer reas Pecon of Humphrey Johnson about his Clayme to Lands
Salient ‘ob there, which hee pray’d might be confirmed after full hear-
Lands. ing of parties on both sides.
Resolved. That the said Johnson hath three Rights of Land in the said
Townshipp in behalfe of Resolved White Josiah Holmes and himselfe
and to be ascertained to him accordingly.
Judges salar- A Sallary for the Judges was proposed and to be con-
son to sidered of.
An Act for makeing Barrells &c. for ale Beere & Syder
Acts read. Regulateing the assize of Staves and Boards read.
Mr Ballard of Charles Towne was sent for & proposed
The busi- to him what care should be taken to keepe the Dry Dock
ree wd the in good repayre as fitted at his Majties Charge and advised
ae - to consult with the other persons concerned and to
Report their Result on Fryday next; both as to what
Interest they expect therein and what for his Majtie &e.
sidered.
1 See Massachussetts Archives, vol. CXNXVIL., p. 129, for the same.
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1900. | Andros Records. 469
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Thursday
the twenty third day of June 1687.'
Present: His Excellency Sir Edmond Andros Knt
Joseph Dudley Richa Wharton John Greene
W™ Stoughton Bartheo Gedney Rich. Arnold
Thos Hinckley Jonath: Ting John Albroo
Walter Clarke W™ Bradford Edw: Randolph
Waite Winthrop Nathaniel Clarke Esqrs
Act about
Highwayes re- An Act about Highwayes, Read and rejected.
jected.
The Quakers
: On the Complaint of Edward Wanton about his goods
not to be dis- :
treyned for being Distreyned by the Constable of Scituate for pay-
Ministers ment of the Ministers Rate
Rates.
Resolved. That the said Wanton being a Quaker and attending other
Worship then the Ministrey of the Towne, and the Distresse made since
his Majties gracious indulgence the same is not approved off, but the
Goods Distreyned and now in the Constables hands as by his returne to
be restored.
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Fryday the
2th day of June 1687.°
Present: His Excellency St Edmond Andros, Knt &c.
Joseph Dudley Waite Winthrop Nath: Clarke
W™ Stoughton Barthe Gidney John Greene
Thomas Hinckley Jonath: Ting John Albroo
Walter Clarke W Bradford Esqrs
Proposals of
the Dry Dock rhe Proposals of the Owners of the Dry Dock att
tobe consider- Charles Towne read. To be considered of.
ed
Mr Green's
acct, for his
voyage to The Petition of John Greene for satisfaccon of his
Engl referred Expences on his voyage for England and returne in the
~ Connecticut service of the Collony of Rhoad Island.
& Rhode Is-
land for pay-
ment.
Resolved: That the money demanded by s¢ Greene being sixty pounds
be endeavoured to be raised by contribution as the other money was, and
if not gott that way then to be raised im the next Country Rate on
Rhoad Island & Providence Plantations being the parts of that Govern-
ment when hee was sent home.
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Wednesday
the Nyne and twentyeth day of June 1687.*
' See Messachusetts Archives, vol. CNXVIL, p. 130, for the same.
* See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVIL, p. 131, for the same.
*See Mussachusetts Archives, vol. CXNXVIL., p. 132, for the same,
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170 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
Present: His Excellency St Edmond Andros Kn’t
Joseph Dudley Waite Winthrop Nath: Clarke
Robert Mason Richd Wharton Edw: Randolph Esqrs
Grant to Mr. A Grant for one thousand seaven Hundred & twelve
Wharton for Acres of Land in the Narragansett Countrey to Richard
Lands in Nar- Wharton Esqrt¢ was approved off att tenn shillings per
raganset Read annum Quitt Rent.
——n On the Petition of John Swarton of Beverly for Grant
to have 50 of Land in Cascoe Bay
Acres in Casco Ordered, That hee have fifty acres laid out to him in
Bay. some vacant place there.
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Wednesday
the thirteenth day of July 1687.'
Present: His Excellency St Edmond Andros Knt &ca
Joseph Dudley Peter Bukley John Usher
Robert Mason Wayte Winthrop Edw : Randolph Esqr
Seleck to be Upon the Peticon of Jonathan Selleck praying that the
heard as to his granting of a Pattent to Charles Ledgitt Esqr for a peéce
Claime of Land of Ground in Boston might be suspended untill his claime
in Boston. was heard &c@
Ordered, That the said Seleck appeare the next Councill day and make
out his Clayme thereto, and that Ledgett have notice of his Peticon and
defend his Clayme att the same time, and that on default of appearance’
Contirmacon to be given to Ledgett [sic] as desired.
Mrs Sher-
Upon the Peticon of Mary Sherman Widdow for Grant
Watertowne of Land in Water towne &ca
&e.
Ordered. That a Coppy of her Peticon be sent to the Constable and
Selectmen or Overseers of Watertowne, who is to publish the same,
that any persons concerned may appeare next Wednesday in Councill to
shew Cause, wherefore what desired by the Pett may not be granted
accordingly.
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Wednesday
the twentyeth of July 1687.”
Present: His Excellency &c@
Joseph Dudley Robert Mason John Usher
W™ Stoughton Wayte Winthrop Edw: Randolph Esq's
Order touch- — ‘Phe Answere of the Constable and Select Men of
ing Mrs Sher-
man,
Ordered. That the Hay already Mowed be Stacked on the Land and
the Petitioner have Liberty to Cutt the remainder and that those of
Water towne to the Peticon of Mary Sherman read.
' See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVIL., pp. 132, 133, for the same.
*See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVIL., pp. 133, 134, for the same.
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1900. | Andros Records,
Water towne appeare & shew cause next Wednesday why what desired
by the Petitioner may not be granted.
Judgm:. for Jonathan Seleck by one Williams presented a paper set-
confirmation ting forth his pretence to the ground in possession of
of Lands to Ledgett as heire to his Father and prayed the Confimacon
Ledgett thereof may be suspended.
Ledgett likewise appeared and shewed his Title to be by purchase for
a valuable Consideration derived from the Administrators of the said
Selecks Fathers Estate pursuant to the Law and practice of the late
Government in the year 1657, and from that time possession of the
same, and noe Lawfull Clayme made.
Resolved. That the Ground may be confirmed to said Ledgett as
desired.
A House, _~ ~
Lands &c. in The Peticon of John Cuttler for Cofirmacon of his
Charles Towne house, Lands and Wharfes in Charles towne read &
confirmed to granted A
Jo: Cuttler.
A house, ad
Lands &c. in The Peticon of Samuell Ballatt for Confirmacon of his
Charles Towne house, land and Wharfes in Charles Towne read and
confirmed to
Ballatt. Granted.
A house &e.
in Boston con- The Peticon of Henery Mountfort for Confirmacon of
firméd to Hen. a house and Ground in Boston granted.
Mountfort.
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber ir Boston on Wednesday
the 27th of July 1687.'
Present : His Excellency S' Edmond Andros Knt &ca
Joseph Dudley Wait Winthrop John Walley
W™ Stoughton John Usher Barn: Lathrop
Robt Mason Jonath : Ting Edw: Randolph Esqrs
Several! persons of Water Towne who Clayme Interest
Judgmt be- jn the Land Petitioned for by Mary Sherman appeared
in pursuant to the last order, and confessed that there is
Town of Wa- ®bout one thousand acres of vacant Land within their
tertown. Towne of wh the Petitioners husband was to havea third
part but not the whole as desired.
Ordered. That the said Tract be Surveyed and that the Peticoner have
about a Third part thereof granted her accordingly.
An Act for New makeing Barrells &c. for Ale Beere and
— ~~ Syder and Regulateing the Assize of Staves and Boards
Ingrossed. was read and after some amendments Ordered to be In-
grossed.
Massachusetts Archives vol. CNX VLIL., pp. 134, 135, for the same,
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472
The Indian
Trade regu-
lated, till fur-
ther order.
Courts to be
held at York &
Wells suecces-
sively.
Courts to be
held in Corn-
wall.
To the Chief
Judge £150 pr
an. salary.
To the other
Judges of the
Supr. Court
120£ pr ann.
Fortifica-
tions to be
made on the
Fort Hill.
American Antiquarian Society.
[ April,
Resolved. That the Indian Trade be Regulat as p'
former Law till further order.
Resolved. That the Court of Sessions & Inferiour Court
of Pleas for the Province of Maine be held att Yorke and
Wells successively.
Resolved. That in the County of Cornwall there be a
Court of Sessions for Cryminall matters & an Inferiour
Court of Pleas to have Jurisdiction in all Causes wherein
noe Title of Land is concerned, from whence appeales in
cases of Errour may be made to the Governour & Councill
in any Cause Civill above the value of and that
the same include the Inhabitants in or neere the west side
of Kennebecque River.
Resolved and Ordered. That there be allowed & paid to
the Cheife Judge of this Dominion out of his Majties
Revenue ariseing here the Sallary of one hundred and fifty
pounds p' annum; and to each other Judge of the Superiour
Court the Sallary of one hundred & twenty pounds p" ann.
His Excellency acquainted the Councill, itt is necessary
to have Fortificacons and Lodgings for Souldiers on Fort
Hill and a New Battery by the Sconce there; which was
approved of.
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Thursday
the 28th day of July 1687.’
Present His Excellency Edmond Andros Knt &c@
Joseph Dudley
John Wally
Robert Mason
The Treasu-
rer to issue
money for the
Fortifications.
A Ketch & a
Boat to be
bought for the
Kings service.
A Boat for
the Govr and
another for the
Castle.
Waite Winthrop Barn: Lathropp
John Usher Edw : Randolph
W™ Stoughton Esqrs
Resolved and Ordered, That the Treasurer doe pay from
time to time what money is wanting for the Repairacon of
the Castle the Battery and Wharfe by Fort Hill and the
Fortificacons and Lodgings to be made there.
That the Ketch Speedwell bought and Imployed for
his Majties service be continued and a Boate provided for
her.
That a Boate be provided for his Excellency and another
for the use of the Castle.
iSee Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVLIL., p. 136. In this draft the name of
* Jonath Ting ” is given as being present at the Council meeting.
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His Majtys or-
der in Councill
of the 19.0f No-
yembr, 86 upon
Mr. Vaughans
appeal agst Mr
Mason referr-
ed to the Supt
Court to be put
in Execution,
Andros Records. 173
Upon produceing an Order & determinacon of his Majty
and Councill dated 19. November 1686. on the appeale of
W™ Vaughan from a Verdict & Judgmt given against him
on the sixth day of November 1683. in his Majtys Courts
in New Hampshire at the suite of Robert Mason Esqre as
proprietor of that Province for certaine Lands & Tenemts
in Portsmouth in said Province which Verdict & Judg-
ment is thereby Ratified and confirmed.
Ordered that the Judges of the Superiour Court doe cause the said
Judgment to be forthwith executed accordingly.
At the Coun-
ty Rates Mr.
Randolphs al
lowance to be
considered.
New England
Ordered, That the Justices of the Peace in each County
doe with their next Rates for Publique Charges Raise and
Leavy moneyes to pay what allowed Mr Randolph.
(signed) John West D: Secry :
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Thursday
the 4th day of August 1687.'
Present: His Excellencye St Edmond Andros Knt &c@
Joseph Dudley
Waite Winthrop Edw: Randolph
Robert Mason John Usher Esqrs
Letter from
Salem about 2
Ketches taken
by the French.
The Govyr of
Port Royall to
be written to.
A Letter from severall Merchants and Inhabitants of
Salem about two of their Ketches being taken by a French
Man of Warr and the Masters out of both; and the deposi-
tion of John Bissone a Fisherman belonging to one of the
said Ketches who looseing the Man of Warr in a Fogg
came home without their Master and brought one of the
Frenchmen belonging to the said Man of Warr with
them, was Read.
Resolved. That his Excellencye write by an expresse
to the Governour of Port Royall to have them returned
and satisfaction given and to send back the s¢ French-
man.
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Wednesday
the 10th day of August 1687.*
Present: His Excellencye St Edmond Andros Knt
Joseph Dudley
W™ Stoughton
Robt Mason John Usher
Act touching
Cask
commis-
sion of Over
& Terminer to
try the Pirates
of Ipswich.
4 See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CNXVIL., pp. 137, 138, for the same.
Peter Buckley Edward Ting
Waite Winthrop John Greene
Edw: Randolph Esqrs
An Act for new makeing Barrells &c. for Ale Beere
Syder and regulateing Assize of Staves and Boards was
read and passed.
His Excellencye proposed to know what way propper
to try the severall persons committed on suspicion of
Pyracy.
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1 See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CNXVIL., p. 137, for the same. ;
474 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
Resolved That a speciall Commicon of Oyer and Terminer be granted
by his Excelleye under the Broad Seale of this Territory to such per-
sons as he shall think fitt, to try all such Offenders.
Patents for The severall Patents following being produced in
land. Counciil were allowed and approved, vizt
For a house and two peeces of ground in Boston to John Usher
Esqre att two shillings p' ann Quitt rent.
For a house and Ground in Boston to Mt Henry Mountfort att two
shillings sixpence p: ann Quittrent.
For a Farme in Charlestowne called tenne Hills conteining nine hun-
dred twenty Acres to Lt Colo Charles Ledgitt att tenne shillings p* ann
Quittrent.
Anaddition- 02 Consideration had of the Charge of the Gov-
al Impost. ernmt and Revenue not sufficient to defray the same.
Advised and Resolved: That the most proper and easy way to supply
the same is that wine may pay thirty or forty shillings p' Pype Custome
and Rumm, Brandy and Strong Waters twelve or sixteene pence p* gall:
excise.
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Wednesday
the 17th day of August 1687!
Present: His Excellencye St Edmond Andros Knt &c.
Joseph Dudley John Usher Edw: Ting
W™ Stoughton Jonath: Ting Edw: Randolph Esqrs
The Judges representing, it would be more convenient
for the Superiour Court appointed to be holden at Fal-
Order touch- ™outh to be held at Welles for the Province of Maine &
ing Courts. for that Court att Plymouth to be holden on the first
Tuesday in October and Aprill and the Court att Bristoll
the Frydayes following. The same was Pesolved & Or-
dered accordingly.
The Inhabit- | Upon mocon made by Mr Treasurer that the Inhabitants
of Kennebunck in the Province of Maine, pretending
yunk oO pay
Betes Ane themselves a Townshipp, refuse to pay Rates under the
Welles. Towne of Welles.
Ordered: That they be accounted as parte of the said Towne of
Welles and pay their Rates to the Constable there accordingly.
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Wednesday
the 24th August 1687.”
Present: His Excellencye St Edmond Andros Knt &c.
Joseph Dudley John Usher Edward Randolph
W™ Stoughton Edw: Ting Francis Nicholson Esqrs
1 See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVLL., pp. 138, 139, for the same.
* See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXNXVIL., pp. 139, 140, for the same.
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1900. } Andros Records. 475
, Pursuant to his Majestyes Command Captaine Francis
Capt. Nichol- =
nm of the Nicholson was this day sworne of his Majestyes Councill
Councill. in this his Territory and Dominion of New England and
tooke his place accordingly.
Declaration Upon reading his Majestyes Gracious declaration for
—. a liberty of conscience and his Proclamation for calling in
Proclamation ®n@ suppressing Pyrates and Privateers with the letters
ag*. Pirats to from the Right Honble the Lords of his Majestyes Privy
be published. Councill for publication thereof
Ordered. That the said Declaration and Proclamacon be published to
morrow before noone in Boston & forthwith sent to the other principall
places.
Upon the Petition of John Danson a person lately
Money belongs Committed on suspicion of Pyracy and on his tryall ac-
to Danson to quitted, praying the money belonging to him lately seized
ue vestered. may be restored being to the value of about nine hundred
peeces of eight.
Ordered. That what shall appeare before the Judges or any three or
more of the Councill to belong to him after examinacon of the Master
of the Ketch Sparrow be restored accordingly.
Upon the Peticon of Capt® Nich: Page abt money seized
on Board the Ketch Sparrow as the goods of Pyrates
claimed by him and prayed may be delivered.
Nich. Page
the same.
Ordered: That the Master of the said Ketch being examined there-
upon before the Judges or any three or more of the Councill what shall
appeare to belong to him may be delivered by the Treasurer on their
Reporte accordingly.
Advised and Resolved, That it’s necessary for his
Commissions Majestyes service to permitt Vessells to goe to the
to be given for wrecke and that his Excelleye give Commissions to some
the Wreck take persons to Command on said voyages security being first
ell ed given for their good Deportment and to bring what they
gett to this Porte and there share and pay his Majestyes
tenths.
Upon the Peticon of Seth Perry for liberty to build a shedd over his
horsemill granted; Provided it be removed when found inconvenient.
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Wednesday
the 31st day of August 1687.'
Present: His Excellencye St Edmond Andros Knt &ca
Joseph Dudley John Usher Edw : Randolph
W™ Stoughton Edw: Ting Francis Nicholson
Thos Hinckley John Greene ' Esqrs
' See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVILL., pp. 141, 142, for the same.
)
I
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476 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
Upon reading this day in Councill the Peticon of John Greene Esqre to
be satisfyed his disbursements on his voyage to England in the service
of the Government of Rhoad Island amounting to sixty pounds, the
same is referred to the Examination of the Judges and such of the
Councill as shall be att Rhoad Island when they goe the Circuite there
who are to direct and determine therein as they shall judge proper.
Upon reading this day in Councill the Peticon of Edward Ting Esqre
about the Millrents granted to him by the President and Councill for
his care and service att Fort Loyall in Cases yet uncollected.
Ordered. That the Millrents due for the year one thousand six hund-
red eighty six be forthwith collected and payd to the s¢ Edward Ting
accordingly.
And that the Treasurer do forthwith cause a particuler account to be
taken of all the Mills and Rents due in the said Province and take care
for the effectuall gathering & receiving the same in the payment of
which no person to be excused, except particuler order for the same.
Mr Isaack Addington presenting to this board an account for his
attendance and writeing by order of the Committee appointed for
revisall of Laws &c® amounting to tenne pound nine shillss eight
pence, the same was allowed & Ordered to be paid by the Treasurer
accordingly.
Shadrach Wilbore Clerke of the Towne of Taunton being by the
Messenger brought before this Board and Examined about a scandalous,
factious and seditious writeing sent from the said Towne to the Treas-
urer in answer to his Warrt for the publicque Rate signed by him as
Clerke he owned the same and declared it to be the Act of the Towne.
Ordered That the said Shadrach Wilbore be bound over to answer for
the same att the next Superiour Court to be holden att Bristoll.
And that in regard Justice Tho: Leonard was present att the Towne
meeting when the said writeing was voted and did not hinder the same,
that he be suspended from the said Office.
And that the Constables of the said Towne be likewise bound over to
answer att the said Court for neglect of their dutyes in not obeying the
Treasurers Warrant.
And that the Constables and Select Men of the said Towne doe forth-
with cause the said Warrant to be fully executed
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Saturday
the 3rd day of September 1687.'
Present: His Excellency St Edmond Andros Knt &ca
Joseph Dudley Thos Hinckley John Greene
W™ Stoughton Waite Winthrop Edw: Randolph
Peter Bulkeley John Usher Francis Nicholson
Jonath : Ting Esqrs
Ordered: That Joseph Dudley W™ Stoughton Robt Mason, John
Usher and Edward Randolph Esq's or any three of them whereof One
'See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVIL., p. 143, for the same.
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of the Judges to be one with the Deputy Secr: do forthwith make a
settlement & Regulacon of all the Fees for Courts, Offices and Officers
throughout this Dominion and Reporte the same to this Board accord-
ingly.
The Order made by the President and Councill appointing the places
and times for unloading of Goods &c. is confirmed and to be observed
accordingly.
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Wednesday
the 21st day of September 1687.'
Present: His Excellencye St Edmond Andros Knt &ca
Joseph Dudley Waite Winthrop Nath. Clarke
W™ Stoughton John Usher Edw: Randolph
Robt Mason Bartho Gedney Francis Nicholson
Peter Bulkeley John Hincks Esqrs
Upon reading this day in Counciil the Peticon of Nicholas Tepott
and Henry Jourdaine French Protestants, who lately arrived here from
Plymouth in England in a small Barke with some Wines and Brandy
seized by the Capt» of his Majts Friggatt
Ordered. That Mt President or any other of the Judges, Robt Mason
Edw: Randolph and Francis Nicholson Esqrs do examine the matter
conteined in the said Peticon, the Condition and necessityes of the
Peticoners and their manner of comeing to this Porte and to make
Reporte thereof to this Board att their next sitting.
Jacob Murrill, Joshua Bayley, William Hutchins, John Pierson, John
Dresser, John Wise, Robert Kinsman, John Appletoun, John Andrews,
John French, W™ Rayment and W®™ Goodhue, all of the County of
Essex, being committed for refusing to pay their Rates pursuant to the
Treasurers Warrt and makeing and publishing Factious & seditious
votes & writeings against the same, were this day severally Examin@ in
Councill.
Ordered. That they stand committed till they have their tryalls at Bos-
ton by speciall Commicon which his Excell¢ye will please to issue forth
the next weeke.
Benjamin Stevens, John Stevens, James Bayly, Joseph Jewett, Na-
thaniell Treadwell, John Whipple & John Weed being committed for the
like misdemeanour & Examined
Ordered. That they be bound over in two hundred pound each with
surtyes to appeare att the next Superiour Court to be holden in the County
of Essex to abide their trialls and in the meane time to be of good be-
haviour.
Nathaniel Browne, John Bayly, Joseph Chaplin, Thos’ Hart, Symon
Wood, John Harris, Thomas Patch, Andrew Elliott and John Sibly,
being likewise apprehended for the same misdemeanour but on their
'See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXX VIL, p. 144. In this draft, which is
incomplete, the first two clauses only are given. The rest of the record beginning
with ** Jacob Murrill”’ is omitted.
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478 American Antiquarian Society. { April,
Examinacon appearing more ingenuous and lesse culpable then the
others; upon their humble submission and acknowledgement were
discharged paying their Fees.
Ordered That the severall writts issued forth by Mt James Cornish
for the Superiour Court in the County of Hampshire be for this time
Esteemed good and valide as if issued out by the propper Clerke of that
Court or his Deputy.
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Fryday the
234 day of September 1687.
Present: His Excellencye St Edmond Andros Knt &c@
Joseph Dudley Waite Winthrop Nath : Clarke
W™ Stoughton John Usher Edw : Randolph
Robt Mason Barth: Gedney Fran : Nicholson
Peter Bulkeley John Hincks Esqrs
The severall Townes in the County of Essex except Salem Newberry
and Marble head, having neglected and refused to do their dutyes in
choosing a Commissioner and makeing the lists and Assessments of
their respective Inhabitants as by Law they ought.
Ordered. That Charles Bedford Esqre High Sheriffe of the said County
with W™ Browne, John Hawthorne and Phillip Nelson Esqrs Justices of
the peace within the said County or any two of them doe summons
[sic] the Inhabitants in their respective Townes to meete together and
to bring a particular account of their Estates as by Law directed, and
that the Select men attend accordingly, & that they have a list made of
all the male persons above sixteen yeares of age and a true estimacon
of all their reall & personall Estates according to Law; and returne the
same severally unto the said Treasurer with all speed. And that they
also make enquiry in the severall Townes of Gloster, Haverill and Box-
ford and examine & binde over such persons as have beene Factious and
Seditious there and contemptuously refused to obey and execute the
warrts of the Treasurer. And that the charge of this service be
defrayed by the said severall Townes proporconably.
Ordered. That the Judges doe (against the meeting of the Councill
tomorrow) assist and advise abt prepairing Bills to be presented on the
heads following vizt
For regulateing the choice of Select Men and Towne Meetings.
For enlargeing the Jurisdiction of the Inferiour Courts. ‘
And to require Masters of Shipps to give Security.
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Saturday
the 24th day of September 1687.
Present: His Excellencye St Edmond Andros Knt &c.
Joseph Dudley Waite Winthrop Nath: Clarke
Robert Mason John Usher Edw: Randolph
Peter Bulkley John Hincks Fran: Nicholson Esqt*
An Act for continueing the choice of Select Men and regulateing
Towne meetings being twice read, was
Ordered to be ingrossed.
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Ordered. That the Justices of the peace in the Towne of Boston or any
tive of them doe forthwith meete together and consider of the prices of
Corne att this time for money, and how like to continue betweene this
& Christmas, and thereof to make returne to this Board.
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Wednesday
the 28th day of September 1687.
Present: His Excellencye St Edmond Andros Knt &ca
Joseph Dudley Peter Bulkley Nath : Clarke
W™ Stoughton John Usher Edw: Randolph
Robert Mason John Hincks Fran: Nicholson Esqrs
Upon reading this day in Councill the Peticon of John Marsh of New-
berry 2bout a new Ferry from Newbury to Salisbury to be kept by him
nevre his dwelling. As alsoe the Peticon of James Carr of Salisbury
about his right to the Swing bridge and old Ferry there.
Referred to the Justices of the Peace in the County of Essex to ex-
amine the offers and allegacons of both the Peticoners and forthwith to
reporte to this Board what they conceive therein to be most suitable
and convenient for Travellers and the publique service of the Country.
Upon reading this day in Councill the Peticon of Nath!! Weare to be
releived against an Execution issued out in the late Government of New
Hampshire for a fine of fifty pounds then sett upon him on pretence for
imbezzling the Records and now given to the Sheriff to levy.
Ordered, That in regard the said Execucon hath beene so long time
since issued forth and not yet served it be suspended untill the allegacons
be Examined by the Judges at their next Circuite into those parts and
reporte made thereof to this Board.
On the Peticon of John Fletcher for the same matter the like order
was given.
Upon reading this day in Councill the Peticon of Samuell Walker for
liberty to make and cure his Fish on Stratton Island, in the Province of
Maine, where he hath built a house and made a Stage and Flakes.
Ordered. That a coppy of his Peticon be sent to Joshua Scottow, and
that he forthwith make appeare what title he hath to the said Island,
and that in the meane time he give rio disturbance to the said Walker or
Agents in their Fishery on said Island untill his title be approved and
allowed.
Upon reading the Reporte made by the Judges & others of the
Councill on the Peticon of Nicholas Tepott & Henry Jourdaine,
Deferred untill Captaine Georges arrivall & that he be heard therein
and that on security, the wine and Brandy may be Landed and such parte
disposed of for the present necessity of the Peticoners as shall be
allowed by any one of the Judges.
Upon reading the Reporte made by the Justices of the Peace of
Boston pursueant to an Order of this Board the last day, concerning the
prices of Corne for money.
Ordered. That the currant prices of Corne in payment of the publique
rates be as followeth, vizt ; Wheate, four shillings p' Bushell, Rye two
i
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480 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
shillings eight pence, merchantable Indian Corne one shill. eight pence,
Pease three shill: sixpence, Oates one shill* four pence, Mault and
Barley att three shillgs
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Fryday the
30th day of September 1687.
Present: His Excellencye St Edmond Andros Knt &c.
Joseph Dudley John Usher Edw: Randolph
W"™ Stoughton John Hincks Fran: Nicholson
Robt Mason John Albro Esqrs
Upon reading the Peticon of Mr Symon Lynds of Boston Mercht pray-
ing his Majestyes confirmacon of a certaine farme on Paucatuck neck
in Kings Province, of which he hath long beene possessed and is
improved conteining about seven hundred seventy four acres, with the
addicon of vacant Land thereto adjoyning to make the said Farme one
thousand or twelve hundred acres.
Ordered. That it be granted to him accordingly with an addicon to
make up the whole one thousand acres.
Upon reading this day in Councill the Peticon of Alsoe Adams the
Reliq & Administratrix of Will™ Adams late of Dedham Decd praying
shee may be enabled to make a conveyance of a house and ground to
one W™ Hunt of Weymouth, which was conveyed to her said husband
in trust for him.
Ordered. That shee be and is hereby authorized accordingly.
Upon reading the Reporte of Francis Hooke & Charles Frost on the
Peticon of Suball Dummer, for confirmacon of certeine Lands in his
possession as alsoe the peticon of John Alcock thereon.
Ordered. That all partyes concerned have notice & attend the hearing
on the 18st Wednesday in Novt next.
Mr Dudley Broadstreet Commiconer for the Towne of Andover being
Committed to the Custody of the Messenger for neglecting and refuseing
to discharge his duty with the other Commiconers in examineing com-
pleating & returning the rates and assessments of his Towne; upon his
Examinacon confessing, that what he did was pursueant to the directions
and Instructions he had from his Towne; was Ordered to stand com-
mitted till further Examinacon.
Att a Councill held att Boston Wednesday the 5th day of Oct 1687.
Present: His Excellencye St Edmond Andros Knt &c.
William Stoughton Barn: Lathrop Fran: Nicholson
Robert Mason John Hincks Esq's
John Usher Edw: Randolph
Upon reading the Peticon of Edward Calley and Tho: Dunston setting
forth that about six hundred and forty peeces of eight, about tenne or
twelve ounces of plate, three Gold Buckles, two Rings and a parcell of
Stones seized on board the Ketch Sparrow belonged to them and praying
they may be restored.
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Referred to W™ Stoughton, Robert Mason, John Usher Edw: Rand-
olph & Francis Nicholson Esq's or any three, whereof the said Stoughton
or Mason to be one to examine and reporte the same.
The Peticon of John Wickes and Roger Burlingham for themselves
and Associates, about a scire facias sued out against them by the
Partners and Associates of W™ Harris late deced about the title to
certaine Lands att Nahantatato, was Referred to M® President to doe
therein as shall be proper.
Mr Dudley Broadstreete beeing again brought before this Board
acknowledged his greate imprudence and folly in being misledd by the
Direccons and Instructions he received from his Towne to the neglect
of his duty humbly submitting himselfe to the mercy and favour of the
Board.
Ordered. That he be discharged from the Messenger on giving
security in Recognizance of one thousand pounds for his appearance att
the next superiour Court att Salem and in the meantime to be of his
good behaviour.
Major Samuell Appleton of Ipswich being likewise committed into
the Custody of the Messenger on suspicion of being concerned in the
late disorders and Tumults in the County of Essex and now brought
before this Board, prayed to be discharged refuseing to answer what
demanded of him.
Ordered. That he stand committed to the Messenger untill further
Examinacon.
Att a Councill held on Wednesday the 19th October 1687.
Present: His Excellencye St Edmond Andros Knt &c.
W™ Stoughton Nath: Clarke Edw : Randolph
John Usher Richard Arnold Francis Nicholson, Esqrs
John Osgood, Samuell Howlett and John Hovey of the County of
Essex being apprehended and brought before this Board to answer for
the contemptously refuseing to make their Rates pursuant to the
Treasurers Warrant and makeing and publishing factious and seditious
votes and writeings against the same and thereupon being severally
examined.
Ordered. That they give security by Recognizance in five hundred
pounds each, to appeare at the next Supr Court att Salem, and in the
meane time to be of their good behaviour.
-Christopher Osgood being likewise apprehended to answer for the
same misdemeanour but on his examinacon appearing more ingenuous
and lesse fauity then the others, upon his humble submission and
acknowledgement was Ordered to be discharged paying his Fees.
Major' Samuell Appleton of Ipswich committed to the Custody of
"See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVUL., p. 213. The order was signed by
“John West, Sect.” “ That this is a true Coppie of the order of Councel by web
Mt Appleton (now under my Custody as Messenger) is to be discharged. Wit-
hesseth. Thomas Larking
{82 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
a Messenger for being a factious and seditious person and disaffected
to the Government and now brought before the Councill for further
Examinacon
Ordered. That he continue committed untill he give sufficient surety
by Recognizance in the summe of one thousand pounds to appeare att
the next Superiour Court to be holden att Salem to answer what shall
be objected against him and in the meane time to be of good behaviour.
Att a Councill holden att Boston on Saturday the 22"¢ Octr 1687.
Present: His Excellencye St Edmund Andros Knt &e.
Joseph Dudley Walter Newbury Fran : Nicholson
W™ Stoughton Nath: Clarke Esqrs
John Usher Edw : Randolph
His Excellencye acquainting the Councill with Orders he had received
from his Majestye about Connecticott annexed to this Government.
Advised and Resolved. That his Excellencye doe goe in person or
send about the latter end of next weeke to take the said place under his
Government pursuant to the said Orders with such of the Couneill or
other persons, Guards and attendance as he shall think fitt; of which to
give notice to Governour Treate and Secretary Allen.
Upon reading the Reporte made by W™ Stoughton Esq", and others
of the Councill on the Peticon of Edward Calley and Thomas Dunston.
Ordered, that the Treasurer doe restore to them the money, plate,
Buckles, Rings and Stones by them peticoned for.
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Tuesday
the 25th October 1687.
Present: His Excellencye St Edmond Andros Knt &c.
Joseph Dudley John Usher Nath. Clarke
W™ Stoughton Walter Newbury Edw: Randolph
Robt Mason Jonath : Ting Fran: Nicholson Esq's
Upon reading a letter from Capt" John George in answer te an Order
of this Board of the 28th of September past, upon Reporte of the Judges
and others of the Councill on the Peticon of Nicholas Tepott and Henry
Jourdaine, about a French shipp seized.
Ordered. That the Superiour Court in this County being past and no
prosecucon, she be effectually proceeded against att the next Superiour
Court at Salem.
Upon reading the Reporte made by the Justices of Essex about a
New ferry from Newbury to Salisbury allowed off to be kept and main-
tained by John Marsh of Newbury if James Carr of Salisbury on notice
refuse to keep the same; the Justices to lay out the wayes and case-
way and regulate the Ferry and take security for the makeing thereof
and keeping in good repaijre.
Ordered. That the Treasurer doe take care to defray the expence and
charge of his Excellencyes journey to Connecticut.
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Att a Councill held att Hartford on Tuesday the first day of Novr
1687.
Present: His Excellencye St Edmond Andros Knt &ca
Joseph Dudley John Fitz Winthrop Barth : Gidney
W™ Stoughton John Usher Edw: Ting
Robt Mason John Pincheon Esqrs
His Excellencye pursuant to the Orders & Commands he had received
from his Maj'* being come to take that Collony under his Government
as annexed to the Dominion of New England, advised what way propper
further to proceede to effect the same accordingly.
Resolved. That Robert Treate Esqre Governour of the said Collony and
John Allyn Esqre Secretary be sent for to attend his Excellencye in
Councill and that his Majestyes said Commands be first communicated
to them; Pursuant to the said Resolve the said Governour and Secretary
came and to them was signified by his Excellencye his Majestyes Com-
mands for that Collony and for the further publication of his Majestyes
said Commands it was Advised and Resolved that the said Governour and
Magistrates doe forthwith attend on his Excellencye & Councill and
bring with them such persons as they shall think fitt to heare his Majes-
tyes said Commands.
Before noone the said Governour and Magistrates attending on his
Excellencye att his Lodging they altogether went from thence to the
publique Court house where his Excellencye publiqly signifyed the occa-
sion of his comeing and commanded his Majestyes Letters Pattents for
the Government of New England and his Maj Orders to his Excel-
lencye for annexing the said Collony to this Dominion of New England
and to take the same under his Government to be publiqly read, which
was done accordingly.
His Excellencye after repeated the substance of what had beene read
and shewed how Gracious his Majestye had beene to his subjects of Con-
necticott telling them, that they were now intituled to all the Grace and
favours conteined in the said Letters Pattents, and that the former
Authority & Gen!! Court of that Collony was dissolved, and the said
Collony annexed to the Dominion of New England accordingly.
Pursuant to his Majestyes Commands Robt Treat Esqt the late
Govt of Connecticott and John Allen Esqt the late Secrty were sworne
of his Councill.
Att a Councill held att the Towne house in Hartford on Wednesday
the 2¢ day of November 1687.
Present: His Excellencye St Edmond Andros Knt &c@
Joseph Dudley John Pincheon Robert Treate
W™ Stoughton John Fitz Winthrop John Allen
Robt Mason Barth: Gidney Esqrs
John Usher Jonath. Ting
His Excellencye in Councill was pleased to nominate and appoint the
persons hereafter named to be Justices of the Peace and Sherriffes for
|
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Is4 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
the respective Countyes following, for whome Commissions are ordered
to be prepared accordingly. vizt
For the County of Hartford.
John Talcott )
Samll Willis Quor.
Humph: Davye
Gershom Bulkeley
Benj : Newberry + Justices of the Peace.
John Wadesworth
Sam!l Talcott
Gyles Hamblin
John Chester
Phineas Wilson Sherriffe.
For the County of New London.
Edward Palmes )
James Fitch } Q%°F-
Samll Mason
George Denison
Daniell Witherby |
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Justices of the Peace.
John Chapman
Matthew Grizell
Richard Edgecombe Sheriffe.
For the County of Newhaven.
Will™ Jones
James Bishop
Will™ Roswell
Andrew Leete | Justices of the peace.
\ Quor. )
Tho: Trowbridge
Rich: Bryant
John Beard J
John Hudson Sheriffe.
For the County of Fairefield.
Nathan Gold r
Jonathan Sellick
Sam!! Sherman
Joseph Haley
John Burr
Joseph Judson
Tho: Fitch
Jonath : Lockwood
Willm Sydenham Sheriffe.
Upon the motion of John Allen Esqre one of the members of the
Board, that the rate lately appointed by the Generall Court of Connec-
ticott for payment of the Country debts may be raised and applyed
to that use.
Ordered. That an account be taken of the Country Debts, and what
the said Rate may amount to, and that the same be collected and applyed
to satisfye the same accordingly.
His Excellencye travelled from Hartford to Fairfield saw the Justices
of the Peace in their respective Countyes and Sheriffes sworne, Com-
miconated Military Officers in each Towne and Custome Officers in the
severall sea Ports.
| Justices of the peace.
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Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Saturday
the nineteenth Novr 1687.
Present : His Excellencye St Edmond Andros Knt &ca
Joseph Dudley John Usher Fran : Nicholson
W™ Stoughton Barth : Gidney Esqrs
Robert Mason Edw : Randolph
Ordered. That Thursday the first day of Dect next ensueing be
solemnly and Publiqly kept & observed in all Townes and places within
this his Majestyes Dominion of New England as a day of praise and
thanksgiving to Almighty God for his Majestyes health (whom God
long preserve to Reigne over us) & his many Royall favours bestowed
on his subjects here & for all other blessings and mercyes of health,
plenty, &c@
Ordered. That a Bill be prepared to inforce the observance of the
severall Lawes lately passed by his Excye and Councill in the late
Collony of Connecticott now annexed to this Dominion and for settling
the times of the Courts of Judicature there.
A Paper presented to his Excellencye by Doctor John Clarke, con-
teining severall seditious expressions delivered by Mt Charles Morton
Minister at Charlestowne in a Searmon Preached by him on a lecture
day there being read in Councill.
Ordered. ‘That the said Mt Clarke and Mr Charles Morton do attend
this Board on Wednesday next.
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Wednesday
the 234 day of November 1687.
Present: His Excellencye St Edmond Andros Knt &ca
Joseph Dudley Waite Winthrop } Edw : Randolph
W™ Stoughton John Usher Fran : Nicholson
Robt Mason Barth : Gidney Esqrs
An Act declareing the former Laws made by the Govt and Councill of
force in Connecticott annexed and for settling the times and places of
Courts there being read. Ordered. That the Titles of the severall Acts
be particularly inserted and the same brought in the next meeting of the
Councill.
An Act for continueing the Choice of Select men & regulateing Towne-
meetings being read as ingrossed after some amendments, was Ordered
to be new Ingrossed and brought in the next Meeting of the Councill.
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Thursday
the 24th day of November 1687.
Present: His Excellencye St Edmond Andros Knt &ca
Joseph Dudley Waite Winthrop Fran: Nicholson
W™ Stoughton John Usher Esqrs
Robert Mason Edw: Randolph
An Act for continueing the choice of Selectmen and regulateing
Townemeetings being new Ingrossed was againe read but objected
agst & could not passe.
American Antiquarian Society. April,
Doctt Clarke and Mr Morton appearing pursueant to the Order of this
Board, the said Morton was Examined about what he was charged by
Doctr Clarke to have delivered in a Sermon att Charlestowne the sec-
ond of September past, parte whereof he denyed and seemed to evade
or excuse other parte.
The said Clarke being likewise Examined aflirmed to the truth of
what he had charged him with and was conteined in the paper by him
presented to his Excellencye upon his Oath.
Ordered. That the said Charles Morton be bound over to appeare att
the next Superiour Court in five hundred pounds, and that he be prose-
cuted for the same by informacon on his Majestyes behalfe.
James Atkins being committed by Capt» Nicholson for spreading
lyeing and false news and Reports
Ordered. That he be proceeded against for the same att the next
Sessions.
Liberty is granted to the French Congregation to meete in the Latine
Schoolhouse att Boston as desired.
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Wednesday
the 30th day of November 1687.
Present: His Excellencye St Edmond Andros Knt &ca
Joseph Dudley Waite Winthrop Barn: Lathrop
W™ Stoughton John Usher Edw: Randolph
Robert Mason John Walley Fran : Nicholson Esqrs
Upon reading the Petition of Anthony Chickley
Ordered. That the causes depending in Chancery betweene him and
Joshua Scottow and Humphrey Davye be heard on this day sevennight.
Ordered. That the Justices of the peace in the severall Countyes,
Townes and precincts throughout this Dominion doe provide for the
necessary releife and maintainance of the Poore in each Towne in such
manner as by the Laws and Statutes of England is directed.
Upon informacon given by the Messenger, that Major Samuell Apple-
ton hath not attended the last order of this Board
Ordered. That he be committed to the custody of the Sherriffe, there to
remaine untill he give security in one thousand pounds for his good
behaviour, and to appeare att next Salem Court & pay his Fees &ca'!
'In Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXI1X., p. 301, is found the following: “Atta
Councill held at ye Councill Chamber in Boston on Wednesday ye 30, of 9ber 1867,
prsent: His Excellency St Edmond Andross Knt &c. Joseph Dudley, Wm Stough-
ton, Robt, Mason, Waite Winthrop, John Usher, John Walley, Barnabas Lathrop,
Edw: Randolph, ffr: Nicholson, Esqr. Whereas by an order of this board ye 19th of
Sber past, it was ordered yt Majr Sam!!! Appleton yo in the custody of ye Messinger
should stand Committed untill he gives sufficient security to appeare at ye next
Superiour Court to be holden at Salem in the County of Essex and in the meanetime
to be of his good behavior and whereas Informations hath been this day given to this
board by Tho: Larkin Messinger yt ye sd Samll Appleton hath refused to Comply
wt ye sd order, but is still in his Custody and that he is and hath been at greate
charge & trouble to looke after & provide for him for which he also refuseth to pay
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Att a Councill held att Boston on Fryday the 2¢ day of December 1687.
Present: His Excellencye St Edmond Andros Knt &ca
Joseph Dudley Waite Winthrop Edw: Randolph
W™ Stoughton John Usher Fran : Nicholson
Robert Mason John Walley Esqrs
Upon reading a Letter received by his Excellencye from Govt Don-
gan att Albany, dated the eighteenth Novr past desireing assistance
of Souldiers &c. against an invasion said to be made by the French on
his Majestyes Governmt of New Yorke.
Advised and Resolved. That an answer be returned to Governour
Dongan by his Excellencye signifying the receipt of his, and his Excel-
lencyes readinesse to assist him with such force as this Government can
afford when his Majtyes service shall require it; and to know how far
he is engadged or what else particularly may be of advantage for his
Majestyes service.
Att a Councill held att Boston the 19th day of December 1687.
Present: His Excellencye St Edmond Andros Knt &ca
Joseph Dudley Waite Winthrop Edw: Randolph
Robert Mason John Usher Fran: Nicholson Esqrs
Upon reading the Peticon of Joseph Dudley & W™ Stoughton for
confirmacon of a certaine Tract of Land in the Nipmug Countrey of the
contents of eight miles square formerly granted to them and Major
Robert Thompson by the late Generall Court.
Ordered. That the same be granted to them and Dr. Daniell Cox as
desired.
Upon reading the Peticon of Joseph Dudley for Confirmacon of cer-
taine houses and Lands whereof he is possessed lyeing in Roxbury and
other parts mentioned in a list annexed.
Ordered. That the same be granted accordingly.
Upon reading the Peticon of Nicholas Page and Anna his Wife for
contirmacon of severall houses and Lands in Boston and Rumney
Marsh
(Granted accordingly.
Upon reading the Peticon of John Gifford for confirmacon of two
hundred and sixty acres of Land in the Towne of Lynn.
him any fees, or other satisfaction, praying y' if ys board thinck fitt he may be else
where secured. It is therefore ordered yt sad Sam!! Appleton be by ye sd Messinger
delivered into ye Custody of ye Sheriffe of ye County of Suffolk where by warrant
from this board he is to remaine and be kept in ye common Goale, untill he give
sufficient security in a thousand Pounds for his good behaviour untill ye next
Superiour Court to be holden at Salem aforesd & for his appearance at ye sd Courte
& pay ye Messingers fees & charges aforesd
By order in Councill
John West D. Secty [not West's
signature }
q
48% American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
Ordered That notice thereof be given in the said Towne, that if any
others lay Clayme thereto, they may bring in the same. '
Upon reading the severall Peticons of George Dansen and Charles
Crosswaite for Grants of Land in the Towne of Worcester.
Ordered. That Capt» Wing have notice thereof and attend next
Councill day if he hath anything to object against the same.
Upon reading the Peticon of Malachi Holloway for confirmacon of
one hundred and fifty acres of Land lyeing beyond Wadeing River in
the Towne of Dorchester
Ordered. That notice thereof be given in the said Towne that if any
others lay Clayme thereto they may bring in the same.
Upon reading the Peticon of Capt" Rich Martin for confirmacon of
his house and ground in Charlestowne
Granted accordingly.
Upon reading the Peticon of Edward Ting Esqre for confirmacon of
severall parcells of Land in the Province of Maine.
Granted accordingly.
Upon reading the Peticon of Richard Thayre for a Grant of Land
neere Punckapauge Pond.
Ordered. That it be surveyed and disposed as his Excellencye shall
think fitt.
Upon reading the Peticon of Capt” Silvanus Davies for confirmacon of
severall parcells of Land in the Province of Maine, (ranted.
Upon reading the Peticon of Vines Ellicott for a Grant of Hogg
Island in Casco Bay.
Granted.
Upon reading the Peticon of Edward Shippen for confirmacon of
severall houses and Ground in Boston whereof he is possessed.
Granted.
Upon reading the Peticon of Roger Clap for econfirmacon of five
hundred Acres of Land in Dorchester.
Granted.
Upon reading the Peticon of Capt" Benjamin Davies for Confirmacon
of severall houses, Warehouses & Ground in Boston whereof he is
possessed.
Granted accordingly.
Att a Councill held att Boston on Tuesday the 20th day of Decr 1687.
Present: His Excellencye St Edmond Andros Knt &c@
Joseph Dudley Waite Winthrop Edw: Randolph
Robert Mason John Usher Fran: Nicholson Esq's
An Act declareing the severall Lawes made by the Govt and Councill
to be in force in Connecticott &c. and
' See Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVIL., p.* 294. This order is signed by
* John West D. Secry.”” Also /bid., vol. CXXIX., p. 12. Also J/hid., vol. CXXIX.,
p. 75.
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1900.
An Act for enlargeing the Jurisdiction of the Inferiour Courts being
read.
Ordered. That they be putt into one and brought in the next meeting
of the Councill.
Att a Councill held att Boston on Tuesday the 218t day of Dect 1687.
Present : His Excellencye Sir Edmund Andros Knt &ca
Joseph Dudly Waite Winthrop Fran: Nicholson
William Stoughton John Usher Esqrs
Robert Mason Edw: Randolph
An Act declareing the severall Lawes made by the Governour and
Councill to be in force in Connecticott; and for settling Courts being
read.
Ordered. That the same be ingrossed.
Att a Councill held in Boston on Fryday the three & twentyeth day of
December 1687.
Present: His Excellencye St Edmond Andros Knt &ca
William Stoughton Waite Winthrop Edw: Randolph
Robert Mason John Usher Fran: Nicholson Esq's
Upon reading the Peticon of Robert Orchard, praying redresse for
injuries sustained by the late Governour and Company of the Massa-
thusetts, and his Majestyes letter to his Excellencye relateing thereunto,
dated the 30th July past.
Ordered. That the case of the said Robert Orchard be recommended
to the Judges of the severall Courts, that speedy right and Justice be
done him therein.
Att a Councill held in Boston on Tuesday the 27th day of December
1687.
Present: His Excellencye St Edmond Andros Knt &ca
Joseph Dudley Peter Bulkley Edw: Randolph
W™ Stoughton Waite Winthrop Fran: Nicholson
Robt Mason John Usher Esq's
An Act declareing the severall Lawes made by the Governour and
Councill to be in force in Connecticott and for settling Courts there
being read and Ingrossed.
Ordered. That the Superiour Courts in Essex and Middx be reduced
to two Circuites in the yeare and so inserted in the said Act.
Att a Councill held in Boston on Thursday the 29th day of Dect 1687.
Present: His Excellencye St Edmond Andros Knt &c@
Joseph Dudley Peter Bulkley Edw : Randolph
W™ Stoughton John Usher W™ Bradford
Robt Mason Barth : Gidney Fran: Nicholson Esq's
An Act declareing the severall Lawes made in force in Connecticott
and for settling Courts togeather with a Clause for lessening the often
holding of the Superiour Court in the Countyes of Middlesex and
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490 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
Essex,' being read and the said clause approved and added to the said
Act the same was passed.
The above written are true Coppys—Examined
John West D. Secry :
I Robert Lemon Chief Clerk in Her Majesty's State Paper Office, Lon-
don, do hereby Declare that this Transcript of the Minutes of the Coun-
cil of Massachusetts Bay in New England from the 20th of December
1686 to the 29th of December 1687 inclusive, is a true Copy from the
Originals preserved in the State Paper Office.
Witness my hand this 16th day of September in the Year of Our
Lord One thousand Eight Hundred and Forty Six.
Robt Lemon.
I hereby Certify that Mt Robert Lemon made the above Declaration
and signed the same in my presence this 16th day of September 1846.
J. McHenry Boyd,
Chargé d’affaires ad interim
of the United States, London
'In the printed Colonial Records of Connecticut, vol. ULL., p. 402 et seq., is found
an account of the laws enacted by Governor Andros and his Council, and trans-
mitted to Connecticut as part of the Dominion of New England. On the 29% of
December, 1687, and in March, May, Juneand August of the next year, the following
Acts were verified by John West, Deputy Secretary: “1. An Act for the continuing
and establishing of severall Rates, Duties and Imposts; 2. An Act establishing
Courts of Judicature and Publique Justice; 3. An Act impowering Justices of the
Peace to decide differences not exceeding Forty shillings; 4. An Act against Pirates,
and for prevention of Piracy; 5. An Act settling the value of Pieces of Eight;
6. An Act for regulating the Assize of Cask, and preventing deceit in Packing of
Fish, Beef and Pork forsale; 7. An Act for the regulation of Cattle, Corn Fields
and Fences; 8. An Act for the due regulation of Weights and Measures; 9. An Act
for destroying of Wolves; 10. An Act for regulating the purchase of Lands from
Indians; 11. An Act for Probate of Wills and granting Letters of Administration;
12. An Act for regulating the Fishing trade and Fishermen; and one other act
intituled, 13. An Act for making of Barrells, Kilderkins, and other Vessells used
for Ale or Beer and Syder, and for regulating the Assize of Boards.”
Almost all of the above Acts, engrossed on parchment, signed by Governor Andros,
some bearing the signature of Edward Randolph, Secretary, the others that of John
West, Deputy Secretary, are at the State House in Boston.
On the same day, the 29th of December, 1687, the details in regard to holding
Courts in Connecticut, mentioned in the last entry of the Council Records of Massa-
chusetts, vol. IL., given above, were arranged, and the number of Courts to be held
in Middlesex and Essex was diminished. A Court of Sessions was ordered to be
held at Hartford on the first Wednesdays of March, June, September and December ;
at New London on the second Wednesdays ; at New Haven on the third Wednesdays,
and at Fairfield on the fourth Wednesdays. An Inferior Court of Pleas was estab-
lished for the same towns and counties, and also a Superior Court of Judicature to
be held twice a year. The jurisdiction of the several Inferior Courts of Pleas, in the
Dominion of New England, was extended to all cases “ personal and mixed whereim
title of land is not concerned, to any sum or value whatever.” Right of appeal
maintained. The Superior Courts to be held in Middlesex and Essex twice a year.
In the County of Middlesex on the first Tuesdays of May and November; in the
County of Essex on the first Wednesdays of March and September. At Portsmouth
on the following Mondays after the Essex Courts.
Probably the “ Act concerning Peddlers,” which prohibited them from going
from town to town, found in Colonial Records of Connecticut, vol. LLL., pp. 435, 436,
was passed in the latter part of 1687 or in the beginning of 1688,
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1900. ] Andros Records. 49]
The Council Meetings which tollow are taken principally
from the unpublished Massachusetts Archives, as they have
not been found at the State Paper Office in London, while
the printed Colonial Records of Connecticut mention some
not found elsewhere. It is more than probable that the
records of other meetings have been lost.
Att a Councill &c. 4th Jan. 1687[8]!
Att a Councill held in Boston on fryday the third day of february
1687[8].2
Present: Uis Excye S' Edmund Andros Knt &c.
Joseph Dudley John Usher Edw‘ Randolph
Will Stoughton Barth : Gidney Fran : Nicholson
Rob! Mason John Hincks Sam! Shrimpton
The Hinckley Nath' Clarke Will Browne Esqrs
Upon reading this day in Councill the peticon of Edward Randolph
therein praying his Majestyes grant of a certaine part of vacant Land
lyeing nigh the Towne of Lynn in the County of Essex comonly called
Nahant neck & conteyning about five hundred Acres,
Ordered* that the constables of said Towne or either of them on
receipt hereof doe give publique notice in the said Towne of Lynn that if
any person or persons have any Clayme or Pretence to the said Land they
appeare before his Excy the Governt in Councill on Wednesday the sev-
enth of march next then and there to shew forth the same and why the
said Land may not be granted to the Peticoner as desired and that they
faile not therein and to make due returne.
By order in Councill &c.
John West D. Secry.
Att a Councill held at the Councill Chamber in Boston y° 3* day of
february 1687[8].*
Present: His Excye St Edmund Andros Knt etc.
Joseph Dudley John Usher Edw Randolph
W"™ Stoughton Barth: Gidney ffran : Nicholson
Rob' Mason John Hincks Sam' Shrimpton
Tho: Hinckley Nath : Clarke W™ Browne Esqrs
Forasmuch as the severall Orders formerly made for taking an account
'See Colonial Records of Connecticut, vol. IIL, p. 401. The late Treasurer of
Connecticut was ordered to collect the taxes due, and pay the Colony debts properly
certified. Executions upon former judgments were ordered to be issued, while
pending causes were to be tried in the new Courts of the Dominion.
*Taken from Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXNXVIL., p. 173. Printed in Edward
Rindolph, Prince Society, vol. [V., p. 201.
* Endorsed on the order is the following: “ Received this order from the hands
of Jeremiah Belcher the 2¢ day of this instant March 168] and attending thereunto
have given publique notice of the matter ordered therein this 5% day of March &c.
by me John Edmands Constable in Lynn”—See Massachusetts Archives, vol.
CXXVII., p. 173.
‘Taken from Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVILL., p. 36. Printed in Edward
Randolph, Prince Society, Vol. 1V., p. 206.
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192 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
of the publique Records of the late Massathusetts Collony have not beene
attended that the same might be putt into the Secryes Custody and all
persons have recourse to them as Occasion Ordered that Mr" Isaac
Addington and Mr John Herbert Coward be and are hereby desired and
authorized in the presence of Mt Edward Randolph Secry and Mr Ed-
ward Rawson the late Secry or some one in his behalfe to take an
account in writeing of all the said Records and that they beginn the same
on Tuesday next and continue day by day about the same till compleated
and that then all the said Records be delivered into the hands and Cus-
tody of the said Secry and the account thereof by them taken forthwith
returned to this board under their hands.
By order in Councill etc. ,
John West D. Secry.
Boston Council Chamber, on Wednesday, the 15th of February, in the
4th year of his Majesty's reign Annoque Domini, 1687[8].'
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Wednesday
the nyne and Twentyeth of ffebruary 1687[8].*
Present: His Excellency St Edm Andros Knt &e.
Joseph Dudley John Usher ffrancis Nicholson
John Winthrop John Greene Samuell Shrimpton
Waite Winthrop Edward Randolph Esqrs
Upon Reading this day in Councill the Peticon of Edward Randolph
Esqre praying his Majesties Grant of a Certaine Tract of vacant and
unappropriated Land Containing about Seaven Hundred Acres Lyeing |
betweene Spy Pond and Saunders Brooke neere Watertowne in the ,
County of Middx.
Ordered, That the Sheriffe of the said County Doe forthwith after
Receipt hereof give Publique Notice both in Cambridge and Watertowne
That if any person or p'sons have any Clayme or p'tence to the said Land
they appeare before his Excellency the Governour in Councill On Wed-
nesday the Seaventh of March next then and there to shew forth the
same and why the said Land may not be granted to the Peticont as
Desired of we! he is not to faile; and to make due Returne.
By Ordr *in Councill &c.
John West D. Secy
'See Colonial Records of Connecticut, vol. ILL, pp. 433, 434, 435. “ An Act for ad-
ditional Duties of Imports and Excise, for the better collecting and securing his
Majesty’s Revenue.”” The duties and excise on Wines, Brandy, etc. were increased.
The names of the ports where goods should be loaded were also given: Verified by
* John West, Dept. Secretary.”’ The original Act, on parchment, is at the State
House in Boston.
?Taken from Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXX VILL, p. 56. Printed in Edward
Randotph, vol. 1V., p. 207.
> by virtue of this Order Notice is given to ye prsons concerned 5 March &7-8 pr
Sam!" Gookin Shrff.”. Massachusetts Archives ihid.
* March 4 1687-8. memd: This warrant was sent up from Boston to Camb. on ye
sabbath Day morning by a boate, wes was an unusuall thing in yt place to see ye
sabbath day so prophaned & a warrant posted up on ye meeting house to give notice”
See Massachusetts Archives ibid., p. 68.
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1900. Andros Records. 493
In Councill ffeb. 29th 1687[8]'
An Act for regulateing y* Choice of Selectmen
Peticon of Sam!! [Niles?]
W™ Veasey For land at Branetry
Jn° Cleverley
Peticon of W™ Burrows to have his bond up.
Peticon of Nath!! Page for Land in Dorchester
Peticon of Sa'' Walker & al for Land att Saco.
M’ Hinks Pattent for Land.
Att a Councill held att ye Councill Chamber in Boston on Tuesday
ye 6th day of March 1687 [8].
p’sent His Excelley St Andros &c.
Joseph Dudley Jn° Usher Edw Randolph
W™ Stoughton Jn° Lathrop ffran. Nicholson
Jn° Winthrop Nath!! Clarke Esqrs
Waite Winthrop Rich’ Arnold
Upon Reading this day in Councill ye Reporte made by Edw Randolph
Secry, Edw Rawson, Isaack Addington & Jn° Herbert Coward together
with ye account by them taken of ye publique Records of ye late Massa-
thusetts Collony pursuant to an Ord of this Board bearing Date ye 8rd
of ffebruary past.
Ordered that ye Records be forthwith taken into ye Custody & Charge
of ye Secry & kept with ye other Records of this Dominion in the Secrys
office where all p'sons may have recourse to them as occasion [may
require?] & that ye key hitherto Kept by Mt Rawson of ye place where
y® Records are be forthwith delivered to ye Secry.
By order in Councill.
At a Councill held att ye Councill Chamber in Boston on Thursday
ye 6th day of March 1687 [8]}.*
p’sent: His Excelleye St Edm@ Andros Knt &c.
Joseph Dudley Jn° Usher Edw Randolph
W™ Stoughton Barn: Lathrop ffran. Nicholson
Jn° Winthrop Nath!! Clarke Esqrs
Waite Winthrop Richd Arnold
The Peticon of Mr Edward Rawson being this day read praying to be
Considered for his trouble & time spent & Imployed in sorteing & takeing
an account of ye publique Records of ye late Massathusetts Colony.
Ordered that the Sume of ten pounds be payd him by ye threasurer
out of his Maties threasury as a Gratuity for ye said service.
Mr Isaac Addington & Mt Jn° Herbert Coward praying this board to
be allowed ye Sume of £3: 9s: 9d. for their trouble Attendance & Ex-
' This draft is found in Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVIIL., p. 68.
* Taken from Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVL., p. 238. Printed in Edward
Randolph, Prince Society, vol. IV., p. 210.
’ Taken trom Massachusetts Archives, vol. CNX VILL, p. 82. Printed in Edward
Randolph, Prince Society, vol. [V., p. 208.
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14 American Antiquarian Society. | April,
pences in sorteing & takeing an Account of ye Publique Records of y,
Late Massathusetts Collony p'suant toan Ord of this board as by their
acct p'sented. Ordered that ye said Sume be allowed them & payd by
y® threasurer out of his Maties threasury accordingly.
Upon heareing ye Peticon of Edw Randolph Esq? praying an Ordr for
ye Sume of £47: 10:9 being for his trouble Charges & Expences in
travelling from Boston to Bristoll & there Removeing & Secureing
ye halfe parte of ye Silver & plate Imported in ye Brigantine Supply
W™ Burrowes Mar from ye Wrecke for his Maties use & bringing '
ye same by Land to Boston afforss( as by his acct thereof likewise ,
p’sented w¢h this board takeing into Consideracon doe allow y® same & t
Order that ye s( sume of £47: 10: 9 be forthwith payed him out of his
Maties mony received for his Maties use as afores(
Upon heareing ye Peticon of Edw Randolph Esq’ praying an Allow- ;
ance of ye Sume of 101i ye value of his horse lost on a Journey to
Hartford in July 1686 & eight pounds more for his Expences being for
hix Maties service web this board takeing into Consideracon doe Order J
that ye Sume of 15li be payed unto him by ye threasurer of his Maties (
threasury for his horse and Expences on s¢ Journy. I
Council Chamber in Boston, on Saturday the 17th day of March :
1687 [8], in the fourth year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord King
James the second. '
Council Chamber in Boston, 24th of March, in the 4th year of the 8
reign of our Sovereign Lord King James the second, Annoque Domini t
1687 [8].?
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Wednesday
ye 30th May 1688.”
' See Colonial Records of Connecticut, vol. ILL, pp. 427, 428, 429. At this meeting
was passed “An Act for regulating the Choice of Select men, Constables and other 8
Officers in the respective Towns within this Dominion.”” Only one town meeting a I
year was to be permitted. ‘That from henceforth it shall not be lawful for the i
inhabitants of any town within this Dominion to meet or convene themselves ‘
together at a town meeting, upon any pretence or colour whatsoever, but at the
times before mentioned and appointed for the choice of town officers as aforesaid.” t
Any one refusing to accept the office of Constable was made liable to pay a fine of (
five pounds. A Commissioner to levy taxes, by warrant from the Treasurer, was to
be selected by the inhabitants of each town. This Act was verified on 17 March
1687 [8] by * John West D. Secretary.”’
2 See Colonial Records of Connecticut, vol. IL., pp. 429, 430, 431, 432, 433. “An 8
Act for settling the Militia.”” All above sixteen years of age were to serve, except u
certain enumerated persons including members of the Council, justices of the e
Peace, Court officers, ministers, president, officers and students of Harvard College, ;
schoolmasters, physicians, ete. The Act was verifled by “John West, Dep. Sec.”
The original Act, on parchment, is at the State House in Boston. There were f
probably other meetings between the 24th of March and the 30th of May.
3’ Taken from Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXVUL., p. 222. The same is found
in ibid., p. 231. In this record are added the words * John West. D. Secry.”
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1900. | Andros Records. 195
p’sent: His Excelley St Edm@ Andros Kut &c.
Joseph Dudley Jn° Usher Edw Randolph
W™ Stoughton Bartholomew Gidney ffrancis Nicholson
Waite Winthrop Walter Newberry Wm Browne — Esq's
Upon heareing the Peticon of Nicholas Inglesby Commander of
ye Barke Rose of Boston lately returned from the Wrecke Setting forth
that he hath p'furmed ye Condicon of his bond given & fully satisfied
& payd his Maties dues & therefore prayed his s¢ bond may be delivered
up unto him Its Refferred to Mr threasurer with any two or more
of ye Councill in towne to Examine the sd allegacons & make Reporte
thereon accordingly.
By order in Councill &c.
Att a Councill held at ye Councill Chamber in Boston on Wednesday
ye 30th day of May 1688.'
p’sent: His Excelly St Edmund Andros Knt &c.
fforasmuch as by severall writeings undr ye hands of Lieut Coll.
Jn° Pincheon one of his Maties Councill and Capt James fitch, Justice
of ye Peace Now produced before this Board It appeares that some
Indians were Inquireing after & Searching for an Indian Called Will who
its said abt the beginning of this month Murthered an Indian Woeman att
Albany & that he is now taken neere New Roxbury Its Ordered that the
si Indian Will be forthwith Conveyed to Hartford & there Examined
before some, one or more, of his Maties Justices of yepeace & if he
shall appeare guilty of ye s(¢ Offence to be secured in ye County Goale
till further Ordr
By in Councill &c.
Att a Councill att the Councill Chamber on Thursday the 25th June
1688.”
Present: His Excelley St Edmond Andros Knt &c.
Upon hearing the Petition of Jonathan Tyng Esqre of the Councill,
setting forth that there is a Certaine Tract of vacant and unappropriated
Laud Lyeing att Weymesitt on the East side of Concord River Contain-
ing two hundred and Twelve Acres and an other Tract on the West side
of the said River Containeing Seventy acres both Lately Improved by
the Indians who he hath satisfied to Leave the same Praying his Maties
Grant for the said Land under such quitt-rent as his Excell’ shall think
' Taken from Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXNXVILL, p. 227.
?Taken from Massachusetts Archives vol. CXXIX., p. 22. Under the above, on the
same pages is found the following: * In observance of ye abovesaid order we whose
names are under written do testify, that the above said land hath bin (to our knowl-
edg ) improved by the indians by planting upon it, above 34 yeares last past, and that
we know not that any English ever had, or challenged any interest in said lands, &
further we testify, that the indians whom ye said Jonathan Ting Esqre hath satis-
fyed for said land are to our knowledg ye reputed owners of said land, and their
fathers before them.
Witness our hands. July 3! 1688, The Hinchman
Jonathan Danforth,
34
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16 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
fitt. Itt is Refered to Majt Thomas Hinchman & Capt" Jonathan Dan-
forth to Exame & make Report thereupon without Delay.
By order in Conncill &c.
John West D. Secry
Att a Councill held att y¢ Councill Chamber in Boston on thursday y-
28th day of June 1688. '
Present: His Excelley St Edmond Andros Knut &c.
Joseph Dudley Jn° Usher ffrancis Nicholson
Stoughton Nath!! Clarke Rich Smith
Waite Winthrop Edward Randolph Sam!! Shrimpton Esqts
Upon reading this day in Councill ye Peticon of Philip Severett & his
Maties ordr in Councill bearing date ye 27th of January past upon a
Reporte made by ye Right Honoble ye Lords of ye Comittee for trade
& foreigne plantacons on ye Peticon of s¢ Philip Severett Mar & owner
of ye ship Johanna lately seized in New England Directing that ye s'
ship be delivered to ye Peticoner upon his giving security to abide by
such orders as shall be made by his Matie or his Courts of Justice in New
England relating to ye s¢ ship praying that some able p'sons be speedily
appointed to appraise ye s¢ ship in ordr to his giving security & being
delivered accordingly Ordered that some able persons be forthwith
appointed & authorized by his Excellys Warrant to value & appraise
y® s(@ ship upon oath & on Returne thereof made & security given as
afores( the s¢ ship be delivered to ye s¢ Philip Severett p'suant to his
Maties sd ordrs
By ordr in Councill &c.
Att a Councill held att the Councill Chamber in Boston on Thursday
the 28th of June 1688.
Present: His Excell¢y St Edmund Andros Knt etc.
Joseph Dudley John Usher ffrancis Nicholson
W™ Stoughton Nathan!! Clarke Richard Smith
Waite Winthrop Edward Randolph Sami! Shrimpton Esqrs
Upon further heareing of the Petition of Edward Randolph, Esqr pray-
ing his Majesties grant for a Certaine parcell or Tract of Vacant and
unappropriated Land Containeing about seaven hundred Acres Lyeing
betweene Spye Pond and Saunders Brooke neare Water towne in the
County of Middlesex as alsoe a Certaine Writeing p'sented by Samuell
Andrewes & others of Cambridge Termed the Reply of the proprietors of
the Lands Lyeing betweene Saunders Brooke and Spye Pond to an
Answer made to their Address But they declareing they had no Authority
to speake in behalfe of others but onely for them selves and by Reason
of the Generall Discription of the Land Petitioned for not knowing
'Taken from Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXIX., pp. 1. The order of the
Privy Council dated 27 January 1687[8]. Signed W= Bridgeman is found ibid., p. 4.
Taken from Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXIX., pp. 2,3. Printed in Edward
Randolph, Prince Society, vol. [V., p. 229.
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Andros Records. 197
whether the Lands Claymed by them be within the quantity desired or
not, It is ordered that a Survey and Draft be forthwith made of the said
Land and Returned in to the Secretaryes Office accordingly.
By order in Councill
John West. D. Secry.
[The oath of the Provost Marshall is given in fall. ]'
.. +. The above Oath was approved in Councill ye 6th July 1688 &
Administred to St Wm Phipps Provost Marshall Generall of this
Dominion Appointed by his Maties Letters Patents.
Att a Councill held att ye Councill Chamber in Boston on Thursday
ye 12th day of July 1688.*
Present: His Excelley St Edm¢ Andros Knt &c.
Joseph Dudley Jn° Usher Sam!! Shrimpton
William Stoughton Barth. Gidney Richt Smith
Robt Mason Edw! Randolph Esqrs
Waite Winthrop ffrancis Nicholson
Upon Reading this day in Councill ye Peticon of George Turfrey
praying his Maties Grant of Six or Eight hundred acres of unimproved
Land upon ye West side of Saco River att a place there called Salisbury
Brooke with a p'cellof ffresh Marsh & ye Desarts to weh one M's Phillips
claymes a right. It is Reffered to Mt Attourney Generall to Examine
wt right or title ye s¢ Mrs Phillips hath or claymes to ye same & forth.
with to make Reporte thereupon.
By order in Councill &c.
By his Excellency.?
A Proclamation for the Continueing all Officers in their Respective
places.
Whereas his Majtie hath beene graciously pleased by his Letters
Patents to Annex his province of New York and East & West Jerseys to
his Territory & Dominion of New England and to Constitute and ap-
point me Capt" Gen!! and Governour in Cheife of the same . . . the
seventeenth day of Aprill last past..... I have therefore thought
fitt and Doe hereby wt! the advice of the Councill Continue & Confirm
all Officers both Civill & Military..... till further Order.....
Given att Boston the 19th Day of July in the 4th Yeare of his Majties
Reigne Annog Dom. 1688.
By his Excellys Comand E. Andros
J.W. OD.S.
God Save the King.
Oath of Deputy Secretary and Register.*
.... John West tooke ye above Oath in Councill ye 20% July 1688,
upon ye Desire of ye s¢ Edw Randolph.
Ed Randolph Secry
1Taken from Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXIX., p. 30.
?Taken from Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXIX.,, p. 47.
‘Taken from Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXIX., p. 72.
‘Taken from Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXIX., p. 90. Printed in Edward
Randolph, Prince Society, vol. IV., p. 231.
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498 American Antiquarian Society. [ April,
Att a Councill held att New Yorke on Wednesday y® 29th day of Augt
1688."
p’sent his Excelley St Edmund Andros Knt &c.
Joseph Dudley Jarvis Baxter Jn° Young
Robt Mason Steph: Courtland Nicho Bayard
Anthon Brockholes Jn° Usher Rich@d Smith
Walter Clarke Edw Randolph Jn° Allen
Jn° Winthrop Jn° Walley Esqrs
ffred : Phillips Walter Newbery
Whereas ye Execucon of An act made ye 7th day of May last past by
his Excelly thomas Dongan late Capt Generall & Governour in Cheife of
hs Maties Province of New Yorke in America Intituled an act for Raise-
ing ye Sume of £2555: 68 by or before ye first day of November in
ye yeare of our Lord 1688 hath been & is by Ordr of his Excelley in
Councill dated ye 30th day of July last past for ye Reason therein
menconed Suspended till further Ord’ which being taken into Considera-
con It is Ordered that yes Act be fully & Daly Executed according to
y® tenor & true Intent & meaneing thereof & y® mony therein menconed
duely Levyed Raised Collected & payd as therein is directed of wet all
Justices of the peace & other Officers & persons Concerned are to take
notice & Conforme themselves accordingly.
By order in Councill.
At a Council held at the Council Chamber in Boston on Wednesday the
27th day of March 1689."
'Taken from Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXIX., p. 162. Printed in Edward
Randolph, Prince Society, vol. [V., pp. 233, 234. In Colonial Records of Connecti
ew, Vol. ILL, p. 447, are added * John West. D. Secry ’ and also ** George Brewerton
declareth upon oath yt he being then Clerk of ye Secretaryes Office at New York
did write ye foregoing order of ye Governor & Councill we was signed by John
Witt, Deputy Seery Jacob Milborne Cl, Counce!.”
The Act, engrossed in parchment, signed by Governor Thomas Dongan and the
Council of New York, is at the State House in Boston.
Probably at this meeting or at a subsequent one in New York, the record of which
has not been found, was passed ** An Act requiring all Masters of Ships or Vessels
to give security.” See Andros Tracts, Prince Society, vol. L., p. 141. The Act is
called also An Act against Emigration.” See vol. LIL, p. 92. It was asserted
that the Council at Boston opposed the passing this Act of restraint, but that it
was finally passed in New York.
The cost of annexing ** New Yorke and ve Jersies”’ to the Dominion of New Eng-
land was £180. 1. 5. and of annexing Connecticut £489. 11. 6. See Massachusetts
Archives, vol. CI. pp. 5, 12. See ihid., p. 16, for “sundry disbursemt for Govr &
Council to Pemaquid £33. 0. 7.” From this last entry it is probable there was a
Council meeting at Pemaquid, Maine, during the latter part of 1688, when hostilities
against the Indians were being carried on.
*Taken from Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXIX., p. 354. Printed in Edward
Randolph, Prince Society, vol. 1V., p. 263.
There is an allusion toa Council meeting on April 11th but no record of the meeting
has been found. In Massachusetts Archives, vol. CXXIX .. pp. 373, 374, there is an
indorsement upon Governor Andros’ order of the 13th of April, 1689, for an exam-
ination of the claims to land in Maine petitioned for by Joshua Downing of
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Present: His Excelly St Edmund Andros Knt &c.
Joseph Dudley Johu Usher Nathaniel Clarke
W™ Stoughton Edward Randolph Sam!! Shrimpton
Wait Winthrop John Palmer
Ordered That the Treasurer do satisfy his Exce!! for his Salary out
of his Maties Revenue till Xt mas last past.
A true Copy as appeares in the Minutes of Council '
Exam pr Addington Secry.
Kittery, as follows, “ Memorand. in Councell 11th Aprill 1689." This is the only
evidence, as yet found, of a meeting being held on that day.
There is also indorsed on the same order, * Petitions of ye men of Braintry for
grants of Land there.”
The administration of Sir Edmund Andros was overthrown, as is well known,
on the 18th of April by a sudden rising of the people.
‘Erratum, In the Andros Records printed in the Proceedings for October
1899, p. 242, 37, the word plans" should read places.”
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| April,
ANDROS'S PROCLAMATION MONEY,
BY ANDREW McFARLAND DAVIS.
ANY person who examines the contemporary literature
Which treats of questions connected with the curreney in
the days of the Province, will meet with the expressions
“Proclamation Money” and “Lawful Money.” The title
of the first of these is based upon a proclamation issued by
(Jueen Anne in 1704, fixing the values at which certain
foreign coins should pass in the Plantations. By the terms
of this proclamation, the Seville, Pillar and Mexican pieces
of eight, if of seventeen and one-half pennyweight, were
to pass for six shillings. The corresponding sterling
value at that time for the piece of eight was four shillings
and sixpence. The second title, “lawful money,” was
based upon a provincial statute originally passed in 1692,
Which was disallowed by the Privy Council at that time on
account of the penalty attached to its infringement. In
1697, the statute was reénacted in such form that it met
with approval, and was permitted to stand. By this act
the coins above mentioned were made current at six
shillings, if of full seventeen pennyweights. | Notwith-
standing this difference in the weight of the coin which
Was to pass at six shillings, the Lords of Trade wrote to
Dudley in 1706, using the following language with refer-
ence to the proclamation :' “You are further to represent
to the Assembly that there lies a particular obligation on
them to enforce a due obedience to her Majesty’s com-
mands herein, for that the regulation of the rates at which
' Province Laws, L., 580,
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foreign coins are to pass was calculated from a law of their
own.”
If the coin weighing seventeen and one-half penny-
weights was worth six shillings, the ounce of silver was
worth in money of this rating, or so-called proclamation
money, six shillings, ten and two-sevenths pence. On the
other hand, if it only weighed seventeen pennyweights,
then the ounce of silver was worth in) money based
on the valuation of six shillings for the piece of eight
of that weight, or lawful money, seven shillings and
three farthings. Owing to the great number of light-
weight coins in circulation, the real standard of mer-
chants at this time was the ounce of coined silver,
sterling alloy. The Spanish silver coinage, although not
absolutely of sterling alloy, and although not free from
changes of standard, was apparently accepted as equiv-
alent to sterling. It will be seen that the difference
hetween the values of the ounce of silver expressed in
terms of proclamation or of lawful money was sufficient
to be of importance in mercantile transactions of any size.
Practically, we know that in Massachusetts, proclamation
money was ignored, and lawful money was continuously
maintained in the days of the Province as the underlying
measure of value; yet it is obvious that the Lords of Trade
did not regard this difference as sufficient to prevent the
proclamation value assigned to the piece of eight from
heing accepted by the Province. The tenacity with which
the Colonists adhered to their own measure of value in the
face of the proclamation, emphasizes the point that there
Was a difference between the measure of value which was
established by the proclamation and that to be derived
from the Provincial Statute of 1697, and necessarily
raises a doubt whether that statute was the one referred
to by the Lords of Trade.
An examination of the Provincial legislation of that day
tails to disclose any other law to which the Lords of Trade
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American Antiquarian Society. April,
could have referred in their letter to Dudley. Neverthe-
less, we should not be entirely free trom doubt as to the
“law of their own” which was referred to in that letter, if,
in our attempts to settle this point, we were compelled to
rely exclusively upon our own records. This lingering
doubt arises from the following facts. It appears by the
transcript from the records of the Andros Council which
were transmitted to London, that on the 10th of March,
1686-87, an order was passed that the piece of eight of
due weight should pass for six shillings. As if to com-
plicate matters, the original minutes of this meeting in the
custody of the American Antiquarian Society show that the
piece of eight which was thus ordered to be received for
six shillings was required to weigh seventeen and one-half
pennyweights. The Lords of Trade, relying tor intorma-
tion with regard to the action of the Andros Council, as
they must have done, upon the copy of the record trans-
mitted to London, could) not have known that Andros
had thus forestalled Sir Isaac Newton in fixing the weight
of the piece of eight which should pass as six shillings,
at seventeen and one-half pennyweights, and it is doubtful
it they would, in a communication meant tor the Assem-
blv, have referred to an order passed by the Andros
Council as a “law of their own”; vet, it is fortunate that
we are able to remove even the slight cloud of doubt whieh
the passage of this order casts upon the identification of
the legislation referred to.
William Penn, in’ his correspondence, comes to our
rescue in this regard, and says that the English standard
would at this time have been adopted in the proclamation
hut for the fact that a law fixing the New England stand-
ard had already met with the approval of the Crown.!
We are still left without knowledge ot the date of that
law, but even that is furnished us in an opinion of the
| Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Vol. IX, The Penn and
Logan Correspondence, pp. 248, 296,
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Attorney-General, May 31, 1703, to the effect that the
Provincial Act of 1697—the one to which reference has
already been made—having been approved by the Privy
Council, had the foree of an Act of Parliament.' It will
thus be seen that the various steps taken by Andros in
1686 and 1687, which led up to the promulgation by him
of a proclamation declaring that the piece of eight of
seventeen and one-half pennyweights? should pass current
at six shillings, had no bearing whatever upon the estab-
lishment of the value of proclamation money in 1704;
still, these steps constitute an interesting episode in the
story of the New England shilling, and it is to the details
of that affair that I wish now to call vour attention.
Shortly after the closure of the mint, proceedings were
taken in England looking towards the reéstablishment of
that institution. On the 23rd of September, 1686, reasons
why this should be done were submitted to the Lords of
the Committee for Trade and Plantations.* This document
was reterred to the officials of the London Mint, and a
reply on their part was filed on the 23rd of October.‘ In
this latter paper, the statement is made that “ pieces ot
eight are but a commodity” in New England, and it is
recommended that the people there be left to barter the
one against the other as their interests guide them. On
the 13th of October, in the interim between the date of the
application or petition above referred to and the reply, :
committee had already reported to the Privy Council
against reéstablishing the mint, and had recommended
that power be given Sir Edmund Andros to regulate by
proclamation the passage of pieces of eight and other
foreign coins imported in New England.® On the 27th of
'A History of the Currency of the British Colonies by Robert Chalmers, p. 14,
‘Lam assuming here that the proclamation followed the language of the Andros
Records, although as is stated below, we have no copy of the proclamation.
“ The Early Coins of America,’ by Sylvester 8S, Crosby, pp. 91-93,
pp. 93, 94.
5 Lhid., p. 94.
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the same month the Privy Council concluded that the
Boston Mint should not be reéstablished, and passed an
order to the effect that ‘* Sir Edmund Andros be hereby
authorized & empowered by Proclamation to regulate
pieces of eight & other foreign coins within the said
Territory of New England, to such current value as he
shall judge most requisite for his Majesty’s service and the
trade of his subjects there.” On the 31st of October,
Sunderland officially communicated this decision of his
Majesty in Privy Council to Sir Edmund in a letter in
which instructions were given that “by Proclamation
under our Seal for our Dominion in New England, You
regulate the price of pieces of eight and other foreign
coins imported thither, in such manner & to such a cur-
rent value as vou, with the advice of our Council shall
find most requisite for our service & the trade of our
Subjects there.” !
This letter was communicated to the New England
Council by Sir Edmund Andros on the 22d of January,
1686-87,” and at the same time the answer of the Officers of
the Mint to the paper entitled “ Reasons fora Mint in New
England” was also read. On the 28th the matter was
brought up again in the Council, and in this connection
there was some discussion as to whether it was in the
power of the Council to prevent the shipping of coin to
England and also as to what prejudice to the country such
shipments actually oceasioned.? On the 23rd of February
the letter relative to pieces of eight was again submitted
to the Council, and at the same time a paper was presented
'« The Early Coins of America,” by Sylvester S. Crosby, p. 95.
‘Council Records, Vol. LL., p. 110. Andros Records, in manuscript, in possession
of the American Antiquarian Society, p.19. My attention was called to the fact
that these records contained information on these points through the notes to Mr.
Toppan’s Memoir of Edward Randolph, Publications of the Prince Society; Ed-
ward Randolph, with Historical Hlustrations and Memoir by Robert Noxon Toppan
Vol. L., pp. 18, 19 and notes.
* Andros Records, pp. 21, 22.
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by Mr. Wharton! tor an accommodation of the country
and supply of money to carry on trade, as the record
reads.2. There is a paper in the Massachusetts Archives,
bearing no date but classified chronologically under 1671,
money.” * It contains among other things the following
propositions: All outstanding debts to be discharged in
specie at Os. 8d. per ounce; after a given date New Eng-
land coins -to pass as follows: 1s. at 14d., 6d. at 7d.,
3d. at 4d., and 2d. at 3d.; all Mexico, Pillar, Seville and
other pieces of eight, bullion and plate of sterling alloy to
pass current at 7s. 6d. per ounce. The paper contained
many other suggestions and bears evidence of some care in
its preparation, but has some amendments in a different
handwriting from that in which the main part of the text
is indited. It was obviously introduced as a basis for dis-
cussion. ‘This point was gained and Randolph’s record has
preserved the substance of what was said. It was con-
tended that unless the New England coins and pieces
of eight were raised all money would leave the country.
Sir Edmund was not influenced by this argument, but
declared that he was opposed to setting any value upon the
New England money other than its intrinsic value accounted
as bullion. Two goldsmiths were called in as experts.
They came to the Council Chamber and Mr, Wharton's
paper was read to them. They asked tor time for the prep-
aration of their opinion, which was granted them, and then
the discussion was renewed with vigor, many of the Council
being of opinion that raising the value of money would
make it plenty in the country and quicken trade. To
this it was replied that such a course would tend to de-
stroy commerce with the West Indies. Instead of sugar,
molasses and rum, nothing but light pieces of eight would
‘Probably Richard Wharton, one of the Councillors.
* Andros Records, p. 28.
Mr. Crosby gives this paper in full in “The Early Coins of New England,” pp.
106, 107, It is to be found in the Massachusetts Archives, Vol, 100, No, 162,
which is endorsed “Mr. Wharton’s paper about raising
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he shipped trom there. It was argued that raising the
coinage would only help the merchants, as the country
people would not raise prices on their goods, and this
would result in positive injury to the country.
On the 25th of February the goldsmiths again attended
the meeting of the Council and submitted their report upon
Mr. Wharton’s paper. They were of opinion that raising
the value of pieces of eight would bring them into the
country plentitully, but they thought it would at the same
time occasion the shipment out of the country of the New
England money. It is obvious from this that they con-
ceived that the opposition of Sir Edmund Andros was fatal
to that part of Wharton's project which involved the
raising of the New England money. The specific question
Was put to them, What advantage would there be in raising
pieces of eight to 7s. 6d.? and they answered that unless
the New England money was correspondingly advanced, it
would all leave the country. This day’s conterence was
closed by the submission of a proposition that “ all whole
pieces of eight (Peru excepted) 15 pennyweight and
upwards should pass current at 6s., all other bullion and
plate of sterling alloy should pass current at six and eight-
pence per ounce. All Peru’ pieces 15) pennyweight at
On the 10th of March, some of the chief merchants of
Boston and Salem were summoned before the Council, in
order that they might be consulted on the money question.
They were present at the meeting of the Board and recom-
mended that there be no change in the valuation of the
New England money. They further recommended that
The account of the proceedings at the meetings of January 28, February 23, and
February 25 are taken from the Andros Records. The meeting at which the mer-
chants were called in is recorded under date of March 8, Council Records, Vol. IL,
p. 1l4,and in the Andros Records under date of March 10. The Council Records
represent that the merchants were called in to give their opinions in writing, and
leave it to be inferred that the action taken was in accord with that opinion, The
fuller account in the Andros Records shows that this was not so.
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ot eight, at 6s. 10d. per ounce Troy.
anda half pennyweights. This ended the conference.
Spanish money they wished to have pass by weight.
but his haste prevented him from being intelligible.
Mexico, Seville and Pillar pieces ot eight should pass by
weight at 6s. LOd. per ounce Troy, and the fractional
parts of the same, the quarters and reals, on the basis of a
valuation of the piece of eight at 5s. 4d. Outstanding
liabilities, they thought ought to be adjusted in current
New England money, or in Mexico, Seville or Pillar pieces
They were asked by Sir Edmund what was the standard
weight of a good piece of eight? They replied, seventeen
merchants wanted New England money to stand unchanged
and to continue the standard money of the country.
did not accord with the views expressed by Sir Edmund,
who evidently wished to establish a value at which the
piece of eight should circulate, and did not wish to recog-
nize the New England coins. Randolph undertakes to
record the impression made upon Andros by this discussion,
words are, “ His Exce tound out the designs of the Mer-
chants to [make?] mony! a Commodity and not to make
it currant mony at a price.” An order was then passed
which as entered in the Council Records reads as follows :
"That all pieces of eight, Civill, Piller and Mexico, at due
weight shall pass in payment at six shillings per peece, that
half peeces of Eight, Quarter peeces & Realls do pass pro
rato,” and in this form the certified copy of the records was
forwarded to England. The Andros Records, however,
define the piece of eight, which should pass for six shil-
lings, “at 174 dwt and further add this clause that the
prent New Engl* mony do passe for value as formerly.”
On the 12th of March by beat of drum and sound ot
trumpet, near the Town Hlouse, Andros issued his procla-
'* Mony,”’ in this connection, must mean the piece of eight. Andros evidently
wished to get by the New England coinage, and substitute Spanish money, but he
could not escape giving a rate in shillings, at which the piece of eight should pass,
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mation that this order should be carried out. We have no
means of knowing in which form the language of the
proclamation was couched, but it is obvious that to make
the order of any use it was necessary to specify the weight,
while it is equally clear that the Privy Council must have
relied upon the record of the Council transmitted to
London, for knowledge upon such points. Hence there
can be no reason for supposing that they knew that
Andros had thus anticipated “Proclamation Money.”
The foregoing paper was prepared before the Andros
Records were printed, and the references therein are given
to pages in the MSS. These records were transcribed by
Mr. Robert Noxon Toppan, and are to be tound in this
volume of the Proceedings of this Socviety.—See pp. 237
and 463.
PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.
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Abbot, George, Abp. of Canter-
bury, 181. His Brief Descrip-
tion of the whole World,” 180.
Abbotsford, account of library at,
226-228.
Abernathy, Caleb, 200.
Acadians, **‘ What caused the De-
portation of,” paper by James
P. Baxter, 74-100.
Adams, Mr., the ship carpenter, 265.
Adams, Mrs. Alsoe, 480.
Adams, Charles Francis, his gift
to the Society, 43. Re-elected
Secretary for Domestic Corre-
spondence, 104. His remarks
upon Episcopacy in the early
New England Colonies, 107-110.
His ** Three Episodes of Massa-
chusetts History,” 192 n., 193 n.
Adams, Ebenezer, 444
Adams, George B., elected a mem-
ber, 2.
Adams, John, Pres. of the U. S., 3,
109, 110, 165 207, 394. ** Life
and Works” of, 207 n., 208 n.
Adams, Samuel, 301, 387.
Adams, William, 480.
Adams, Rev. William H., 301.
Addington, Isaac, 246, 247 n., 250
n., 260, 261, 466, 476, 492, 493, 499. |
Alabama, cruiser, 102.
Alaska, boundary of, 4.
Alboro, see Alborough.
Alborough, John, 242, 243)
Member of Sir Edmund Andros’s
Council, 239. Present at the
Council, 242-245, 251, 253-260,
463-465, 468, 469, 480
Alcock, John, 480.
Alden Fund, 148, 151.
Aldrich, Miss Josephine C., her |
gift to the Society, 359, 360.
Aldrich, Hon. P. Emory, 48, 160,
360.
oe
INDEX.
Alexander, Caleb, his ‘* Gram-
matical Institute,” translation of
* Virgil,” and **A Young Ladies
and Gentlemen's Spelling Book,”
444,
Allen, Daniel, 250 n.
Allen, John, 482-484. Present at
Sir Edmund Andros’s Council,
483, 498.
Allen, William, 345.
Allibone, Samuel A., his ‘ Dic-
tionary,” 550.
Allin, see Allen.
Allouez, Claude, 450, 461”. Cited,
454, 455, 457 n.
Almanacs published in Worcester,
440, 441.
Alnwick Castle library, account of,
226.
Althorp Park library, account of,
225, 226.
American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, 12, 52. Meetings of
the American Antiquarian Soci-
ety held at rooms of, 31, 32.
‘‘American Annals of the Deaf,”
American Antiquarian Society,
adopts resolution to convey its
thanks to the American Academy
of Arts and Sciences, 2. ** Bos-
ton meetings of,” paper by
Charles A. Chase, 31-39. First
meeting of, in Worcester, 33.
Book of ‘Donors and Dona-
tions” of, cited, 40, 41. Brief
list of Laws, By-Laws, Rules,
etc., of, 48, 49. By-Laws 1831,
49-52. Passes vote of thanks to
Robert C. Winthrop, Jr., 117.
Votes to send its thanks to
Cyrus Hamlin, and regrets that
he is unable to attend meetings
of the Society, 119. Meeting
places of, in Worcester, 164, 165.
Part taken by, in return of Brad-
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ford ms., 200n. Andros records
in the possession of, 237. Pro-
ceedings of, April 24, 1861, 237
n. Ib. cited, 238. ‘* Mem. of dif-
ferences between Andros Records
at the State House and the origi-
nal minutes in the library of,” by
Samuel F. Haven, 239 n., 240 n.
Invitation to, from the Massa-
chusetts Historical Society to
hold semi-annual meeting in Ellis
Hall, 296. First meeting of, held
in Ellis Hall, ib., 297. Aid rend-
ered the ‘‘ American Negro Ex-
hibit,” 364. Manuscript record
of first meeting of, 403. Isaiah
Thomas printing press in the
possession of, 430.
American Historical Review cited,
419 n., 420 n.
‘‘American jurisdiction of the
Bishop of London in Colonial
times,” paper by Simeon E. Bald-
win, 179-212. Appendix A, 213-
217. Appendix B, 218-220.
Appendix C, 221.
American Library Association, its
telegram to Reuben A. Guild, 128.
American people, ** Development
of,” paper by William B. Wee-
den, 19-30.
Anghiera, Pietro Martire d’, 409
n., 413, ib. n., 414 n., 424, ib. n.,
426 n. His ** De orbe novo,” 424
n. His ** Decades ” cited, 425 n.
Anne, Queen of England, 203.
Grants privileges to the Acadi-
ans, 77.
Annual meeting of the Society,
Oct. 21, 1899, 101. :
Appleton, John, 477.
Appleton, Samuel, 481, ¢). n., 486,
ib. n., 487 n.
Appleton’s Cyclopadia of Ameri-
can Biography, 350.
Aristotle, 20-22.
Arnold, Josiah, 251.
Arnold, Richard, 242. Member of
Sir Edmund Andros’s Council,
239. Present at the Council, 242-
245, 251, 253-258, 468, 469, 481,
493.
Arrowsmith, John P., 385. His
‘The Art of instructing the
Infant deaf and dumb,” ih. n.
Arthur, Chester A., Pres. of the U.
S., 307.
Arundell, Earl of, see Howard,
Thomas.
Ash, John, his ‘‘ Grammatical Ip-
stitutes,” 444.
| Ashehurst, merchant of Bristol,
Amory, Thomas C., 338, ib. n., 350. |
Cited, 324.
Ancient and Honorable Artillery |
Company of Massachusetts, his-
tory of, 45.
Anderson, Rev. James S. M., 179.
His ‘* History of the Colonial
Church,” 180 n., 182 n., 189 n,
195 n., 201 n., 203 n., 204 n., 207
n., 210 n., 211 n.
Andrewes, Samuel, 496.
Andrews, Ebenezer T., 33, 35, 403.
Andrews, John, 477.
Andrews, Joseph, 164.
Andrews, William, 436.
Andros, Sir Edmund, 198. Charges
against, 194. Records of Coun-
cil meetings held by, 237-268,
463-499.
Eng., 410 n.
Association Review, 388 n.
Atkins, Mr., 265.
Atkins, James, 486.
Atkinson, Mr., 326.
Atkinson, Edward, his gift to the
Society, 360.
Auditors, see Smith, William A.,
and Bullock, A. George.
Ayala, Pedro de, 412 n. Cited, 421
n., 422 n., 423 n
B.
Babbidge, John, 164.
| Babcock, Kendriec C., 411 n.
Andros Records, 294, 503 n., 506 n.
Papers on, by Robert N. Toppan,
237-268, 463-499.
** Andros’s Proclamation Money,”
paper by Andrew McF. Davis,
500-508.
Angelo, Michel, see Buonarroti, M.
A.
Bacon, Peter C., 131.
Bacqueville de la Potherie, 454 n.,
459, 461. His ‘‘ Histoire de
l’Amerique Septentrionale,” 459
n. Cited, 461 n.
Bagley, Richard, 387.
Bailey, Rev. Alvin F., 16%
Baker, Sir George, 408.
Baldwin, Christopher C., 2, 41, 158.
His Diary giving au account of
the Boston meetings of the
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1834 and 1835 cited, 35-39. His
unpublished report, 154, 155.
His letters to Samuel Jennison
August 3, and Dec. 31, 1834, 357,
358. Cited, 432.
Baldwin, Simeon E., 105. Re-
marks upon his paper by Andrew
McF. Davis, Edward Channing,
and Charles Francis Adams, 105-
110. His reply to, 110. Pro-
poses that the Society express to
the descendants of Oliver Ells-
worth as its opinion that there
should be accessible to the public
a fuller account of Chief Justice
Ellsworth’s life, 118. Communi-
cates a paper on ‘* The American
Jurisdiction of the Bishop of
London in Colonial Times,” 179-
212. Appendix A, 213-217. Ap-
pendix B, 218-220. Appendix C,
221.
Ballard, Samuel, 468.
Ballatt, Samuel, 471.
Ballou, Hosea, 2d, his ‘* Hymns,”
441.
Bancroft, Rev. Aaron, 33, 35, 48,
165, 403, 405. Manuscript ser-
mon by, 3, 159.
Bancroft, Jion. George, 3, 412 n.
His ‘* History of the United
States,” 194.
Bancroft, Richard, Abp., 180.
Bangs, Edward, 33, 403.
Bangs, Hon. Edward D., 25, 41.
Barbauld, Mrs. Anna L., 446.
Barclay, Andrew, 446.
Barker, Robert, printer, 46.
Barnard, Capt., 330, 331.
Barnwell, James G., 341 x.
Inder. 513
uary of, by Charles A. Chase,
130-132. Tribute to, 165. Books
from his library presented to the
Society, 363.
Barton, Mrs. William Sumner
(Anne E. Jennison, and Katha-
rine A. Ellery), 131.
Bartram, John, 459. ‘His Ob
servations,” ib. n.
Baskerville, John, 442.
Batchelder, Samuel, 314.
Batchelder House, facts about, 313.
Passage connecting it with the
Craigie House, 314.
Bathurst, Charles, 283.
Baxter, James P., 2, 103, 107.
Communicates a paper on ** What
caused the deportation of the
Acadians,” 74-100. Re-elected a
Councillor, 104. With Charles
A. Chase presents Report of
the Council, 120-137. Commu-
nicates a paper on ** The writing
of history,” 138-147.
Bayard, Pierre du Terrail, Cheva-
lier de, 304.
Bayard, Hon. Thomas F., 298.
Obituary of, by Robert N. Top-
pan, 304-308.
| Bayley, James, 477.
| Bayley, John, 477.
| Bayley, Joshua, 477.
Barthe, Joseph G.. his ‘* Le Canada |
Reconquis par la France” cited, |
95, 96, 98.
Barton, Charles H., his army let-
ters, 158.
Barton, Edmund M., 2, 103, 294.
Baylis, Philip, 276, 279, 283.
Sends oak trees from Forest of
Dean to Washington, D. C., 289.
Beard, John, appointed justice of
the peace, 484.
Beardsley, ev. Eben E., his
‘**History of the Episcopal
Church in Connecticut,” 203 n.
His ‘‘ Life of Bishop Seabury,”
ib., 211 n. His Life of Will-
iam, S. Johnson,” 209 n.-211 n.
| Beauharnois, letter to, 81.
Beazley, Raymond, 410 n., 413 n.
| Bedford, Charles, 478.
Presents his Reports as Li- |
brarian, 40-52, 154-166, 353-369.
Places his War Journal, letters
and papers in the Library of the
Society, 158.
Barton, George E., his army let-
ters, 158.
Barton, Hon. Ira M., 163. Tribute
to, 130. His letter to Julius
Rockwell, 365.
Barton, William Sumner, 120. Obit-
Beecher, Mrs. Henry Ward, 130.
Begon, 81, 82. His letters cap-
tured by the English, 83.
Belcher, Jeremiah, 491 n.
Bell, A. Graham, 292 n., 294.
Communicates a paper on *‘ A
philanthropist of the last century
identified as a Boston man,” 383-
393.
Bell, Benjamin, his ‘System of
Surgery,” 442.
Bellows, John, tribute to, by
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514 American Antiquarian Society.
George F. Hoar, 117,118. Com-
municates a paper on ‘‘ The For-
est of Dean,” 269-292.
Benedict, George G., elected a
member, 2.
Bennet, Samuel, 251.
Bennett, William, his letter to
Andrew Craigie cited, 341.
Bentley, Rev. William, 403.
Benzoni, Girolamo, his ‘* New
World,” 424 xn.
Berendt, Hermann, 17.
Bergenroth, Gustav A., 418 n.
Berkeley, Lord, 274.
Berkeley, George, 209.
Bernard, Sir Francis, instructions
to, cited, 188.
Beste, George, 424 n.
‘‘ Bethelem, The,” advertisements
in, 99.
Bible, ‘‘A Curious Hieroglyphic
Bible,” 158. Printed by Isaiah
Thomas, 445.
Bibles containing family records,
46.
Biddle, Richard, 414 n. His
‘*Memoir of Sebastian Cabot”
cited, 410”. Facts rel. to his
‘‘Memoir of Sebastian Cabot,” |
417, ib. n., 418.
Bigelow, Daniel, 431, 433.
Bigelow, Ilon. Lewis, 354-356.
Bigelow, Timothy, 403, 430, 435.
Bigelow, Walter S., death of, 8.
Bill, John, 46.
Bill, Ledyard, manuscript note by,
46.
Billings, John S., 223. Elected a
member, 105.
Bishop, James, appointed justice
of the peace, 484.
Bishop of London, American juris-
diction of, in Colonial times,
paper by Simeon E. Baldwin,
179-212. Appendix A, 213-217.
Appendix B, 218-220. Appendix
C, 321.
Bissone, John, 475.
Blackstone, Rev. William, 108, 195.
Blackstone, Sir William, 26. His
‘* Commentaries,” 442.
Blaeu Printing Press, 430.
Blaine, James G., 139.
Blair, Rev. James, 193. Founder
of William and Mary College,
188. First President of i). 194.
Blake, /ion. Francis, sermon on
death of, 3, 159.
Blake, Francis, elected a member,
294,
Blake, Harrison G. O., 159.
Blenheim, Eng., short account of
the Sunderland library at, 225.
Bliss, Eugene F., 137 n. His gift
to the Society, 354. Obituary
by, of Robert Clarke, 135-137,
Bliss, Isaac, 251.
Block, Maurice, 25.
Blodgett, Deacon, 116.
Bluntschli, Johann K., 19. His
‘Theory of the State,” 29 n,
Boevey, ‘Thomas H. Crawley-, 283,
Bookbinding Fund, 148, 150.
Booth, Frank W., 295 n.
Booth, John, resigns his position
as janitor, 353 n.
Borunda, Ignacio, 43.
Boston, Mass., meetings of the
American Antiquarian Society
at the Exchange Coffee House in,
32—36, 39. Appointment of Rev
Roger Price as rector of King’s
Chapel, 199. Account of first
meeting of American Antiqua-
rian Society in, 403.
Boston mint, 504.
Boston Public Library, 10.
‘Boston Weekly Magazine and
Ladies Miscellany” cited, 160.
Boucher, Rev. Jonathan, his ** View
of the Causes and Consequences
of the American Revolution”
cited, 208.
Boutell, Lewis H., obituary of, by
J. Evarts Greene, 12-14. His
** Life of Roger Sherman,” 209.
Boutell, Mrs. Lewis H. (Anna
Greene), 14.
Bowditch, Charles P., his gifts to
the Society, 45, 368.
sjowditch, Nathaniel, 329.
sowdoin, James, 35.
Boyd, J. McHenry, 490.
Bradford, Rev. Alden, copy of his
address delivered Feb. 22, 1800,
in Library of American Antiqua-
rian Society, 365.
Bradford, Gov. William, 107, 161,
162, 242. Autograph letter of,
presented to the Society by Rob-
ert C. Winthrop, Jr., 110. Jb.
cited, 111. His ‘* History,” 182
n. Ib. cited, 185, 192. Member
of Sir Edmund Andros’s Coun-
cil, 239. Present at Council, 242-
245, 251, 253-260, 468, 469, 489.
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B
B
Bradford Manuscript, 200, 308.
Brady, Nicholas, his ‘ Psalms,’
441.
Brahé, Tycho, 114.
Braidwood, Thomas and John,
their Academy for Deaf-Mutes
in Edinburgh, 385,387. Remove |
their school to Hackney, 389.
Brant, /ndian Chief, cited, 461 n.
Brattle, Thomas, 328, 329.
Bray, Rev. Thomas, 195 n. His
work in the Colonies, 195, 196.
Brewerton, George, 498 n.
Bridgeman, William, 496 n.
Brigham, Clarence S., his gift to
the Society, 158, 159.
Brimmer, Martin, 318.
Brinley, Charles A., his letter ac- |
companying catalogue of the
Brinley Library, 361.
Brinley, Francis, 250.
Brinley, George, 437. Catalogue
of the five sales of the Library
of, presented to the American
Antiquarian Society, 361. Sales
of the Library of, 362.
Brinton, Daniel G., 120, 297, 458.
His gifts to the Society, 44. His
“The Lenape and their Le-
gends,” 461 n. Obituary of, by
Thomas C. Mendenhall, 302-
304.
Brissot de Warville, Jean P., his
remarks about Worcester cited,
429.
British Museum, account of King’s
Library in, 232, 233.
Broadstreet, Dudley, 480, 481.
Brockholes, Anthon, present at Sir
Edmund Andros’s Council, 498.
Brooks, Rt. Rev. Phillips, 121.
Brooks, Silas, 42.
Brown, John, letter to, cited, 400.
Brown, John Carter, 128.
Brown, Rawdon, 418 n.
Brown University, Historical
Catalogue of,” 129.
Browne, Nathaniel, 477.
Browne, William, 464, 467, 478.
Present at Sir Edmund Andros'‘s
Council, 491, 495.
Bry, Theodore de, 424 n.
Bryant, Richard, appointed justice
of the peace, 484.
Buckingham, Marquis of, see Gren-
ville, George N. T.
Buckle, Henry T., 142
Buckley, see Bulkley.
Index. 515
Buckminster, Rev. Joseph, note
written on title-page of sermon
by, 431.
| Bulkeley, Gershom, appointed jus-
tice of the peace, 484.
Bulkley, Peter, 246, 256. Member
of Sir Edmund Andros’s Coun-
cil, 239. Present at the Council,
240-245, 256, 258-260, 470, 473,
476-479, 489.
Bull, Henry, 251.
Bullard, Artemas, 130.
| Bullard, Mrs. Artemas (Lucy
White), 130.
Bullivent Benjamin, 250 n., 267.
Bullock, A. George, re-elected an
auditor, 104. His certificate as
Auditor, 153.
Bullock, Alexander H., 163.
Buonarroti, Michel A., casts of
his statues of ‘* Moses” and
Christ,” 353.
Burbank, Abijah, establishment of
his paper mill, 435.
Burbank, Caleb, purchases, with
his brother, paper mill at Quin-
sigamond Village, 436.
Burbank, David, 126.
Burbank, Elijah, with his brother
purchases paper mill at Quin-
sigamond Village, 436.
Burbank, Gardner, 42.
Burgess, John W., his ‘ Political
Science,” 29 n.
Burke, Edmund, cited, 19.
Burlingham, Roger, 481.
Burn, Richard, 186. His ** Eeccle-
siastical Law,” 186 n.
Burnet, Gilbert, Bishop of WSalis-
bury, his ‘* History of his own
Time,” 202 n. Jb. cited, 202.
Burnside, Samuel M., 35, 39.
Chosen the first Recording Sec-
retary of the Society, 403.
Burr, Aaron, anecdote told of,
119.
Burr, John, appointed justice of
the peace, 484.
Burrill, Alfred W., his gift to the
Society, 159.
Burrough, Stephen, 428.
Burrows, William, 493, 494.
Butler, Rt. Rev. John, 206.
Butler, Mann, his “ History of
Kentucky,” 451 n.
Butler, Samuel, his ‘‘ Hudibras,”
67.
Butterworth, Hezekiah, 351.
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C.
Cabot, John, 294, 421. ‘* Some facts
about John and Sebastian Ca-
bot,” paper by George P. Win-
ship, 409-428.
Cabot, Sebastian, 123.
Cade, Jack, 69.
Ceesar, Caius Julius, 281, 286, 287
n., 288 n.
Caldwell, Doct., 325, 333.
Calendar of State Papers, 182 n.
Cited, 184.
Calley, Edward, 480, 482.
Calvert George, 10.
Calvin, John, 90.
Camm, John, 210.
Campbell, Sir James, his statistics
of rate of growth of the oak
tree cited, 275, 276.
Canfield, Mrs. Penelope S., her
gift to the Society, 363.
Canute I., of England, 273. His
Forest Charter, 284.
Carey, Matthew, publisher, 46.
Carleton, Sir Guy, 398.
Carleton, Thomas, 401.
Carlyle, Thomas, 11. Cited, 8.
American Antiquarian Society.
Carnan, Thomas, his chap-books, |
445.
Carr, Caleb, 250.
Carr, James, 479, 482.
Carr, Lucien, 294. Communicates
a paper on ‘** The Mascoutins,”
448-462.
Carruth, Nathan, 298.
Carruth, Mrs. Nathan (Mrs. Royal
L. Porter), 298.
Cartier, Jacques, 460.
Carver, Gov. John, 139.
Caslon, William, of London, 4382.
Castillo, Bernal Diaz del, 17.
Caulfield, Thomas, Lieut.-Gov., 85.
In command at Acadia, 84.
Chalmers, Robert, his ‘‘ History of
the Currency of the British
Colonies,” 503.
Chamberlain, Mellen, 11 n., 110, 208
n. His collection of autographs,
10. Tribute to his
Adams and other papers,” 109.
His ‘‘ John Adams,” 208 n.
Champlain, Samuel de, 448, 449.
His ‘* Voyages,” 448 n., 460 n.
Chancellor, Richard, 428.
Chandler, George, 163.
Chandler, John, 114. His survey
of the Tantiusque tract, 113.
* John |
| Chasse, Pére de la, cited, 77.
Chandler, Zon. John, 397.
Chandler Fund, 43, 148, 151.
Channing, Edward, speaks of the
work of Arthur L. Cross, 106,
107.
Chantrey, Sir Francis, 10.
Chap-books printed by Isaiah
Thomas, 445. Authorship of,
446. Advertisement of, 447.
Chapin, Francis L., purchases the
Tantiusque property, 116.
Chaplin, Rev. Ebenezer, his con-
troversy with Isaiah Thomas,
438.
Chaplin, Joseph, 477.
Chapman, John, appointed justice
of the peace, 454.
Charbonel, Victor, cited, 97.
Charles I., of Enyland, 10, 109, 182
n., 183, 187, 218, 271.
Charles II., of England, 10, 187,
204. His declaration conc. eccle-
siastical affairs, 186.
Charlevoix, Peter F. X., 82, 451 n.
459. Explains situation of affairs
between the indians and the
English, 82, 83. His ‘* Histoire
de la Nouvelle France,” 450 n.,
459 n. Cited, 460, 462 n.
Charlotte Sophia, Quecn of George
III., 340 n., 406.
Chartres, Robert, P. L. E. F., Due
de, 131.
Chase, Charles A., 11, 119, 137 n.,
162, 163, 295. With William b.
Weeden presents the report of
the Council, 12-18. Communi-
cates a paper on ‘** The Boston
meetings of the American An-
tiquarian Society,” 31-39. Re-
elected a member of _ the
Committee of Publication, 104.
Re-elected Recording Secretary,
ib. With James P. Baxter pre-
sents report of the Council, 120-
137. Obituary by, of Wm.
Sumner Barton, 130-132.
Chase, Levi B., 115.
Chase, Mrs. William L., her gift to
the Society, 45.
Chastellux, Francois J., Murgq. de,
319, 350.
Chatterton, Thomas, 420 n., 421 n.
Chauveton, Vrbain, 424 n., 427 n.
Chavero, Alfredo, his gift to the
Society, 354.
Chenier, Constantin X. de, 339.
516
«|.
Chester, John, 484.
Chester, Eng., library at, 223.
Chicago Historical Society, growth
of, under leadership of Edward
G. Mason, 15,
Chickley, Anthony, 486.
Chivers, Cedric, his gift to the
Society, 159.
Church, Benjamin, 261.
Church, Samuel H., tribute to his
studies of the life of Oliver
Cromwell, 7.
Churchill, Colonel, 114.
Churchill, John, Jst Duke of
Marlborough, description of the
library at his country seat the
Sunderland,” 225.
Clap, Roger, 488.
Clarendon, Earl of, see Hyde, |
Edward.
Clark, George H., 7. Offers a pre-
mium for a drama on the bife
and death of Oliver Cromwell, 8.
Clarke, Mrs. Henry, her gift to the
Society, 45.
Clarke, John, 444.
Clarke, Dr. John, 485, 486.
Clarke, Nathaniel, 242, 246. Mem-
ber of Sir Edmund Andros’s
Council, 239. Present at Coun-
cil, 242-245, 251, 253-260, 262,
263, 266, 463-465, 468-470, 477-
479, 481, 482, 491, 493, 496, 499.
Clarke, Robert, 120, 366. Obituary
of, by Eugene F. Bliss, 135-137.
Clarke, Thomas, 115.
Clarke, Walter, 242, 243 n., 257,
259. Member of Sir Edmund
Andros’s Council, 239. Present
at the Council, 242-245, 249-251,
253-259, 463-465, 468, 469, 498.
Cleveland, Grover, Pres. of the U.
S., 307.
Cleverley, John, 493.
Clinton, Henry P. F. P., 4th Duke |
of Newcastle, 309.
Codex Telleriano-Remensis and
** Codice Cospiano,” 157.
‘* Codice Borgiano,” 354.
Codman, Mr., 320.
Coggshall, John, 246. Member of
Sir Edmund Andros’s Council,
239. Present at the Council,
242-245, 250.
Coke, Sir Edward, 306. His
‘“* Fourth Institute” cited, 285.
Coke, Sir John, 218, 220.
Colden, Cadwallader, 459. His
Index. 517
‘* History of the five Indian Na-
tions,” 358, 451 n., 459 n.
Colebatch, Rev., receives his ap-
pointment as suffragan bishop,
204.
| Coles, John, his letters to Andrew
Craigie cited, 332, 348.
Collection and Research Fund, 148,
150.
Columbina library, Seville, account
of, 228.
Columbus, Christopher, 18, 33, 123,
414 n.
Committee of Safety of the Proy-
ince, Journal of, cited, 434.
Compton, Rev. Henry, Bishop of
London, 189. His views regard-
ing an American Bishop cited,
204.
Connecticut, cost of annexation to
Dominion of New England, 498 n.
Connecticut Colonial Records, 258
n., 259 n., 264.,491. Cited, 490
n., 492 n., 494 n., 498 n.
Contarini, Gaspar, glimpse of so-
cial life, cont. in his letters to
«Council of Ten,” 413 x.
Contarini, Mare Antonio, his Re-
port to Venetian Senate, 424 w.
Ib. cited, 424. Connection be-
tween his report and Martyr's
** Decades,” 425 n.
“Convention of Delegates from
the Synod of New York and
Philadelphia and from the Asso-
ciations of Connecticut,” min-
utes of, 209.
Conway, Thomas, Count de, 322.
Copley, John 8., 40.
Cornell, Thomas, 251.
Cornish, James, 478.
Cornwallis, Gen. Charles, 37.
Cornwallis, Edward, Gov. of Can-
ada, issues proclamation to Aca-
dians to take oath of allegiance,
91.
Cosweight, Charles, 267.
Cottington, Francis, Lord, 2138,
220.
Cotton, Rev. John, his correspond-
ence with Oliver Cromwell, &.
His letter cited, 9. ‘* The letter
of, and Roger Williams’s reply.”
129,
Cotton, Roland, 114.
Council of the Society, Semi-
annual reports of, 12-18, 296-
31. Records of, cited, 47.
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518 American Antiquarian Society.
Annual report of, 120-137. Sub-
Council Records, Nov. 6, 1815,
cited, 155. Council Records,
Nov. 28, 1832, cited, ib., 156.
Council Records, Oct. 28, 1835,
cited, 358.
Councillors, election of, 104.
*«Court of Speech,” 285, 286.
Courter, Roger, 264.
Coventry, Thomas, Lord, 218, 220.
Coward, John H., 492, 493.
Cowell, John, his ‘ Interpreter
cited, 185.
Cowell, Joseph, 241.
Cox, Daniel, 487. Cited, 457 n.
Craigie, Andrew, 1, 293. Pur-
chases the Vassall estate, 320.
His letter to Bossenger Foster
cited, 321. Letter to, from
Aaron Dexter, cited, i+. Let-
ters to, from Bossenger Foster,
cited, 321, 322, 326, 328, 333,
344. Enlarges the ‘* Vassall
house,” 323. Letters to, from
Seth Johnson, cited, 325, 526,
330-333, 338, 340. Letters to,
from John and Nalbro Frazier,
cited, 325-327, 331-336, 348. Bill
of furniture for his drawing-
room, 327. Letters to, from
Thomas Mullet, 328, 344. Let-
ters to, from Thomas Parkin,
cited, 331. Letter to, from
Horace Johnson, cited, i/. Let-
ters to, from John Coles, cited,
332, 348. Letters to, from Hor-
ace and Seth Johnson, cited, 335.
Letters to, from John B. Cut-
ting, cited, 336. Stories of his
marriage, 337, ih. n., 3388
Letter to, from William Bennett
cited, 341. Becomes interested
in Lechmere Point, i).
Craigie, Mrs. Andrew (Nancy
Shaw), 336, 338, 339, 341, 345.
Henry W. Longfellow’s reminis-
cences of, 346, 347. James Rus-
sell Lowell’s remembrance of,
cited, Samuel Longfellow’'s
recollections of, cited, i)., 348.
Craigie Bridge, 342, 343.
‘Craigie House, Cambridge, dur-
ing its occupancy by Andrew
Craigie and his widow,” paper
by Samuel S. Green, 312-352.
Cranch, William, his ‘* Reports,”
207 n.
Crandell, Peter, 251.
Crane, Zenas, 436.
Cranmer, Thomas, Abp., 90.
Cromwell, Oliver, 22. Tribute to,
by Edward E. Hale, 7-11.
Crosby, Sylvester S., his ‘ The
Early Coins of America,” 503 n.,
505 n. Th. cited, 504.
Cross, Arthur L., his work upon
the subject of the Bishop of
London and relation of English
Episcopate to the Colonies, 106,
107.
Crosswaite, Charles, 488.
Crowell, Capt., 341.
Crusoe, Robinson, 329
Cullen, William, his ‘* First Lines
of Physic,” 442.
Culpepper, Thomas, Lord, Gov. of
Va., 187.
Cummings, Rev. Archibald, 197.
Currency, Certain additional
notes touching upon the subjects
of ignominious punishments and
of the Massachusetts Currency,”
paper by Andrew McF. Davis,
67-73.
Curtis, Benjamin R., 102.
Curtis, Daniel S., 294.
Curtis, George William, 308, 315
n., 316, 350. His ** In Homes
of American Authors,” 313
316 n., 319 n., 338 n., 339 n., 343
n., 349 n. Th. cited, 31
$38, 339, 343, 348, 349
Cutting, John B., 336 n., 340. His
letters to Andrew Craigie cited,
336.
Cuttler (Cutler), John, 471.
D.
Damon Samuel, privilege granted,
155, 156.
Danforth, Jonathan, 495 n., 496.
Dansen, George, 488.
Danson, John, 475.
Dante, Alighieri, 229, 310.
Dare, Virginia, 10.
Davies, Capt. Benjamin, 488.
Davies, Silvanus, 488
Davis, Andrew McF, 2, 206 n.,
294. His gift to the Society, 43,
44. Communicates a paper on
‘* Certain additional notes touch-
ing upon the subjects of igno-
minious punishments and of the
Massachusetts currency,” 67-73.
Remarks upon Judge Baldwin's
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paper, 105, 106. Communicates
a paper on ** Andros’s proclama-
tion money,” 500-508.
Davis, Edward L., re-elected a |
Councillor, 104.
Davis, Hon. John, 35, 403.
Davis, John C. Bancroft, 102.
Davis, Vhilip, 366.
Davis, Polly, ‘** A Faithful Narra-
tive of the Wonderful Dealings
of God towards,” 445.
Davis Book Fund, 43, 148, 150, 359.
Davitt, John, 251.
Davye (Davie), Humphrey, 486.
Appointed justice of the peace, |
484.
Dawson, Samuel E., 420 n.
Day, Ilenry, 127.
Day, Stephen, printer, 115.
Deacon, Edward, his gift to the
Society, 45.
Deaf-and-Dumb, education of, in
America, 383, 384. Academy of
Messrs. Thomas and John Braid-
wood for education of, 385, 387,
389. School in Paris for, 390.
Establishment of school for, in
London, 391. Appeal for
establishment of an American |
school for, 392.
Deane, Charles, 418 Cited, 411 x.
Dee, John, 410. His * Diary”
cited, 411 xn.
Denison, George, appointed justice
of the peace, 484.
Derby, Samuel G., 164.
Dernier, Moses de la, 95
“Development of the American
people”; paper by William B.
Weeden, 19-30.
Dewey, Z/on. Francis I., 163.
Dewey Fund, 148, 151.
Dexter, Aaron, his letter to An-
drew Craigie cited, 521.
Dexter, Franklin B., 9,12. Obitu-
ary by, of Edward G. Mason,
14-16. Re-elected Secretary for
Foreign Correspondence, 104.
His gift to the Society, 156.
Dexter, George, 313, 315, 321.
Cited, 317, 318, 320. His ** The
Craigie House,” 352.
Dibdin, Thomas F., 223.
Didot, Firmin, 429.
Diman, Jeremiah L., 128.
Diplomacy in the United States,
remarks upon, by George F.
Hoar, 3-7.
Index. 519
Disraeli, Benjamin, 310.
Dodsley, Robert, his ‘‘ Old English
Plays,” 426 n.
Dongan, Thomas, Gov. of N. Y.,
189, 487, 498, ib. n.
Dorsett, Earl of, see Sackville, Ed-
ward.
Doucett, John, Lieut.-Gov., his re-
port to the Lords of Trade cited,
86.
Douglas, William, his ‘‘ Summary
Historical and Political,” 72 n.,
201 n., 203 n., 498 n. Tb. cited,
72, 201.
Downing, Joshua, 498 n.
Doyle, John T., 160.
Drais de Sauerbron, Baron, his
claims for inventing the veloci-
pede, 161.
Drake, Sir Francis, 272.
Drake, Samuel A., 313 n., 315
317 318 390, ib. S21,
322 n., 334 n., 339 n., 340 vn.
Cited, 315-317, 339, 340. Ilis
‘* Historic Mansions and High-
ways around Boston,” 350.
Drapeyron, Ludovic, 420 n.
Dresser, John, 45, 477.
Dreuillettes, Gabriel, 453.
Ducie, Earl of, 276 n., 290.
Dudley, Joseph, Gov. of Mass., 237.
Member of Sir Edmund Andros's
Council, 239. Present at the
Council, 240-243, 246-251, 253-
258, 260, 262-267, 463-466, 46x8-
480, 482, 483, 485, 486, ih. n., 487
489, 491-493, 495-499. Letter of
‘* Lords of Trade” to, cited, 500,
501.
Dudley, Thomas, Gov. of Mass., 111.
Signs petition for the appoint-
ment of an American bishop, 204,
205.
Dudley records, 268 n.
Dummer, Shubal, 480.
Dunbar, Moses, executed for trea-
son, 201.
Dunston, Thomas, 450, 482
Durham, Eng., short account of
the library at, 223.
Dyer, Giles, 265.
E.
Earle, Mrs. Alice Morse, her gift
to the Society, 364.
Karle, Henry, -/r., 364.
Earle, Robert, 253, 254 n.
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520 American Antiquarian Society.
Eastburn, Rt. Rev. Manton, 121.
Eaton Hall library, account of, 226.
Eden, Richard, 427. Cited, 425, |
426.
Eden, Sir Robert, 196 n., 201 n.,
413, ib. n., 418 n., 426 n.
Edes, Henry H., of committee to
nominate officers for the Society,
103.
Edgecombe, Richard, appointed
sheriff, 484.
Edmands, John, 491 n.
Edmonds, Sir Thomas, 218, 220.
Edmund II. ( Jronside ), 273.
Edward, the Confessor, 2x8.
Edward I., of England, 277.
Edward III., of England, 279.
Edward VL., of England, 420 n.
Edwards, Mr., 232.
Eliot, Rev. John, Apostle to the In-
dians, 121. Purchases land near
Sturbridge, 115.
Eliot, Samuel A., his ‘‘ Explanation
of a plan of the College Enclo-
sure” cited, 324. His ‘* A Sketch
of the history of Harvard Col- |
lege,” 351.
Elizabeth, Queen of England, 70 n.,
192 n.
Elkins, William L., his gift to the
Society, 45.
Ellery, Harrison, 43.
Ellery, William, signer of the Decla-
ration of Independence, 131.
Ellery, William, 131.
Ellery, Mrs. William (Jane Byron),
131.
Ellicott, Vines, 488.
Elliot, Mr., 265.
Elliott, Andrew, 477.
Elliott, Hugh, 410 n., 411 n., 427.
Ellis, Rev. George E., 35. His
‘*Memoir of Jared Sparks,” 345
n., B46 n., 351. Th. cited, 345,
346.
Ellis Fund, 43, 148, 151, 354, 359.
Ellsworth, Oliver, Chief Justice,
need of a fuller account of his
life, 118. ‘Tribute to, by George
F. Hoar, 119.
Ely, Mrs. Thomas S., 354.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, cited, 274.
Episcopacy in the Early New Eng-
land Colonies, 105-110.
Errera, Dr., 427 n.
Ethnological Bureau, 297.
‘* Evangeline,” history in poem of,
74, 75.
|
Evarts Hon. William M., 6, 10}.
His influence with the English
at the Conference of Geneva,
02, 103.
Everett, Hon. Edward, 31, 35, 345,
350.
Eyre & Spottiswoode, 275.
F.
Fabyan, Robert, 414 .,423 n. His
** Chronicle” cited, 410 n.
Fairweather, Capt., 265.
Fane, Sir Henry, 218, 220.
Fellows, Richard, innkeeper, 115.
Felt, Joseph B., 258, 240. His
‘* New England Customs” cited,
165.
Fenner, Arthur, 251.
Ferdinand V., of Spain, 412 n., 414
n.
Fernandez Duro, Cesares, 410 n.
Fernow, Berthold, 412 n.
Ferrell, L. C., 46.
Fielding. Robert, 334.
‘* Fire Nation,” 448, ih. n.
Fisher, Miss Clara, actress, 35.
Account of, 36.
Fisher, George P., 137 n. Obita-
ary by, of Othniel C. Marsh,
124-126.
Fiske, John, 136.
Fiske, Hon. Oliver, 41, 403.
Fitch, Capt. James, 495.
Fitch, Thomas, appointed justice
of the peace, 484
Fletcher, John, 479.
Fletcher, William I., 361.
Folsom, George, 163.
Fones, James, 251.
Fones, John, 251.
Foote, Henry W., his ‘* Annals of
King’s Chapel,” 351.
Forbes, William T., his gift to the
Society, 44.
Force, Manning F., 458. His
** Indians of Ohio,” 448 n., 461 n.
Force, Peter, 46.
Forest of Dean, 117. Paper on,
by John Bellows, 269-292.
Foster, Miss, 335, 337 n., 338 n.
Foster, Jion. Alfred D., 45.
Foster, Bossenger, 313, 341. His
letters cited, 320-322, 324, 326,
328, 333, 344. Letters to, cited,
321, 328, 334.
Foster, Mrs. Bossenger, ‘
Foster, Bossenger, Jr., 3:
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Foster, William E., 120.
Fowle, Zechariah, 430.
Fracastor, Hieronimo, 413 n.
Francis, George E., 294. Com- |
Gerard, James W., his ‘ Titles to
municates a sketch of ‘* William
Paine,” 394-407. Appendix ib.,
408.
Franklin, Benjamin, 3, 37, 430, 444.
Frazier, Nalbro and John, their |
letters cited, 323-327, 331-335,
338, 348. Their account against
Andrew Craigie, 327.
‘* Freemen,” land belonging to, 273,
274.
French, Jacob, his ‘‘ Psalmodists’
Companion,” 441.
French, John, 477.
Frizzle, John, Jr., 313.
Frizzle, Mrs. John, Jr. (Mercy),
313.
Frontenac, Louis de Baude, Compte
de, scheme to overthrow English
colonists committed to, 77.
Frost, Charles, 480.
Frost, Samuel, ‘‘ Confession and
dying words of,” 445.
Fry, Thomas, 251.
Fryer, Kedgwin H., 282.
Fulham library, Bradford ms. in,
200.
G.
Gage, Gen. Thomas, 440.
Gall, Francis J., 36.
Gallatin, Albert, 458.
Galvano, Antonio, 425 n.
Gardner, Sir Christopher, 108.
Garfield, James A., Pres. of the U.
N., 301, 307.
Garver, Austin S., elected a mem-
ber, 105.
Gates, Maj.-Gen. Horatio, 322.
Gatschet, Albert S., 18 n.
Gaulin, Pere, acts as spokesman
for the Acadians, 8&5. Plunder
found in his chapel, 86.
Gaveller, meaning of word, 277.
Gedney, Bartholomew, member of
Sir Edmund Andros’s Council,
239. Present atthe Council, 240-
245, 251, 253-259, 463, 464, 469,
477, 478, 483, 485, 489, 491, 495, |
497.
Geneva Conference of Arbitration,
101-103.
George I., of England, 190, 205,
225.
Index. 521
George II., of England, 225, 232.
| George LII., of England, 340, 403,
440.
George, Capt. John, 479, 482.
Real Estate,” 412 n.
Gibbon, Edward, 142.
Gibbons, James, Cardinal, cited, 97.
Gibbs, Mr., 241 ib. n., 264.
Gibbs, Col. George, 403.
Gibbs, William, 332.
Gibson, Edmund, Bishop of Lon-
don, 110, 179, 201, 205. Patent
granting power to, cited, 190-
191. Death of, 206.
Gifford, John, 487.
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 412 n.
Giles, Alfred E., 127.
Gilman, Daniel C., his gifts to the
Society, 44.
Givers and gifts, lists of, 53-66,
167-178, 370-382. Quinquennial
study of, 387.
Gladstone, William E., 298.
Obituary of, by Robert N. Top-
pan, 308-311.
Gladstone, Mrs. William E. (Cath-
erine Glynne), 311.
Gloster, Duchess of, 68.
Glover, Col. John, 317.
Glynne, Sir Stephen R., 311.
Gold, Nathan, appointed justice of
the peace, 484.
Gomara, Francisco Lopez de, 413,
4l4n., 425 n.
Gonsalvez, 410 n.
Gonzales de Puebla, Ruy, 412 n.
Gooch, Sarah, 321.
Goodhue, William, 477.
Goodwin, Edward C., 364.
Goodwin, Isaac, 35, 36, 48.
Gookin, Samuel, 492.
Gordon, Joseph C., 292 n., 385.
Gordon, Rev. William, 441.
Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 109. Es-
ablishes a settlement at Wey-
mouth, Mass., 107.
Gorges, Capt. Robert, 192.
Gosnold, Bartholomew, 143.
Goulding, Frank P., 163.
Gowns, study of the early use of,
165.
Gram, Hans, 348.
Great Western,” 275.
Green, Mr., 37.
Green, Benjamin, 386.
Green, Benjamin, of Boston, 37.
| Green, Charles, 387.
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522
Green, Francis, ‘‘A Philanthropist
of the last century identified as
a Boston man,” paper by A. Gra-
ham Bell, 383-393.
Green, Mrs. Francis (Susanna),
386.
Green, Francis M., 387. Possesses
autobiography of Francis Green,
386.
Green, John, 464, 476. Member of
Sir Edmund Andros’s Council,
239. Takes oath of allegiance,
466. Present at the Council, i).
468, 469, 473, 475, 476, 492.
Green, John, M.D., 403.
Green, John R., 182.
Green, Joseph, 386.
Green, Mathews W., 387.
Green, Samuel A., 39, 165, 340 n.
Of committee to nominate offi-
cers for the Society, 103. Re-
elected a Councillor, 104. His
gifts to the Society, 157. His
letter March 3, 1899, 296. His
‘* Groton Historical Series,” 351
Authority for statement that
‘“Vox Oculis Subjecta” was
written by Francis Green, 385,
B86,
Green, Samuel S., 11, 293. Re-
elected a Councillor, 104. Pre-
sents semi-annual report for the
Council, 296-311. Obituary by,
of Edward G. Porter, 298-302.
Communicates a paper on the
‘* The Craigie House, Cambridge,
during its occupancy by Andrew
Craigie and his widow,” 312-352.
Green, Samuel S., of Cambridge,
341 n., 342.
Greene, Rev. David, 14.
Greene, George W., 314.
Greene, J. Evarts, obituary by, of
Lewis H. Boutell, 12-14. Re-
elected a Councillor, 104. His
gift to the Society, 354.
Greenough, Charles P., his gift
accredited to Charles P. Bow-
ditch, 368.
Greenwood, Francis W. P., his
‘* History of King’s Chapel,” 179
n., 198 n.-201 n., 203 n.
Gregson, John, his gift to the So-
ciety, 363.
Grenville, George N. T., Marquis
of Buckingham, 390, 591.
Grey, Sir Charles, 339, 340.
Grimsditch, Mr., 265.
American Antiquarian Society.
Griswold, Matthew, 113.
Grizell, Matthew, appointed jus-
tice of the peace, 484.
Grosvenor, Edwin A., communi-
cates a paper on ‘‘ American Di-
plomacy,” 2.
Groton, Benjamin, 251.
Guild, Miss Georgiana, 120n.
Guild, John, 126.
Guild, Reuben, 126.
Guild, Mrs. Reuben (Olive Morse),
126.
Guild, Reuben
of, 126-130.
Guild, Mrs. Renben A.
Hunt), 130.
A., 120. Obituary
(Jane C,
Hableton, Capt., 267.
Hablin, Gyles, appointed justice of
the peace, 484.
Hadrian, 277.
Hakluyt, Richard, 410. Cited, 411
n. Accuracy of his statements
rel. to English discovery of
America, 414,415. His ** Divers
Voyages,” 414 n., 427 nn. His
statement regarding ‘Sebastian
Cabot’s voyage in 1508, 424 n.
Hale, Edward E., 39, 146, 165. Re-
marks on the proposed Cromwell
celebration, 7-11. Appointed a
member of the Cromwell cele-
bration committee, 11 nm. Re-
elected a Vice-President, 108.
Re-elected a member of the Com-
mittee of Publication, 104. His
letter to Stephen Salisbury rel.
to publication of the Trumbull
dictionaries, 297. His gift to
the Society, 357.
Haley, Joseph, appointed justice
of the peace, 484.
Haliburton, Thomas C., 147.
Halifax, N. S8., 92, 98. Founding
of, 90, 91.
Hall, G. Stanley, re-elected a Coun-
cillor, 104.
Hallam, Henry, his ‘‘Constitutional
History of England,” 182 n.
Hambleton, Capt., 265.
Hamilton, Alexander, 14.
Hamilton, Prof. Alexander, his
‘* Female Family Physician,” 442.
Hamilton, James, Duke of, 114.
Hamlin, Rev. Cyrus, 301. Regrets
that he is unable to attend the
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meeting, 119. Salutations of the
Society to, ih.
Hancock, John, Gov. of Mass., 387,
434.
Hapgood, Warren, his gift to the
Society, 45.
Harris, Alexander S., 353 n.
Harris, John, 477. His
ages,” 412 n.
Harris, Rev. Thaddeus M., 33, 45,
36, 442. Chosen first corres-
ponding secretary of the Society,
403
Harris, William, 481.
Harrison, Thomas, 22.
Harrisse, Henri, 409 n., 420 n., 421
n.,427n. His *‘Jean et Sébastien
Cabot”; ‘Discovery of North
America” and ‘John Cabot and
Sebastian his son,” 419, 420.
Points out connection between
Contarini’s report and narrative
in Martyr’s ‘* Decades,” 425 n.
Hart, Joseph, his ‘*‘ Hymns,” 441.
Hart, Samuel, 192 n.
Hart, Thomas, 477.
Harvard University, has a ‘* brew-
house,” 324. Attractions at com-
mencement, 329, 330.
‘* Harvard,” the sloop, 329.
Haswell, Anthony, 431, 437.
Haven, Jion. Samuel. 312, 314, 341.
Haven, Mrs. Samuel (Elizabeth
Foster), 314.
Haven, Samuel F., 46, 163, 165, 166,
Voy-
Index.
237, 313, 351, 358, 429. His re-
port calling attention to the)
** Andros Records” cited, 238.
His **Mem. of differences be-
tween Andros Records at the
State House and original minutes
in the library of the American
Antiquarian Society, 239 »., 240 |
n. His gift tothe Society of the
‘Craigie papers,” 312. His let-
ter to William Lincoln, 359. His
report, 1880, cited, 362. Tribute
to, by Hon. Stephen Salisbury
cited, 367, 368.
Haven Fund, 148, 151, 359.
Hawthorne, John, 478.
Hayes, Edward, 412 n.
Hazard, Ebenezer, his ‘* Historical |
Collections,” 183 n.
Hazlitt, William C., 426 n.
Heinicke, Samuel, 389.
Heintz, Arthur F., copy by, of the
original Patent of April 28, 1634,
525
213-217.
218-220.
Henderson, Rev. Jacob, appointed
Commissary of Maryland, 196.
Hennepin, Louis, 358.
Draft in English of
Henry III., of England, 285 n. His
Forest Charter, 284, 285.
Henry VI.. play of, cited, 68.
Allusion to branding in, 69.
Henry VII., of England, 410 n.,
411 n., 414 n., 421 n., 424, ih. n.
Henry VIII., of England, 185, 229,
424 n., 426, 427 n.
Hickox, John, 200.
Higginson, Thomas
cited, 340, 349.
bridge,” 351.
Hildreth, Richard, his ‘* History of
the United States,” 202 ».
Hill, Rev. Alonzo, 39.
Hill, Benjamin T., his gift to the
Society, 364.
Hill, Henry, 331.
Hinchman, Thomas, 495 n., 496.
Hinckley, Thomas, 242, 243, 246,
256-259. Member of Sir Ed-
mund Andros’s Council, 239.
Present at the Council, 242-245,
251, 253-255, 257-260, 262, 263,
463-465, 468, 469, 475, 476, 491.
Hincks, John, 243, 2442. Member
of Sir Edmund Andros’s Council,
239. Present at the Council,
243-245, 251, 253-258, 466, 468,
477-480, 491.
Historical Society of Pennsylvania,
Memoirs, 502 n.
‘* History, The writing of,” paper
by James P. Baxter, 158-147.
Hoar, Charles, 271, 288. Descrip-
tion of his house, 269.
Hoar, George F., 39, 163, 269, 270,
273, 275, 277, 278, 280, 281, 283,
292, 204. His remarks on diplo-
macy, 3-7. His gifts to the
Society, 43. Answers the inquiry
‘“*how Mr. Evarts induced the
English government to submit to
the Geneva conference,” 102, 103.
Re-elected a Vice-President, i).
His remarks before’ reading
paper on ** The Forest of Dean,”
by John Bellows, 117,118. His
tribute to Oliver Ellsworth, i/.,
119. States that Daniel Webster
wore a gown while delivering an
address in Faneuil Hall, 165 ».
Proposes vote of thanks to
Wentworth,
His ** Old Cam-
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524 American Antiquarian Society.
those who contributed papers,! of England missionary sent to
294. Remarks, 295. Bible | America, 180.
printed by Isaiah Thomas in | Hunt, Samuel, 130.
possession of, 436. ' Hunt, Mrs. Samuel (Nancy Lin-
Hobbes, Thomas, 20. | coln), 130.
Ilolbrook, Capt. Ebenezer, letter | Hunt, William, 480.
to, 44-45. ' Hunter, Robert, 203.
Holbrook, Ebenezer, ./r., his letter | Huron Indians, 450”. Their name
to his father, 44, 45. | for the Mascoutins, 450.
Holden, Randall, 251. | Hutchins, James R., 437.
Holloway, Malachi, 488. | Hutchins, William, 477.
Holm, Saxe, 344 n., 351. Inci- | Hutchinson, Co/., 113.
dent connected with the story, | Hutchinson, Eliakim, 465
‘* Esther Wynn’s Love Letters,” | Hutchinson, Thomas, 9, 185, 238.
by, 344, 345. | Ilis ** History,” 182 n., 185 n.
Holman, Samuel, J7., 164. | Hyacinthe, Pre (Charles Loyson),
Holmes, Rev. Abiel, 35, 238, 403. | 308.
His ‘‘American Annals” cited, | Hyde, Edward, 7st Earl of Claren-
192. don, 8.
Holmes, John, cited, 329. Hyde, Mrs. Henrietta, 114.
Holmes, Josiah, 468.
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 117, 269, | a
289, 340. His ‘*‘ The Poet at the
Breakfast-table,” 347 351. | Ignominious punishments, certain
7b. cited, 347. additional notes touching upon
Holt, C. J., 186 n. | the subjects of, and of the Mas-
Holyoke, Edward A., 394, 395, 401. sachusetts currency, paper by
Hood, Gen. John B., 13. | Andrew McF. Davis, 67-73.
Hooke, Francis, 480. | Illustrations, 278, 281, 282.
Hooker, Rev. Thomas, 8, 9. | Indian deed, 366.
Hopkins, Capt., 325, 333. | Indian words, meaning of, 146,
Hopkins, William, 251. .
Hoppin, Charles A. Jr., his gift to | Influenza, account of epidemic in
the Society, 45. | 1789, by William Paine, 407, 408.
Ilopson, Gen. Peregrine T., liberal | Inglesby, Nicholas, 495.
policy of, toward Acadians, 91. Intercontinental Railway Commis-
Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 15. | sion reports, 46.
Hovey, John, 481. | Iroquois Indians, 450 n., 451, 459,
Howard, Doct., 325. | 460, 462. Their name for the
Howard, Thomas, Earl of Arundell,| Mascoutins, 450. Forays with
218, 220. ’ | the Mascoutins, 451.
Howe, (fen. George A., 387. | Isabella, Queen of Castile, 412 n.,
Howlett, Samuel, 481. | 414 n.
Hubbard, Rev. William, his ‘* His- | Isle Royale, 75, 80. Proposed
tory,” 182 n. Jb. cited, 185. home of the Acadians, 79.
Hudson, Henry, 411.
Hudson, John, appointed sheriff, J.
484.
Huetson, W., Archdeacon of Ar- | Jackson, Mr., 330.
magh, 196. | Jackson, Mrs. Helen M. F., 344 n.,
Humboldt, Friedrich H. A. von, 17. 350.
Hume, David, 8, 142. Jackson, Jonathan, his ‘*‘ Thoughts
Hunnewell, James F., 110. Com-;| Upon the Political Situation,”
municates a paper on ‘Several; 441.
great libraries;” 222-236. | Jackson, Richard, 210.
Hunt, Ebenezer, 395. | James I., of England, 220.
Hunt, Jeremiah, 114. James IT., of England, 189, 494.
Hunt, Rev. Robert, first Church | James [V., of Scotland, 414 n.
|
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Je
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Jo
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Jo
Jo
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James, Edwin, 37.
James, Mrs. Isabella, 314 n., 316
n., 344, ib. n. Cited, 314. Her
“Cambridge of 1776,” 313 n.,
351.
Janeway, James, 446. His “A
Token for Children,” 445.
Jefferson, Thomas, Pres. of the U.
S., 14, 165 n., 363.
Jeffries, William, 108.
Jenks, Edward, 19. His ‘* Law
and Politics,” ih. n.
Jenks, Rev. William, 33, 35, 358,
403.
Jennison, Samuel, 40-42, 131, 165,
357. Letters to, from Christo-
pher C. Baldwin, 357, 358.
Jennison, Mrs. Samuel (Mary G.
Ellery), 131.
“Jesuit Relations,” 453 n., 454,
460 n., 461 n. Cited, 449 n.-451
n., 456 n., 457 n.
Jewett, Charles C., 126.
Jewett, Joseph, 477.
Johnson, Rev. Gideon, appointed
Commissary for North Carolina,
197.
Johnson, Horace and Seth, their
letters cited, 322, 331, 335.
Johnson, Humphrey, 468.
Johnson, Joshua, 397.
Johnson, Samuel, Pres. of Kings
College, 201, 206, 207.
Johnson, Seth, 331, 338 n., 341.
His letters cited, 325, 326, 332,
333, 336, 388, 340.
Johnson, William S., 209, ib. n.,
210, ih. n., 211
Jones, William, appointed justice
of the peace, 484.
Josephus, Flavius, his ‘‘ Works,” |
442.
Jourdaine, Henry, 477, 479, 482.
Judson, Joseph, appointed justice
of the peace, 484.
Juxon, William, Bishop of London,
181, 183, 187. Appointed Lord
High Treasurer, 182.
K.
Keating, William H., 37.
Kenrick, John, gardener, 37.
Kent, Edward Augustus, Duke of,
334, 351. Visits Boston, 339,
340, ib. n.
Kerr, Russell J., 283.
Index. 525
Kickapoo Indians, 454-457, ib. n.,
458, 461, 462.
Kilgour, Rt. Rev. Robert, 212.
King, Mr., 223.
King, Horatio C., 366.
King, John, Bishop of London, 179,
180. His infiuence in the Vir-
ginia Colony, 181.
King, Thomas, 113.
Kinnicutt, Leonard P., his gift to
the Society, 359.
Kinnicutt, Zion. Thomas, 359.
Kinsman, Robert, 477.
Kip, William I[., his ‘* Jesuit Mis-
sions,” 455 n. J/h. cited, 455.
Kirby, Mr., 358.
Kirk, John F., 350. His ‘* Supple-
ment to Allibone’s Dictionary ”
cited, 344 n.
Kirkland, Rev. John T., Pres. of
Harvard College, 33, 403.
Kittredge, George L., aids Mr.
Davis in preparation of his
paper, 69, 70.
Knight, Joseph, 264, ib. n.
Knox, John, his account of Le
Loutre cited, 87. His account of
the Acadian French cited, 90.
L.
Laet, Janus de, 461.
Lafayette, Marie J. P., Marquis de,
33, 319.
Lalement, Jerome, 452.
Lalor, John J., his ‘* Encyclopx-
dia,” 24 n.
Lamb, Charles, 446.
Lambeth Library, 181.
Lamson, Charles E., 132, 134.
Lamson, Mrs. Charles E. (Eliza-
beth Cook), 132.
Lamson, Charles M., 120. Obituary
of, by Daniel Merriman, 132-135.
Lamson, Mrs. Charles M. (Helena
F. Bridgman), 133.
Lamson, Kenneth W., 135.
Lamson, Miss Marion H., 134.
Lamson, Richard, 134.
Lamson, Theodore, 134.
Lane, Mr., 320.
Lang, Edward S., 164.
Langland, William, his *‘ Vision of
Piers Plowman ” cited, 270.
Lapham, Increase A., 46.
La Potherie, see Bacqueville de la
Potherie.
Larkin, Thomas, 481 n., 486 n.
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526 American Antiquarian Society.
athrop, Barnaby, 242. Member entry regarding firein, ‘+. Value
i of Sir Edmund Andros’s Council,
239. Present at the Council, 242-
245, 251, 253-258, 263-265, 463-
465, 471, 472, 480, 486, ih. n., 493.
Laud, William, Abp. of Canterbury,
109, 181, 192, 218. Secures ap-
pointment of Dr. Juxon as Lord |
High Treasurer, 182.
‘*Laus Deo! The Worcester Col-
lection of Sacred Harmony,”
when printed, 432.
Lawrence, Abel, 164.
Lawrence, Charles, his treatment
of the Acadians, 91-94.
Layton, [saac, 251.
H Lechmere Point Corporation, for-
mation of, 342.
Lee, Sidney, 354.
} Leete, Andrew, appointed justice
i of the peace, 484.
Le Jeune, Paul, 449.
Lemon, Robert, 241 His certifi-
cate, 490.
Leonard, Thomas, 476.
1.’Epee, Charles M., Abhé de, 384,
385, ib. mn. Cited, 389, 391, 392.
Lewis, Mr., 332.
Lewis, John, 114.
Marriages and Deaths in, 162.
Librarian’s and General Fund, 148,
149.
Libraries, Several great, paper by
James F. Hunnewell, 222-236.
coln, 223; Chester, Durham,
ib.; the Minster at Wimborne,
224; The Sunderland at Blen-
heim, 225; Althorp Park, North-
amptonshire, 226; Eaton
Hall, Alnwick Castle,
Abbotsford, ih., 227, 228; Co-
lumbina at Seville, 7). Vatican
Library, ib., 229; Sala Piccolo-
minea at Sienna, i/.; Ducal Pal-
ace library at Venice, 230; Im-
perial Library at Vienna, 7h.,
231; Munich library, Na-
i} tional Library at Paris, ih., 232;
British Museum library, ¢)., 233;
\j National Library at Washington,
234, 235.
Library of the Society, reports of
the Librarian, 40-52, 154-166,
353-369. Introduction of elec-
tric lights in, 40. Isaiah Thomas's
Lexington, Mass., record of Births, |
Longfellow, Miss Alice M., 351..
Librarian, see Barton, Edmund M. |
Account of the library at Lin- |
of the Society's collections, 41,
Sources of gifts to, 42, 43, 156,
353, 354. Object of, 154. Inter-
nal improvements of, 353.
Lidget, Maj. Charles, 170, 265, 267,
474.
Lincoln, D. Waldo, 163.
| Lincoln, Enoch, Gov. of Maine,
364.
Lincoln, John W., 42.
Lincoln, Levi, the elder, dress
sword worn by, 365.
| Lincoln, Levi, Gov. of Mass., 35,
41, 42, 358.
Lincoln, Waldo, 163. Of commit-
tee to nominate officers of the
Society, 103.
Lincoln, William, 35-37, 41, 48, 257,
358. Letter to, from Samuel
F. Haven, 359. His ‘ History
of Worcester” cited, 396, 398,
401, 433.
Lincoln Legacy Fund, 148, 150.
Lisle, Lord, 274.
| Lo, Jonathan, 251.
| Locke, John, 20, 22.
Lockwood, Jonathan, appointed
justice of the peace, 484.
Long, Stephen H., 37.
Cited, 317, 337 n., 338 n.
| Longfellow, Henry W., 313 n., 315
n., $17, ih. n., 318 n., 319 n., 344,
$45, th. n., 348, th. u., 350, 451.
Cited, 314, 315, 338. His remi-
niscences of Mrs. Craigie cited,
346, 347.
Longfellow, Samuel, 321. His
‘* Life of Henry W. Longfellow,”
313 n., 315 317 n.-320 n., 388
n., 334 n., 336 n., 348 n., 339 n.
345 n., 346 u.-348 n., B51. Th.
cited, 315, 317-320, 323, 334, 336,
338, 339, 343, 345-348. His * Fi-
nal Memorials of Henry W.
Longfellow,” 315 n., 351.
‘*Lords of Trade,” 92, 502, 503.
Letter to, from Gov. Shute, 83.
Reports to, cited, 86. Their let
ter to Joseph Dudley cited, 500,
Lossing, Benson J., his ‘* Encyclo
peedia,” 412 n.
Loubat, Joseph F., his gifts to the
Society, 43, 157.
Louis XIV., of France, 78, 231.
Louis XV., of France, 86.
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Loutre, Louis J. de la, 87, 91, 96.
Love, William De Loss, his gift to
the Society, 359.
Lovell, John, 386.
Low, Nathaniel, Almanac compiled
by, 440.
Lowell, Mr., 320.
Lowell, Abbott L., elected a mem-
ber, 2.
Lowell, Rev. Charles, 85, 39.
Lowell, James Russell, 329 n., 343
n., 351. Cited, 329, 843. His
remembrance of Mrs. Craigie
cited, 347.
Lewth, Robert, Bishop of London,
211, 444. Discourse attributed
to, 212.
Index.
Lucas, Fred W., 411 n.
Luther, Martin, 90.
Lynch, Sir Thomas, 189.
Lynds, Simon, 250 n., 263, 480.
Lyson, Samuel, 273 n.
M
Macaulay, Thomas B., Lord, 68. |
Cited, 270.
McCulloch, Hugh, 305.
Mackarty, Daniel, his
248, ih. n.
Mackay, 23 n.
McKean, Joseph, 403.
McKechnie, 29 x.
McLane (McLean), Nathaniel C.,
346.
Mahon, see Stanhope, Philip H.
Maillard, Antoine S., Pére, cited,
86.
Major, Richard H., 421 n.
Manchester, Earl of, see
tague, Henry.
Manhattan Elevated Railroad Com-
pany, decree rel. to, 411.
Manning, James, ‘Life, Times
and Correspondence of,” 129.
Manton, Joseph R., 127.
Manwood, John, cited, 285 n.
‘Markham, Sir Clement, 413 x.
Marlborough, Duke of, see Church-
ill, John.
petition,
Mon-
Marquette, Jacques, 450 n., 455. |
Visits the Mascoutins, 454.
Marsh, Caleh, 124. |
Marsh, Mrs. Caleb (Mary G. Pea-
body), 124.
Marsh, John, 479, 482. |
Marsh, Othniel C., 120.
Obituary
of, by George P. Fisher, 124-126. |
36
Martin, Capt. Richard, 488.
Martyr, Pietro Martire d’Anghiera,
see Anghiera, Pietro M. d’A.
Mary II., Queen of Gt. Britain, 189,
194, 199.
Mascarene, Jean P., 86, 91, 92.
His experience with the Acadi-
ans, 87. His report, 1748, cited,
88, 89.
‘*Mascoutins” paper by Lucien
Carr, 448-462.
Mason, Edward G. death of, 12.
Obituary of, by Franklin B. Dex-
ter, 14-16.
Mason, Mrs. Edward G. (Julia
Starkweather), 16.
Mason, Capt. John, his ‘* Pequot
War,” 358.
Mason, Joseph, 163.
Mason, Robert, 473. Member of
Sir Edmund Andros’s Council,
239. Takes oath of allegiance,
466. Present at Sir Edmund
Andros’s Council, 468, 470-
473, 477-480, 482, 483, 485, 486,
ib. n., 487-489, 491, 497, 498.
| Mason, Roswell B., 14.
| Mason, Mrs. Roswell B.
(Harriet
L. Hopkins), 14.
| Mason, Samuel, appointed justice
of the peace, 484.
Massachusetts, Archives of, 199,
245 n., 246 n., 248 n.-250 n.,
258 n., 259 n., 261 n.-264 n.,
463 n.-477 n., 481 n., 488 n.,
491 n., 492 n., 493 n.-498 n.,
505 n. Jhb. cited, 221, 241 n.-
244 n., 250 n,, 486 n., 487 n.,
191, th.
498.
Massachusetts
241 n., 248 n.,
251 n., 255 n.,
260 n., 263 n., 265 n.-
504. Jb. cited, 241 n., 244 w.,
247 n., 248 n., 258 n., 254 w.,
257 n., 262 nm. Under Sir Ed-
mund Andros, 463-499.
Massachusetts Bay Colony, epis-
copacy in, 107-109.
Massachusetts Bay Currency, ad-
ditional facts on, by Andrew
McF. Davis, 71-73.
Massachusetts Historical Society,
7,73 n., 114, 155, 182 n., 185 2.,
192 n. Collections of, 205 n.
210 n. Proceedings of, 268 n.
Invitation from, to the American
n., 492-495, ib. n., 496-
Records,
249 n.-
258 n.-
n., 490,
Council
246 n.,
256 n.,
268
527
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Antiquarian Society to hold its
Semi-Annual meetings in Ellis
Hall, 296. First meeting of the
American Antiquarian Society
in the rooms of, ih., 297.
‘*Massachusetts Spy,” 429, 430,
433, 443. Cited, 157, 433-435,
438-440. Manuscript note on
issue of May 3, 1775, 438.
Massasoit, poem on death of,
cited, 157.
Masters, Mr., 267.
Mather, Rev. Cotton, 36, 208 n.,
358. Cited, 193. His ** Magna-
lia,” 208 n.
Mather, Rev. Increase, 36. House
built by, 2, 3.
Mather, Rev. Samuel, 36.
Mathews, Abner, 200.
Mathews, Caleb, 200.
Mattoon, Gen. Ebenezer, 37.
Maverick, Samuel, 108.
Mead, Edwin D., appointed a mem-
ber of the Cromwell celebration
committee, 11 n.
Medina-Sidonia, Duke of, 272.
Mein, John, his advertisement of
children’s books, 446.
Members, names of those present
at meetings, 1, 101, 293. Elec-
tion of, 2, 105, 294.
‘*Mémoires des Commissaires,’
note upon, 416 ».
Mendenhall, Thomas C., 297. Re-
elected a Councillor, 104. Obit-
uary by, of Daniel G. Brinton,
802-304.
Mermet, Father, 455.
Merrick, Pliny, 35.
Merrill, Zion. James C., 35, 39.
Merriman, Daniel, 137 n. Obituary
by, of Charles M. Lamson, 132-
135.
Miami Indians, 454, 461, 462.
Miantonomo, Jndian Chief, 111.
Milan, Duke of, 412 n.
Milton, John, 11.
Milton, Mass., paper mills at,
434.
Mine Court, constant use of the
number three in, 287. Book of
belonging to, 279.
Custom of taking the oath ona
stick, 282.
Minot, George R., his ‘* History of
the Insurrection,” 441, 442.
Mohawk Indians, 111.
Moltke, Hellmuth K. B. von, 30
Momerie, Alfred W., his ‘ Kin be-
yond Sea” cited, 310.
Monk, Mr., 261, 262 n.
Montague, Henry, Karl of Manches-
ter, 218, 220.
Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat,
baron de la Bréde et de, 20-22,
142.
Moore, Isaac, 397.
Morell, Rev. William, 109, 193,
Lives at Weymouth, Mass., 107,
108, 192.
Morgan, Lewis H., 459. His
‘* League of the Iroquois,” ih. n.
Morke, Capt. John, Swedish engi-
neer, his letters, 114.
Morriss, Henry, 44 .
Morse, Rev. Jedidiah, 403. His
appendix to his Report, 457 n.
1b. cited, 460 n.
Morton, Rev. Charles, 485, 486.
Morton, Thomas, 108.
Mountfort, Henry, 471, 474.
Mullet, Thomas & Co., letters to
Andrew Craigie cited, 328, 344.
Munich, Bavaria, account of the
great library at, 231.
Munster, Sebastian, his ‘‘ Treatyse
of the Newe India,” cited, 426,
427.
Murray, Rev. Alexander, 202.
Murray, Daniel, his letter of Jan.
20, 1900, 364, 365.
Murray, Lindley, 444.
Murrill, Jacob, 477, ih. n.
N.
Napoleon I., Emperur of the French,
30.
Narragansett Club, publications of,
edited by Keuben A. Guild, 129.
Narragansett Indians, 111.
| Nash, Bennett, H., 412 n.
Nation, meaning of the word, 23,
24.
Neal, Daniel, his ‘‘ New England,”
358.
Neale, Jeremiah, 464.
Neill, Edward D., his ‘* History of
the Virginia Company,” 180 x.
His ‘‘ English Colonization in
America,” 195 n.
Nelson, Phillip, 478.
Nerva, Marcus C., 273.
Neuter Indians, their attack upon
the Mascoutins, 450, ib. n., 451.
New England, Andros’s Procla-
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mation money,” paper by Andrew
McF. Davis, 500-508.
New Haven East Association in
Connecticut, letter of, regarding
appointment of American bishop,
209.
New Jersey, cost of annexation to
Dominion of New England, 498
n.
New York, cost of annexation to
Dominion of New England, 498
n. Documents rel. to Colonial
History of, 187 n.-191 n., 198 x., |
| ** Nova Anglia,” publication of, 192
New York Elevated Railroad Com- |
201 n.-204 n., 206 n., 207 n.
pany, decision regarding, 411 n.,
412 n.
Newcastle, Duke of, see Clinton,
Henry P. F. P.
Newberry, Benjamin, appointed
justice of the peace, 484.
Newberry Walter, 242, 243 n.
Member of Sir Edmund Andros’s
Council, 239. Present at the
9
Council, 242, 243, 251, 253-255,
264, 482, 495, 498.
Newbery, Francis, 445.
Newbery, John, 445, 446.
Newman, Edward and Elizabeth,
record of birth of their children,
46.
Newton, Sir Isaac, 502.
Newton, Rejoice, 39, 41.
Nibley Knoll, battle of, 274.
Nicholas V., Pope, 228.
Nicholls, James F., his ‘‘ History
of the Forest of Dean,” 279.
Influence of his ‘* Remarkable
Life,” 418. Jhb. cited, ib. n.
Nichols, Charles L., 120, 137 ».,
294. Obituary by, of Bishop
William S. Perry, 120-124. Pur-
chases for the Society ‘* A Curi-
ous Hieroglyphic Bible,” 158.
His gift to the Society of his
Bibliography of Worcester”
announced, 295. Communicates
a paper on ‘* Some notes on Isaiah
Thomas and his Worcester im-
prints,” 429-447.
Nichols, John, 203 n.
Nicholson, Sir Francis, 77, 85, 194.
His dealings with the Acadians,
79. Driven out of Virginia, 195.
Instructions regarding jurisdic-
tion of Bishop of London, 197.
Becomes a member of Sir Ed-
mund
Andros’s Council, 475.
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_Old Kent Road Institution,
Index.
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529
Present at the Council, 474-482,
485, 486, ib.m., 487-489, 491-
493, 495-497.
Nicolet, Jean, 449, ib. n.
Noble, John, appointed a member
of the Cromwell celebration
committee, 11 n.
Nooth, J. Mervin, 399.
of Oct. 26, 1782,
Paine cited, 398.
Northumberland, Duke of, 226.
Norton, Charles B., 127.
Norton, Charles E., 350.
His letter
to William
Nova Scotia, ‘‘ Observations on
Progress of Agriculture in Nova
Scotia and New Brunswick”
cited, 95.
oO.
statistics of rate of
growth of, 275, 276.
Oalne (?), Robert, 266.
Occom, Samson, 359.
Officers of the Society, election of,
103, 104.
first
charitable institution for educa-
tion of deaf-mutes, 390, 391.
Old May Day” customs, 289.
Oldham, John, 115.
Orchard, Robert, 489.
Orde, Craven, 421 n.
Orleans, Héléne Louise E. de
Mecklenbourg-Schwerin, Duch-
ess de, ‘*Sketch of the life of,”
131.
Osgood, Christopher, 481.
Osgood, John, 481.
Otis, Mr., 330.
Ottawa Indians, 449.
Page, John, 164.
Page, Nathaniel, 493.
Page, Capt. Nicholas, 475, 487.
Page, Mrs. Nicholas (Anna), 487.
Paige, Lucius R., 320-322 n., 341
n., 342 n., 344, ib. mn. His
‘« History of Cambridge,” 320 n.,
342, 343, 351.
Paine, Frederick W., 39, 396.
Paine, George S., 396, 398, 401.
Paine, Hon. Nathaniel, 401, 402.
Paine, Nathaniel, 49, 103, 162, 163,
165, 293, 313 n., 362. Re-elected
530 American Antiquarian Society.
Treasurer, 104. Re-elected a
member of the Committee of
Publication, i+. Submits his an-
nual report as Treasurer, 148-
153. His gifts to the Society,
158, 359. His ** Sketch of Samuel
F. Haven,” 351.
Paine, Timothy, 394. Home of, |
401.
Paine, Mrs. Timothy (Sarah
Chandler), 394.
Paine, William, M. D., 113, 294, |
403, 442. Sketch of, by George |
E. Francis, 394-407. Appendix,
ib., 408.
Paine, Mrs William (Lois Orne),
396.
Palairet, Jean, his ‘* Description
Abrégé,” 451 n.
*alfrey, John G., 109. His “ His-
tory of New England,” 202 n.
Palladio, Andrea, 234.
’almes, Edward, appointed justice
of the peace, 484.
-aper mill, establishment of, at
Sutton, 435. At Quinsigamond
Village, 436.
Paris, Louis Phillipe A. d'Orléans,
Comte de, 181.
aris, France, account of the
National Library at, 231, 232.
*arkin, Thomas, his letter to An-
drew Craigie cited, 331.
Parkman, Francis, D. D., 35.
Parkman, Francis, 74, His
‘Jesuits in North America”
cited, 453 ».
Pasqualigo, Lorenzo, 412 n. His
letter cited, 421 n.-423 n.
Patch, Thomas, 477.
Patent of April 28, 1634, 182. Copy
of, made by Arthur F. Heintz,
213-217. Draft in English of,
preserved in ‘State Papers,
Colonial,” transcribed by Arthur
F. Heintz, 218-220.
atent Rolls, 182 n. Cited, 183.
Paterson, M. G., 399.
Patterson, Walter S., 135.
Paxton, Charles, 40.
’ayne, E. J., his ‘* Elizabethan
Seamen,” 412 n.
Peabody, George, 124.
Peabody, John, 251.
Peabody, Samuel, J/r., 164.
Pebody, see Peabody.
Peck, Ferdinand W., 364.
Peck, William D., 83, 403, 404)
Chosen the first Vice-President
of the Society, 403.
Pelham, Edward, 251.
Pemberton, Mr., 333.
Pendleton, James, 251.
Pendleton, Joseph, 251.
Penn, William, 10, 189, 502, ih. n.
Charter of 1681, granted to, 189.
Pennsylvania, licenses of earlier
clergymen from Bishop of Lon-
don, 197.
People, evolution of the term “ the
people,” 26-28.
Pepperell, Sir William, 386.
| Pepys, Samuel, 35.
Perreire, M., 389. Invention of
method of teaching deaf and
dumb ascribed to, 384.
Perrot, Nicholas, 450, 453, ib. n.,
454 n., 459,460. His Mémoires
sur les Mocurs, efc., des San-
vages,” 450 n., 459 n. Visits the
Mascoutins, 454. Cited, 461.
Perry, John, 121.
Perry, Stephen, 120.
Perry, William, 444. First Amer-
ican edition of his ‘* Spelling
Book,” 443. His ‘ Royal Stand-
ard English Dictionary,” ib.
Perry, tt. Rev. William Stevens,
180 n., 191 n., 192 n., 196 197 Rn.
Obituary of, by Charles L. Nich-
ols, 120-124. His *‘* History of
the American Episcopal Church,”
179, 181 n., 187 188 n., 193
195 n., 198 n., 202, 204 n., 208 n.
Tb. cited, 192, 197.
Perry, Mrs. William S. (Sara A. W.
Smith),
Pert, or Spert, Sir T., 414 n., 427,
ib. n.
Peters, Rev. Richard, 197.
Petrarch, Francesco, 229.
** Philanthropist of the last century
identified as a Boston man,”
paper by A. Graham Bell, 383-
393.
Philip, ‘* Aing,” 111, 139.
Phillips, Mrs., 497.
Phillips, John C., 301.
Phillips, Gen. Richard, attempts to
have the Acadians take oath of
allegiance, 85.
Phipps, Sir William, 497.
Pierson, John, 477.
Pike, Nicholas, his ‘** Arithmetic,”
444.
Pincheon, see Pynchon.
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Pinturicchio, Bernardino, frescos
by, 229.
Pitt, William, Karl of Chatham,
211, 339.
Pius IX. [Giovanni Maria Mastai-
Ferretti], Pope, 229.
Plato, 22, 24. His ‘* Republic,” 21. |
Pleasants, Mr., 333.
Pocahontas, 181.
Poland, William C., 120.
Port Royal, 82. Inhabitants of,
refuse to take oath of allegiance
to Great Britain, 84.
Porter, Mr. 37.
Porter, Edward G., 161, 297.
Speaks of the Mather house as
it now is, 2, 3. Describes the |
manuscript volume of deeds, |
accounts and correspondence rel. |
to Tantiusque Black Lead Mine,
112-117. Obituary of, by Samuel
S. Green, 298-302.
Porter, Fitz-John, 306.
Porter, John, 298.
Porter, Royal L., 298.
Porter, Mrs. Royal L. (Sarah A.
Pratt), 298.
Portland, Zarl
Richard.
Potter, Rt. Rev. Henry C., 121.
Pownall, Thomas, his ‘* Adminis- |
tration of British Colonies,” 183
of, see Weston, |
n.
Pratt, Dexter, 350.
Pratt, Miss Emma C., her gift to
the Society, 159.
Pratt, John M. W., 163.
Pratt, Joseph, 159.
Pratt, Rowena, 350.
Prentiss, Charles G., 357, 358.
Prescott, Col. Edward G., 37.
President, see Salisbury, Stephen.
Price, Rev. Roger, appointment of,
as Commissary, 199.
Price, Gen. Sterling, 13.
Price, William P., 278.
Prince, Rev. Thomas, 155.
ford Ms. in library of, 200.
Prince Edward Island, land on,
offered to Acadians, 79.
Prince Society, 9. |
Proclamation money, ‘ Andros’s
proclamation money,” paper by
Andrew McF. Davis, 500-508.
Prowse, G. R. F., 420 n.
Publication Committee, 104.
Publishing Fund, 148, 150, 368.
Putnam, Herbert, 48.
*36
Brad-
Index.
531
Putnam, Jion. James, 394, 397.
Authorship of the ‘ Protest”
attributed to,and William Paine,
396.
Pynchon, Edward, 113.
Pynchon, John, 251, 256, 495.
Member of Sir Edmund Andros’s
Council, 239. Present at the
Council, 251, 253-260, 262, 263,
465, 466, 483.
Q.
Quincy, Josiah, Pres. of Harvard
College, 324.
| Quincy, Hon. Josiah, his ‘* Figures
of the Past,” 329 n., 330 n., 337
n., 351. Ib. cited, 323, 329,
330, 336, 337.
Quincy, Josiah P., cited, 339.
| Quinsigamond Paper Company,
436.
R.
Raffaello Santi, or Sanzio, 227.
Tapestries wrought from car-
toons of, 38, 39.
| Rafinesque, Constantine S., 461.
Raguenau, Paul, 449.
Raimondo di Soncino, 409 n., 412
n. His accounts of John Cabot,
413 n. Cited, 421 n., 422 n., 423
n
Rale, or Ralle, or Rasles, Sebastien,
82. Letters found at the house
of, 83.
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 19, 411 x.
House belonging to, 272.
Ramesay, Jean B. N. R. de, 81.
Ramusio, Giovanni B., 409 n., 411
n., 413, 420 n., 424 n., 425 n.,
426,ib.n. Value of his informa-
tion, 413. Best illustration of
confusion in his reports of con-
versation at Caphi, 414 n.
Randolph, Edward, 238, 241 n.,
243 n., 244.n., 248 n., 262 n.-264
n., 267, 268, 490 n.-493 n., 496
n.—498 n., 504, 505. Writes to
Bishop of London urging him
to send suitable ministers to
Massachusetts, 198. Secretary
of Sir Edmund Andros’s Coun-
cil, 239. Present at the Council,
240-251, 253-260, 262-267, 463-
466, 468-482, 485, 486, ib. n., 487-
489, 491-493, 495-499. Cited, 507.
532 American Antiquarian Society.
Ranke, Franz L. von, 142.
Raphael Santi, or Sanzio, see Raf-
faello.
Rastell, William, his description of
America cited, 426.
Ratcliffe, Rev. Robert, 198, 199.
Ravis, Thomas, Bishop of London,
18).
Rawson, Edward, 249, 250 n., 492,
493.
Ray, Simon, 251.
Rayment, William, 477.
Raymond, Robert, Lord, 186 n.
Red Jacket,” Jndian chief, 461 n.
Renan, Joseph E., 24, 25.
Reverdee, Peter, his petition, 248,
ib. n.
Revere, Paul, 3.
Rhode Island, appointment of jus-
tices of the peace for, 250, 251.
Surrender of charter of, de- |
manded by Sir Edmund Andros,
242.
Richard I1L., ef England, 279.
Rigg, J. M. 340 n. His ‘* Kent
and Stratham, 351.
Rinaldo, 279.
Rinehart, F. A., his photographs
of American Indians, 158.
Robbins, Rev. Thomas, 39.
Robert. Ulysse, his ‘‘ Les signes
dinfamie au moyen age,” 70 n.
Roberts, Ellis H., 412 n.
Roberts, Oliver A., his ‘* History
of the Ancient and Honorable
Artillery Co.,” 45.
Robespierre, Francois M. J. I., 339.
Rockwell, Hon. Julius, letter to,
from Ira M. Barton, 365.
Rockwell, Robert C., his gift to the |
Society, 303.
Roe, Daniel, 200.
Rogers, Horatio, 158.
Rogers, John, 261.
Roman road, example of, 290, 291.
Roosevelt, Theodore, 27. His
‘* Winning of the West,” ih. n.
Roswell, William, appointed jus- |
tice of the peace, 484.
Rotch, Abbott L., elected a mem-
ber, 105.
Royce, Abel, 200.
Royce, C. C., his ‘‘ Inquiry into
the Identity and History of the
Shawnee Indians,” 448 n.
Rubens, Peter Paul, 39.
Russell, Hon Benjamin, 33, 35, 37,
89, 403.
Russell, E. Harlow, his gift to the
Society, 3, 159.
Russell, Thomas, 320. Purchases
the Vassall estate, 319.
Russell, Mrs. Thomas, 340.
Rymer, Thomas, his ‘ Foedera,”
183 n.
Ss.
Sabin, Joseph, 437.
Sackville, Edward, Earl of Dorset,
218, 220.
Sagard Théodat, Gabriel, 449, 450
His Grand Voyage au
Pays des Hurons,” 449 n.
St. Anthony, 99.
St. Bartholomew, 94.
‘‘Saint Briavel’s” Castle, 2
Picture of, 278.
St. Ovide, missionary, 86.
St. Pierre, Jacques H. B. de, his
** Studies of Nature,” 442.
St. Poncy, 86, 96.
Salem Association for Mutual De-
fence, Articles of agreement of,
cited, 164.
Salisbury, Marquis of, 311.
Salisbury, Ambrose, 160, 161.
Salisbury, H/on. Stephen, his trib-
ute to Samuel F. Haven cited,
367, 368.
Salisbury, Stephen, 1, 12, 101, 161,
165. Appoints committee to
represent the Society at the
Cromwell celebration, ll nx. Re-
elected President, 103. An-
nounces Robert C. Winthrop,
Jr.’s gift to the Society of orig-
inal deeds, accounts, eftc., rel. to
Tantiusque Black Lead Mine,
and valuable autograph letters,
110-112. Requests Edward G.
Porter to describe more fully the
Tantiusque volume, 112. Enter-
tains members of the Society at
his home, 119. His gift to the
Society, 158. Letter to, from
Edward E. Hale, rel. to publica-
tion of the Trumbull diction-
aries, 297. Cited, 361, 362.
Salisbury Building Fund, 148, 151.
Salmon, Thomas, his ‘‘ Geograph-
icaland Astronomical Grammar,”
160.
Saltonstall, Gurdon, 114.
Sands, Mrs., 340.
Sandys, Jno. 251.
‘
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Sanford, John, member of Sir Ed-
mund Andros’s Council, 239.
Sanford, Peleg, 250, 251.
Sargent, Joseph, 159.
Sargent, Miss Mary F., her gift to
the Society, 159.
Schoolcraft, Henry R., his ‘‘ Indian
Tribes,” 452 n., 453 n., 458 n.
Scott, Honorable Mary M. Max-
well-, 228.
Scott, Sir Walter, account of his
library at Abbotsford, 226-228.
Scottow, Joshua, 479, 486.
‘*Scowles,” meaning of the word,
277.
Seabury, Rt. Rev. Samuel, 192 n.,
203 n., 211 n. Consecration of,
211.
Seaver, Nathaniel, .Jr., his letter
accompanying ‘‘ Book of Records
of Worcester West Association,”
163.
Secker, Thomas, Abp., his interest
in the appointment of Bishops in
the American provinces, 206, 207.
Seeley, John R., 22. His ‘ Politi-
cal Science,” 22n. Jhb. cited, 29n.
Selleck, Jonathan, 470, 471. Ap-
pointed justice of the peace, 48+.
Semi-annual meetings of the So-
ciety, 1, 293.
Severett, Philip, his petition, 496.
Seville, account of Columbina Li-
brary at, 228.
Sewall, Samuel,
Sacra,” 442.
Shakespeare,
His *“*As You
288.
Sharpe, George H., 366.
Shaw, Rev. Bezaleel, 336.
Shawnee Indians, 458.
of, 459-462.
‘* Sheepscot Echo ” cited, 363.
Sheldon, Gilbert, Bishop of London,
201.
Shepard, Capt., 331.
Shephard, Levi, 895, 396.
Sherlock, James, 266, 267.
Sherlock, Thomas, Bp., 180 n.,
200. Memorial of, 187 n. Cited,
188. Advocates the plan of one
or more suffragan bishops for
America, 206.
Sherman, Mrs. Mary, 470, 471.
Sherman, Roger, 14, 209, 210.
Sherman, Samuel, appointed jus-
tice of the peace, 484.
his ‘* Carmina
William, 68, 227.
Like It,” cited,
Account
Index.
533
Sherriff, William, cited, 89.
Shilling, ‘‘ Value of the New Eng-
land,” 294.
Shippen, Edward, 488.
Shippen, William, 304.
Shirley, William, Gov. of Mass.,
199, 205 n. Cited 89. Royal in-
structions issued to, rel. to estab-
lishment of Ecclesiastical Courts,
105, 106. Instructions to, given
at Whitehall, Sept. 10, 1741,
cited, 221.
Shrimpton, Col. Samuel, 265, 267.
Present at Sir Edmund Andros’s
Council, 491, 492, 496, 497, 499.
Shute, Samuel, Gov. of Massachu-
setts, his letter to the Lords of
Trade, 83.
Sibly, John, 477.
Sicard, Roch A. C., labhé, 390.
Sidney, Sir Philip, 19.
Sienna, account of the Sala Picco-
lominea library at, 229.
Sikes, Col. Reuben, innholder, 164,
354, 356. First meeting of the
American Antiquarian Society in
Worcester held at the ‘‘ dwelling
house of,” 33.
Sikes Coffee House, 33, 164, 165.
Skinner, Rt. Rev. John, consecra-
tion by, of Bishop Seabury, 211.
Smellie, William, 443.
Smith, Charles C., re-elected a
member of the Committee of
Publication, 104.
Smith, Charlotte,
Sonnets,” 442.
Smith, Daniel, member of Sir Ed-
mund Andros’s Council, 239.
Present at the Council, 242-244,
251, 2563-258.
Smith, Mrs. E. Vale, 351. Her
‘* History of Newburyport,” 318
n., 319 n. Jhb. cited, 318, 319.
Smith, Rev. Hezekiah, 129.
Smith, John, 10. His ** Advertise-
ments for the Unexperienced
Planters of New England,” 180.
Smith, Joseph, 316.
Smith, Richard, 251. Present at
Sir Edmund Andros’s Council,
496-498.
Smith, Rev. Thomas M., 121.
Smith, William A., re-elected an
Auditor, 104. Certificate as Au-
ditor, 153.
Smyth, Egbert C.,
Councillor, 104.
her Elegiac
re-elected a
il
534 American Antiquarian Society.
Society for Propagation of the
Gospel in Foreign Parts, presents
memorial to Queen Anne, 203.
Southey, Robert, 446.
Spanish Armada, 270, 272.
Sparks, Jared, 345 n., 346 n., 351.
His *‘ Journal” cited, 345, 346.
Sparks, Mrs. Jared (Frances A.
Allen), 345.
Sparrow, Samuel, letters of, 114.
‘* Speech House,” 270, 276, 279, 290.
Accounts of, 280-284. Sketch of
stone over North door of, 281.
Sketch of stone over the West
door of, 282. Verderers court
at, 289.
Spelman, Sir Henry, his ‘‘ Glos-
sary,” 185.
Spencer, Charles, 3d Earl of Sun-
derland, his library, 225.
Spencer, George John, 2d Earl,
account of the library formed
by, 225, 226.
Spotswood, Col. Alexander, 189,
194.
Sprague, Capt. Richard, 265.
Spurr, Mrs. Samuel D., 165 n.
Spurzheim, Johann G., 36.
Squier, Ephraim G., 461 n.
Standish, Miles, 139.
Stanhope, Philip H., 5th Earl of
Stanhope Viscount Mahon, his
‘* History of England,” 205 n.
Stanton, John, 251.
Staples, William R., his ‘* Rhode |
Island in the Continental Con-
gress,” 129.
Starkweather, Charles, 16.
Stearns, Samuel, almanac compiled
hy, 440, 441.
Stearns, William, 431, 433.
Stedman, William, 42. His gift to
the Society, 40.
Steiner, Bernard C., his ‘‘ Life and
Administration of Sir Robert
iden,” 196 n., 201 n.
Stephen, Leslie, 354.
Stephens, Henry J , his ‘‘ Commen- |
taries on the Laws of England,”
208
Sterling, Lord, 322.
Sterne, John, Bishop of Colchester,
186 n., 204.
Sterns, Mrs. Mary, 397.
Stevens, Benjamin, 477.
Stevens, Henry, his ‘ Bibliogra- |
phia Americana,” 47. His ‘‘ Our
Golden Candlesticks,” 418.
Stevens, Henry N., 414 n.
Stevens, John, 477.
Stevens, William, 121.
Stoddard, Richard H., 344 n., 345
n., 351.
Stone, John, 164.
Storrs, Rev. Richard S., 134.
Stoughton, Col. Israel, 111.
Stoughton, William, 240, 246, 256,
266, 267. Member of Sir Ea-
mund Andros’s Council, 239,
Present at the Council, 240-251,
253-260, 262-267, 463-466, 468-
483, 485, 486, ib. n., 487, 489, 491,
493, 495-497, 499.
Stow, Rev. Baron, 129.
Stow, John, 410 n.
Strachey, William, 421 nxn. His
‘Historie of Travaile into Vir-
ginia,” 448 n.
Strong, Caleb, Gov. of Mass., 32.
Sturbridge, Mass., 110, 115.
Sumner, Hon. Charles, 102, 309.
Sunderland, Eari of, see Spencer,
Charles.
Swarton, John, 470.
Swift, Jonathan, Dean, 203. His
** Works,” 203 n.
Swift, Lucian, his gift to the So-
ciety, 360.
Sydenham, William, appointed
sheriff, 484.
ae
Tacitus, Caius C., cited, 292.
| Tailhan, Father, 453 n., 454 n.
| Talbot, Rev. John, 203, 204, ib. n.
Talcott, John, appointed justice of
the peace, 481.
Talcott, Samuel, appointed justice
of the peace, 484.
Talleyrand Perigord, Charles M.
| de, Prince de Bénévent, 339.
| Tantiusque Black Lead Mine, origi-
| mal deeds, accounts and corres-
| pondence rel. to, presented to
the Society by Robert C. Win-
throp, Jr., 110. Account of, by
Edward G. Porter, 112-117. Rob-
ert C. Winthrop, Jr.’s, letter
accompanying gift of ‘* Tale of
Tantiusques,” 161, 162. Addi-
tional materia. rel. to, 366.
Tappahannock Male School,” an-
nouncement of, 360.
Tasso, Torquato, 229, 392.
| Tate, Nahum, his ‘‘ Psalms,” 441.
{
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Taylor, H. Y. J., 269.
Taylor, Rev. Ralph, 203.
Tebbet, John, master
** Samuel and Thomas,
Tecumseh, 462.
Tenney Fund, 148, 151.
Tennyson, Alfred, 31.
Tepott, Nicholas, 477, 479, 452.
Test Act, 189.
Thayre, Richard, 488.
Thomas, merchant of Bristol, Enqg.,
410 n.
Thomas, Alexander, 437.
Thomas, Benjamin F., 163. Facts
from his ‘‘ Memoir of Isaiah
Thomas,” 430.
Thomas, Cyrus, his ‘Story of a
Mound,” 448 n.
Thomas, Gen. George H., 13.
of
ship
Thomas, Isaiah, 82, 33, 37, 294,
403. Presents large and valuable
collection of books to the So-
ciety, 33. Notes by, in Vol. I.
of ‘*Donors and Donations”
cited, 40. Elected President of
the Society, 403. ‘* Some notes
on, and his Worcester imprints,”
paper by Charles L. Nichols,
429-447.
Thomas, Isaiah, -/r., 38, 403, 437.
Thomas, Joseph, 339 n., 352.
Thomas, Samuel B., reproduction
of bills rendered by, 355, 356.
Thomas Local History Fund, 43,
148, 150, 359.
Thompson, Charles O., 160.
Thompson, R. A., letter accom-
panying his gift to the Society
cited, 159.
Thompson, Robert, 487.
Thompson, William G., his gift to
the Society, 160.
Thorne, Robert, 411 n., 427 n.
Cited, 427.
Thumb, Tom, 446.
Ting, see Tyng.
Tintoretto, Jacopo R., his the
‘Glory of Paradise,” 230.
Tooker, William W., 448 n.
Toppan, Robert N., 117, 294, 298,
508.
F. Bayard, 304-308. Obituary
by, of William E. Gladstone,
308-311. Asks how Mr. Evarts
induced the English government |
Obituary by, of Thomas |
to submit to the Geneva Confer-
ence of arbitration, 10!. Com-
municates papers on the ‘An- |
Index.
535
dros records,” 237-268, 463-499.
His *‘ Memoir of Edward Ran-
dolph,” 504 n.
Torrey, Jesse, Jr., his ‘‘ The Intel-
lectual Torch,” 360.
Townsend, Thomas, 250.
Tracy, Nathaniel, 318, 319, 338, 344.
Traske, Capt. William, 111.
Treadwell, Nathaniel, 477.
Treasurer, see Paine, Nathaniel.
Treat, Robert, Gov. of Conn., 246,
482. Present at Sir Edmund An-
dros’s Council, 483.
Tremont House, Boston, Mass.,
meetings of American Antiqua-
rian Society at, 34. Columns
from portico of, ib.
Trinity Church, New York City,
charter of, 198.
Trowbridge, Thomas, appointed
justice of the peace, 484.
Truax, Charles H., his decision in
the case of Mortimer et al. v.
N. Y. Elevated Railroad Com-
pany, 411 n., 412 n.
Trumbull, Mr., 326.
Trumbull, J. Hammond, 361. Let-
ter from Edward E. Hale rel. to
publication of his Indian diction-
aries, 297.
Trumbull, Jonathan, Gov. of Conn.,
209, 210, ih. n.
Tu, Henry, 251.
Tudor, Frederick, purchases the
‘“‘Tantiusque property,” 115, 116.
Turfrey, George, 497.
Turnbull, Willam B. D. D., 421 n.
Turner, Sharon, his ‘‘ Anglo Sax-
ons,” 273 n.
Tuttle, Simon, 200.
Twichell, Mrs., Ginery, her gift to
the Society, 159.
Tyndale, William, monument to,
274.
Tyng, Edward, 243 n., 245, 246, ib.
n., 476, 488. Member of Sir Ed-
mund Andros’s Council, 239.
Present at the Council, 246, 473-
475, 483.
Tyng, Jonathan, 256, 267, 472, 495,
ib. n. Member of Sir Edmund
Andros’s Council, 239. Present
at the Council, 241-245, 25-260,
262. 263, 464, 465, 469, 471, 474,
476, 482, 483.
U
Updike, Lodwick, 251.
|
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536 American Antiquarian Society.
Upham, Henry P., his gift to the | Verderer’s Court, 286, 288. Card
Society, 158.
Upham, William P., 70, 71.
Upton, John, 467.
Upton Knoll, description of view |
from, 270.
Usher, John, 241, 268. Member of |
Sir Edmund Andros’s Council,
239. Present at the Council,
240-247, 249-251, 253-258, 260,
262-267. 463-466, 468, 470-483, |
485, 486, ib. n., 487-489, 491-493, |
495-499.
Utley, Samucl, elected a member,
294.
Utrecht, Treaty of, effect of, upon
Acadians, 75, 77, 78.
Vaille, F. O., 351, 352.
Valentine, David T., his ‘‘ History |
of New York,” 412 n.
Valentini, Philipp J. J., death of,
12. Obituary of, by Stephen
Salisbury, 16-18.
Vannes, Rev. Peter, cited, 420 n.
Van Schaack, Peter, ‘‘ Life of,”
2038 n.
Vassall, Maj. Henry, 314, 319, 320
Purchases the Batchelder House,
313.
Vassall, Col. John, 314-316, 351. |
Purchases the Batchelder House,
313.
Vassall, Col. John (the younger),
314-316.
Vassall, Leonard, 316.
Vassall, Lewis, 316.
Vassall, William, 316.
Vatican library, account of, 228,
229.
Vaudreuil, Philippe de Rigaud,
Marquis de, 77. Writes to the
French minister, 8]. Promises
to aid the Indians against the
English, 82. His letters cap-
tured by the English, 83. Cited,
89.
Vaughan, William, 473.
Veasey, William, 493.
Velosipede, swift walker,”
160, 161.
Venegas, Miguel, 358.
Venice, account of the library in
the Ducal Palace at, 230.
‘“*« Verderer,” meaning of the title,
276.
giving time of holding court of,
283, 284.
Veronese, Bassano, 230.
Veronese, Palma, 230.
Veronese, Paolo C., 230.
Vesey, Rev. William, made Com-
missary of the Province of New
York, 198.
Vetch, Col. Samuel, in command
at Port Royal, 79.
Vice-Presidents, see Hoar, George
F.; and Hale, Edward E.
Victoria I., Queen of Gt. Britain,
339.
Vienna, account of the Imperial
Library at, 230, 231.
Viennet, Jean P. G., 27. Cited, 26.
Vimont, Barthelemi, 449 n.
Vinton, Alexander H., 121.
Voltaire, Francois M. A. de, 346,
348.
** Vox Oculis Subjecta,” 385. Au-
thor of, 392.
Ww.
Wadesworth, John, 484.
| Walcot, see Wallcut.
Waldo, Miss Betsey, 41.
| Walker, John, 397.
Walker, Joseph H., his gifts to the
Society, 160, 364.
Walker, Samuel, 479, 493.
Walker, Thomas, 261.
Wall, Caleb, 433.
Wallicut, Thomas, 357.
Walley, Maj. John, 242, 248, 246,
256, 257. Member of Sir Ed-
mund <Andros’s Council, 239.
Present at the Council, 242-245,
249, 251, 253-260, 262, 466, 471,
472, 486, ib. n., 487, 498.
Wanton, Edward, 468, 469.
Wanton, Joseph, 114.
Warbeck, Perkin, 414 n.
Ward, merchant of Bristol, Eng.,
410 n.
Wardwell, Daniel, 160.
Wardwell, Mrs. William T., her
gift to the Society, 160.
Warren, Joseph, 430, 440.
Washburn, Emory, Gov. of Mass.,
365.
Washburn, John D., 160. Ke-
elected a Councillor, 104.
Washington, George, Pres. of the
U. S., 10, 37, 123, 160, 294, 301,
!
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a
319, 340, 346, 363.
Vassall house while in
bridge, 317, 318.
Occupies the
Cam-
Cambridge, 317.
Washington, D. C., account of the |
National library at, 234-236.
Waters, Thomas, 464.
Watts, Isaac, his ‘* Hymns,” 441.
His ‘‘ Divine and Moral Songs |
fof Children,” 445.
Weare, G. E., 420 n.
Discovery,” 410 n.
Weare, Nathaniel, 479.
Weaver, Clement, 251.
Webster, Daniel, 165 n., 306.
Webster, Noah, 444.
Webster, Redford, 33, 403.
Weed, John, 477.
His ‘* Cabot
Weeden, William B., 1. With
Charles A. Chase, presents the
report for the Council, 12-18.
Communicates a paper on ‘* The
development of the American
people,” 19-30. Re-elected a
Councillor, 104.
Week, derivation of word, 287 n.,
288 n.
Welton, Rev. Richard, takes charge
of Christ’s Church, Philadelphia,
Pa., 203.
Wemyss, Maynard W. Colchester-, |
283.
Wentworth, Sir John, 399.
letter cited, 400.
Wesley, John, 197.
West, John, 268, 465 n., 473, 481
n., 487 n., 488 n., 490, ib. n.. 491,
492, ib. n., 494 n., 496, 497, 498 n.
Admitted deputy secretary, 464.
Westminster, Duke of, 226.
Westminster Association, 163.
Weston, Richard, Karl of Portland,
182, 218, 220.
Weymouth, Mass., settlement at,
made by Sir Ferdinando Gorges,
107, 108.
Wharton, Richard, 245, ih. n., 246,
252, 254, 256, ih. n., 506.
Member of Sir Edmund Andros’s
Council, 239. Present at the
Council, 240-251, 243-258, 260,
262-267, 463-466, 468-470.
Wheeler, Nelson, 127.
Wheelwright, John, 9.
Whipple, John, 477.
Whitcombe Roman Villa, 273 n.
White, Capt., 265.
His
505,
Index.
‘Williams, Roger, 10, 22, 127,
White, Charles, 442.
White, Resolved, 468.
| Whitefield, Rev. George, 197.
Washington, Mrs. George, visits | Whitmore, William H., 447.
His
edition of *‘ Colonial Laws,” 71
n.
| Whitney, Peter, his ‘‘ History of
Worcester County,” 436, 442.
Tb. cited, 431.
Whitney genealogical notes, 46.
Wickes, John, 481.
Wight, Mr., 116.
Wilbore, Shadrach, 476.
Wilder, Marshall P., 352.
324.
Wilkinson, Gen. James, 322.
Willard, Joseph, 45, #6.
Cited,
| William IL. (the Conqueror), 286.
William III., of England, 189, 194,
199.
129,
161, 162,358. Manuscript letters
of, cited, 111, 112.
Willis, Samuel, appointed justice
of the peace, 483.
Willoughby, Sir Hugh, 428.
Willoughby, William F., his ‘*Na-
ture of the State,” 29 n.
Willys (Willis), Samuel, 366.
Wilson, Charles W., his gift to the
Society, 44, 45.
Wilson, Phineas, appointed sher-
iff, 484.
Wimborne, Eng., short account of
the library in the Minster at,
224.
Winchcomb, Marshal, 265.
Winchelsea, Lord, 398.
Windebancke, Sir Francis,
220.
Wing, Capt., 488.
Wingfield, Edward M., 180, 181.
Winnebago Indians, 452.
Winship, George P., 204. Elected
amember,2. His gift to the So-
ciety, 156, 157. Communicates
a paper on ‘‘ Some facts about
John and Sebastian Cabot,” 409-
428.
Winship, Hon. Jonathan, 36.
Winsor, Justin, 3800, 815, 320.
Cited, 186, 316. His ** Narrative
and Critical History,” 181 n.,
189 n., 208 n. His ** Memorial
History of Boston,” 316 n., 320
n., 323 n., 824 n., 339 n., 343 n.,
852. Jhb. cited, 328, 324. His
218,
‘* Cartier to Frontenac,” 453 n.
537
|
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53 American Antiquarian Society.
Winthrop, Gov. Fitz John, 113. |
Member of Sir Edmund Andros's
Council, 239. Present at the
Council, 243-245, 247, 248, 250,
251, 253-257, 262-264, 466, 483,
492, 493, 498.
Winthrop, John, Gov. of Mass., 10,
71, 108, 109. His ‘*New Eng-
land,” 71 n. Letter to, from
William Bradford, cited, 111.
Letter to, from Roger Williams,
cited, ih.
Winthrop, John, Gov. of Conn.,
115, 366. Letter to, from Roger
Williams, cited, 111,112. Grant
to by General Court of ‘ye hill
at Tantousq” cited, ib., 113.
Winthrop, John, F.R.S., 1138,
114.
Winthrop, John S., 114.
Winthrop, Hon. Robert C., 35.
Winthrop, Roberft C., Jr., 301, 365.
Presents to the Society original
deeds, accounts and correspond-
ence rel. to Tantiusque Black
Lead Mine; and autograph let-
ters of William Bradford and
Roger Williams, 110-112. Vote
of thanks to, 117. His letter
accompanying his gift to the
Society, 161, 162. His letter
accompanying gift of additional
Tantiusque mss., 266.
Winthrop, Hon. Thomas L., 35,
39.
Winthrop, Wait S., 241 n., 250 n.
Improves the Tantiusque prop-
erty, 113. Member of Sir Ed-
mund Andros’s Council, 239.
Present at the Council, 240-251,
253-258, 260, 262-267, 463-466,
468-473, 476-478, 485, 4x6, ib. n.,
487-489, 492, 493, 495-497, 499.
Wintle, James, 283, 284.
Wise, John, 477.
Witherby Daniel, appointed justice
of the peace, 484.
Witt, John, 498 x.
Wood, James G., 285.
Wood, Simon, 477.
Woodis, Henry, 268.
Woods, Leonard, 411 n.
Woodward, Samuel B., M. D., 37,
163.
Worcester, Joseph E., 349.
Worcester, Leonard, 437.
Worcester, Mass., meeting places
of the American Antiquarian
Society in, 164, 165. ‘* First
thing printed in,” 438. First
book printed in, 440.
Worcester Coffee House, 164.
‘* Worcester Collection of Sacred
Harmony,” 441.
Worcester Fire Society, its gift to
the Society, 162, 163.
** Worcester Magazine,” June 27,
1786, advertisement in, clted,
446, 447.
Worcester Society of Antiquity,
436.
‘*Worcester West Association,”
Book of Records of, placed in
the Library, 163.
Worcester Young Men's Christian
Association, 163.
Wordsworth, William, cited, 278.
Worthington, William, 414 n.
Wren, Sir Christopher, architect
of Library at Lincoln, Zng., 228.
Wright, John, his letter, 114.
Wright, Thomas, his ‘‘ Queen
Elizabeth and her times,” 70 n.
Wynne, John H., 358.
Y.
Yeardley, Sir George, 193.
Young, John R., tribute to, 47, 48.
it
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